Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) Activity in Placental Compartments of Renal-Transplanted Pregnant Women

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A simple and green analytical method for determination of glyphosate in commercial formulations and water by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Numerical correction for the diffuse solar irradiance by the melo-escobedo shadowring measuring method

The present paper deals with numerical corrections factors proposed as a function of the clearness index in order to correct the diffuse solar irradiance measured with the Melo-Escobedo Shadowring Measuring Method (ME shadowring). The global irradiance was measured by an Eppley - PSP pyranometer ; direct normal irradiance by an Eppley-NIP pyrheliometer fitted to a ST-3 sun tracking device and the diffuse irradiance by an Eppley-PSP pyranometer fitted to a ME shadowring. The validations were performed by the MBE and RMSE statistical indicators. The results showed that the numerical correction factors were appropriate to correct the shadowring diffuse irradiance.

Synthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanate with different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Modified LPE system used to diffuse Cd to obtain InSb infrared detectors

We are presenting here p/n junctions obtained with a modified opened liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) system, used to diffuse indium antimonide (InSb) doped with Cd over InSb doped with Te wafers, in order to make InSb infrared (IR) sensors. This technique has several advantages: the diffusion can be performed in bigger substrate areas improving the device production; this method decreases the device manipulation, decreasing human mistakes and increasing the process reproducibility. The opened LPE in this work produced sensors in the first case with vapor of the diffusion material, coming from a microholed carbon boat full of the diffusion material, over which is positioned the substrate at atmospheric pressure. In the second, the diffusion material is on the bottom of a quartz recipient, and the InSb/Te wafer works as its cover, and vacuum was used. The IR sensors produced with the first method measured 8.9 x 10(7) cm Hz(1/2)/W as detectivity value and higher IR spectral response at 4.6 mu m, and those produced with the second 2.8 x 10(9) cm Hz(1/2)/W, at 4.4 mu m. Besides the electrical-optical properties, the structural properties of diffused layers were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron and atomic force microscopy (SEM, AFM), energy-dispersive and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (EDS, SIMS). (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effect of preparation method and Sb content on SnO2-CuO sintering

The sintering behavior of SnO2-CuO system has been investigated for two preparation methods and as a function of antimony concentration. A chemical preparation (Pechini's method) resulted in powders with smaller particle sizes than for a conventional oxide mixture. This led to smaller grain sizes in Pechini's method ceramics. The microstructures were heterogeneous in both systems, showing grain coarsening. The densification was aided by liquid phase formation, due to copper, in both systems, but the temperature of maximum shrinkage rate was larger for the Pechini's method ceramic because copper had to diffuse to the grain surface. Independently of the preparation method, antimony did not aid densification, and increasing its concentration led to a higher densification temperature and lower shrinkage rate. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

An environmentally friendly reflectometric method for ranitidine determination in pharmaceuticals and human urine

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Detection of propranolol in pharmaceutical formulations by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

This paper describes an analytical reflectometric method that has an objective not only the industrial quality control but also to detect possible falsifications and/or adulterations of propranolol in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the diffuse reflectance measurements of the colored product (III) of the spot test reaction between propranolol hydrochloride (I) and 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (II) using filter paper as solid support. Spot test conditions have been investigated using experimental design in order to identify and optimize the critical factors. The factors evaluated were DCQ concentration, propranolol solvent and DCQ solvent. The best reaction conditions were achieved with the addition of 30 mu L, of propranolol solution in ethanol 35% (v/v) and 30 mu L of DCQ solution at 70 mg mL(-1) in acetone, in this order. All reflectance measurements were carried out at 500 nm and the linear range was from 8.45 x 10(-4) to 8.45 x 10(-2) mol L-1 (r= 0.998). The limit of detection was 1.01 x 10(-4) mol L-1. No interference was observed from the assessed excipients and drugs. The method was applied to determine propranolol in commercial brands of pharmaceuticals. The results obtained by the proposed method were favorably compared with those given by the British Pharmacopoeia procedure. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An Environmentally Friendly Reflectometric Method for Bumetanide Determination in Pharmaceuticals

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of nitrite in meat products and water using dapsone with combined spot test/diffuse reflectance on filter paper

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Determination of hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical formulations by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of ambroxol in syrups using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of furosemide in pharmaceutical formulations by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

In this report an analytical method to determine furosemide by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is presented. This study shows that this technique can give quantitative results using spot test analysis, particularly in the case of pharmaceuticals containing furosemide. The color spot test could be obtained by reaction between furosemide with p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, in acid medium. This reaction produced a stable complex on filter paper after heating to 80degreesC for 5 min. All reflectance measurements were carried out at 585 nm and the linear range was from 7.56 x 10(-3) to 6.05 x 10(-2) mol l(-1), with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The limit of detection was estimated to be 2.49 x 10(-3) mol l(-1) (R.S.D. = 1.7%) and the effect of common excipients on the reflectance measurements was evaluated. The method was applied to determine furosemide in commercial brands of pharmaceuticals. The results obtained by the proposed method were favorably compared with those of the official method, showing for the first time ever that quantitative spot test analysis by diffuse reflectance could be successfully used to determine furosemide in tablets. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of interfacial co-ion concentration in ionic micelles by chemical trapping: Halide concentration at the interface of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles

Products from the spontaneous reaction of a long-chain arenediazonium salt, 2,6-dimethyl-4-hexadecylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate(16-ArN2BF4), in aqueous micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)? are used to estimate the local concentration of chloride and bromide ions at the micellar surface. The arenediazonium ion, 16-ArN2+, which is totally bound to the SDS micelle, reacts by rate-determining loss of N-2 to give an aryl cation that traps available nucleophiles, i,e., H2O, Cl-, and Br-, to give stable phenol, 16-ArOH, and halobenzene products, 16-ArCl and 16-ArBr, respectively. Product yields, determined by HPLC, are related to local concentrations using calibration curves obtained from independent standards. The local concentrations determined by this method are consistent with co-ion concentrations calculated, using a cell model, by numerical integration of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) taking into account salt-induced micellar growth. The salt dependence of the intel facial concentrations of Cl- and Br- are identical. indicating no specific interactions in the interfacial co-ion compartment. PBE calculations predict that, in micellar SDS, increasing the concentration of a particular halide salt (NaX) at constant concentration of another halide (NaY) should result in an increase in the local concentrations of both co-ions. Using this chemical-trapping method, this prediction was demonstrated experimentally.