Avaliação do comportamento em fadiga de juntas estruturais de ligas de Al2024T3 coladas com adesivo epóxi

Ligas de alumínio são extensamente usadas em partes aeronáuticas devido às boas propriedades mecânicas e baixa densidade. Estas partes devem ser unidas para formar conjuntos maiores. Uma junta estrutural é definida como um segmento de estrutura que provê um meio de transferir carga de um elemento estrutural para outro. A maioria das juntas aeronáuticas é mecanicamente fixada com múltiplos prendedores (parafusos ou rebites). Estas juntas apresentam uma alta concentração de tensões ao redor do prendedor, porque a transferência de carga entre elementos da junta acontece em uma fração da área disponível. Por outro lado, as cargas aplicadas em juntas adesivas são distribuídas sobre toda a área colada e reduz os pontos de concentração de tensão. Juntas são a fonte mais comum de falhas estruturais em aeronaves e quase todos os reparos envolvem juntas. Portanto, é importante entender todos os aspectos de projeto e análise de juntas. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar estaticamente juntas estruturais de ligas de Al2024-T3 em três condições: juntas mecanicamente rebitadas, juntas coladas e uma configuração híbrida rebitada e colada. Foi usada a norma NASM 1312-4 para confecção dos corpos-de-prova. Além disso, foram conduzidos testes de fadiga, sob amplitude de carregamento constante e razão de tensão igual a 0,1 para avaliar a eficiência dos elementos estruturais durante sua vida em serviço. Os resultados mostraram que a configuração híbrida apresenta maior resistência estática e uma vida em fadiga superior à configuração colada.

Calibration uncertainty estimation for internal aerodynamic balance

Aerodynamic balances are employed in wind tunnels to estimate the forces and moments acting on the model under test. This paper proposes a methodology for the assessment of uncertainty in the calibration of an internal multi-component aerodynamic balance. In order to obtain a suitable model to provide aerodynamic loads from the balance sensor responses, a calibration is performed prior to the tests by applying known weights to the balance. A multivariate polynomial fitting by the least squares method is used to interpolate the calibration data points. The uncertainties of both the applied loads and the readings of the sensors are considered in the regression. The data reduction includes the estimation of the calibration coefficients, the predicted values of the load components and their corresponding uncertainties, as well as the goodness of fit.

Corrosão e tribocorrosão de novas ligas Ti35Nb5Zr e Ti35Nb10Zr em saliva artificial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise estrutural do suporte de pastilha de grafite para lubrificação de roda ferroviária

This study aims to structurally evaluate a support of graphite pastille for the lubrication of railway wheels. The proper lubrication of wheel flanges of the railway extends the life of this component, so it is very important that this occurs lubrication to reduce the costs involved in railway maintenance. To prepar the evaluation structural will be used to International Electrotechnical Comission standard (IEC 61373) establishing which load cases should be applied to this component. The applied loads on the support (accordance with IEC) are random accelerations and accelerations due to shocks, thus simulating the conditions that exist along the route of the train. The structural analyzes are performed by the finite element method, with the aid of the Cosmos software. Thus, it is possible to determine the stresses acting on the support, and so the allowable stresses compared with the standard proposed by the AISC. The stress in the structural analyzes are lower than allowable therefore considered for the configuration presented, unexpected structural problems

Validation of the SenseWear armband in circuit resistance training with different loads

The use of the SenseWear (TM) armband (SWA), an objective monitor of physical activity, is a relatively new device used by researchers to measure energy expenditure. These monitors are practical, relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of SWAs for the measurement of energy expenditure (EE) in circuit resistance training (CRT) at three different intensities in moderately active, healthy subjects. The study subjects (17 females, 12 males) undertook CRT at 30, 50 and 70% of the 15 repetition maximum for each exercise component wearing an SWA as well as an Oxycon Mobile (OM) portable metabolic system (a gold standard method for measuring EE). The EE rose as exercise intensity increased, but was underestimated by the SWAs. For women, Bland-Altman plots showed a bias of 1.13 +/- A 1.48 METs and 32.1 +/- A 34.0 kcal in favour of the OM system, while for men values of 2.33 +/- A 1.82 METs and 75.8 +/- A 50.8 kcal were recorded.

Biomechanics Studies in Dentistry: Bioengineering Applied in Oral Implantology

The application of engineering knowledge in dentistry has helped the understanding of biomechanics aspects related to osseointegrated implants. Several techniques have been used to evaluate the biomechanical load oil implants comprising the use of photoelastic stress analysis, finite element stress analysis, and strain-gauge analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this Study was to describe engineering methods used in dentistry to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of osseointegrated implants. Photoelasticity provides good qualitative information oil the overall location and concentration of stresses but produces limited quantitative information. The method serves as ail important tool for determining the critical stress points in a material and is often used for determining stress concentration factors in irregular geometries. The application of strain-gauge method oil dental implants is based oil the use of electrical resistance strain gauges and its associated equipment and provides both in vitro and vivo measurements strains under static and dynamic loads. However, strain-gauge method provides only the data regarding strain at the gauge. Finite element analysis can Simulate stress using a computer-created model to calculate stress, strain, and displacement. Such analysis has the advantage of allowing several conditions to be changed easily and allows measurement of stress distribution around implants at optional points that are difficult to examine clinically All the 3 methodologies call be useful to evaluate biomechanical implant behavior close to the clinical condition but the researcher should have enough knowledge in model fabrication (experimental delineation) and results analysis.

Effect of axial loads on implanted-supported partial fixed prostheses by strain gauge analysis

Objectives: The present study used strain gauge analysis to perform an in vitro evaluation of the effect of axial loading on 3 elements of implant-supported partial fixed prostheses, varying the type of prosthetic cylinder and the loading points. Material and methods: Three internal hexagon implants were linearly embedded in a polyurethane block. Microunit abutments were connected to the implants applying a torque of 20 Ncm, and prefabricated Co-Cr cylinders and plastic prosthetic cylinders were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard patterns cast in Co-Cr alloy (n=5). Four strain gauges (SG) were bonded onto the surface of the block tangentially to the implants, SG 01 mesially to implant 1, SG 02 and SG 03 mesially and distally to implant 2, respectively, and SG 04 distally to implant 3. Each metallic structure was screwed onto the abutments with a 10 Ncm torque and an axial load of 30 kg was applied at five predetermined points (A, B, C, D, E). The data obtained from the strain gauge analyses were analyzed statistically by RM ANOVA and Tukey's test, with a level of significance of p<0.05. Results: There was a significant difference for the loading point (p=0.0001), with point B generating the smallest microdeformation (239.49 mu epsilon) and point D the highest (442.77 mu epsilon). No significant difference was found for the cylinder type (p=0.748). Conclusions: It was concluded that the type of cylinder did not affect in the magnitude of microdeformation, but the axial loading location influenced this magnitude.

Straight and Offset Implant Placement under Axial and Nonaxial Loads in Implant-Supported Prostheses: Strain Gauge Analysis

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to quantify strain development during axial and nonaxial loading using strain gauge analysis for three-element implant-supported FPDs, varying the arrangement of implants: straight line (L) and offset (O). Materials and Methods: Three Morse taper implants arranged in a straight line and three implants arranged in an offset configuration were inserted into two polyurethane blocks. Microunit abutments were screwed onto the implants, applying a 20 Ncm torque. Plastic copings were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard wax patterns cast in Co-Cr alloy (n = 10). Four strain gauges were bonded onto the surface of each block tangential to the implants. The occlusal screws of the superstructure were tightened onto microunit abutments using 10 Ncm and then axial and nonaxial loading of 30 Kg was applied for 10 seconds on the center of each implant and at 1 and 2 mm from the implants, totaling nine load application points. The microdeformations determined at the nine points were recorded by four strain gauges, and the same procedure was performed for all of the frameworks. Three loadings were made per load application point. The magnitude of microstrain on each strain gauge was recorded in units of microstrain (mu). The data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: The configuration factor was statistically significant (p= 0.0004), but the load factor (p= 0.2420) and the interaction between the two factors were not significant (p= 0.5494). Tukey's test revealed differences between axial offset (mu) (183.2 +/- 93.64) and axial straight line (285.3 +/- 61.04) and differences between nonaxial 1 mm offset (201.0 +/- 50.24) and nonaxial 1 mm straight line (315.8 +/- 59.28). Conclusion: There was evidence that offset placement is capable of reducing the strain around an implant. In addition, the type of loading, axial force or nonaxial, did not have an influence until 2 mm.

Statistical methods applied to the analysis of blasting vibrations in a diabase quarry in the city of Campinas, (SP) Brazil

Statistical methods of multiple regression analysis, trend surface analysis and principal components analysis were applied to seismographic data recorded during production blasting at a diabase quarry in the urban area of Campinas (SP), Brazil. The purpose of these analyses was to determine the influence of the following variables: distance (D), charge weight per delay (W), and scaled distance (SD) associated with properties of the rock body (orientation, frequency and angle of geological discontinuities; depth of bedrock and thickness of the soil overburden) in the variation of the peak particle velocity (PPV). This approach yielded variables with larger influences (loads) on the variation of ground vibration, as well as behavior and space tendency of this variation. The results showed a better relationship between PPV and D, with D being the most important factor in the attenuation of the ground vibrations. The geological joints and the depth to bedrock have a larger influence than the explosive charges in the variation of the vibration levels, but frequencies appear to be more influenced by the amount of soil overburden.

An approach of optimal sensitivity applied in the tertiary loop of the automatic generation control

This paper proposes an approach of optimal sensitivity applied in the tertiary loop of the automatic generation control. The approach is based on the theorem of non-linear perturbation. From an optimal operation point obtained by an optimal power flow a new optimal operation point is directly determined after a perturbation, i.e., without the necessity of an iterative process. This new optimal operation point satisfies the constraints of the problem for small perturbation in the loads. The participation factors and the voltage set point of the automatic voltage regulators (AVR) of the generators are determined by the technique of optimal sensitivity, considering the effects of the active power losses minimization and the network constraints. The participation factors and voltage set point of the generators are supplied directly to a computational program of dynamic simulation of the automatic generation control, named by power sensitivity mode. Test results are presented to show the good performance of this approach. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mathematical decomposition technique applied to the probabilistic power flow problem

In this paper a framework based on the decomposition of the first-order optimality conditions is described and applied to solve the Probabilistic Power Flow (PPF) problem in a coordinated but decentralized way in the context of multi-area power systems. The purpose of the decomposition framework is to solve the problem through a process of solving smaller subproblems, associated with each area of the power system, iteratively. This strategy allows the probabilistic analysis of the variables of interest, in a particular area, without explicit knowledge of network data of the other interconnected areas, being only necessary to exchange border information related to the tie-lines between areas. An efficient method for probabilistic analysis, considering uncertainty in n system loads, is applied. The proposal is to use a particular case of the point estimate method, known as Two-Point Estimate Method (TPM), rather than the traditional approach based on Monte Carlo simulation. The main feature of the TPM is that it only requires resolve 2n power flows for to obtain the behavior of any random variable. An iterative coordination algorithm between areas is also presented. This algorithm solves the Multi-Area PPF problem in a decentralized way, ensures the independent operation of each area and integrates the decomposition framework and the TPM appropriately. The IEEE RTS-96 system is used in order to show the operation and effectiveness of the proposed approach and the Monte Carlo simulations are used to validation of the results. © 2011 IEEE.

Effect of axial loads on implant-supported partial fixed prostheses by strain gauge analysis

Objectives: The present study used strain gauge analysis to perform an in vitro evaluation of the effect of axial loading on 3 elements of implant-supported partial fixed prostheses, varying the type of prosthetic cylinder and the loading points. Material and methods: Three internal hexagon implants were linearly embedded in a polyurethane block. Microunit abutments were connected to the implants applying a torque of 20 Ncm, and prefabricated Co-Cr cylinders and plastic prosthetic cylinders were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard patterns cast in Co-Cr alloy (n = 5). Four strain gauges (SG) were bonded onto the surface of the block tangentially to the implants, SG 01 mesially to implant 1, SG 02 and SG 03 mesially and distally to implant 2, respectively, and SG 04 distally to implant 3. Each metallic structure was screwed onto the abutments with a 10 Ncm torque and an axial load of 30 kg was applied at five predetermined points (A, B, C, D, E). The data obtained from the strain gauge analyses were analyzed statistically by RM ANOVA and Tukey's test, with a level of significance of p<0.05. Results: There was a significant difference for the loading point (p=0.0001), with point B generating the smallest microdeformation (239.49 με) and point D the highest (442.77 με). No significant difference was found for the cylinder type (p=0.748). Conclusions: It was concluded that the type of cylinder did not affect in the magnitude of microdeformation, but the axial loading location influenced this magnitude.

Analysis of the influence of pre-loading in the rating life calculation of tapered roller bearings applied to lightweight front-axle differentials

For intricate automotive systems that enclose several components, such as gearboxes, an important aspect of the design is defining the correct assembly parameters. A proper assembly can ensure optimized operating conditions and therefore the components can achieve a longer life. In the case of the support bearings applied to front-axle lightweight differentials, the assembly preload is a major aspect for an adequate performance of the system. During the design phase it is imperative to define reference values to this preload, so the application would endure its requirements. However, with the assistance of computer simulations, it is possible to determine an optimum condition of operation, i.e. optimum pre-load, which would increase the system reliability. This paper presents a study on the influence of preload on the rating life of tapered roller bearings applied to light-weight front axle differentials, evaluating how preload affects several key parameters such as rating life and displacement of components, taking into account the flexibility of the surrounding differential housing. Copyright © 2012 SAE International.

Axial loads on implant-supported partial fixed prostheses for external and internal hex connections and machined and plastic copings: strain gauge analysis

The aim of this in vitro study was to use strain gauge (SG) analysis to compare the effects of the implant-abutment joint, the coping, and the location of load on strain distribution in the bone around implants supporting 3-unit fixed partial prostheses. Three external hexagon (EH) implants and 3 internal hexagon (IH) implants were inserted into 2 polyurethane blocks. Microunit abutments were screwed onto their respective implant groups. Machined cobalt-chromium copings and plastic copings were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard wax patterns. The wax patterns were cast in a cobalt-chromium alloy (n = 5): group 1 = EH/machined. group 2 = EH/plastic, group 3 = IH/machined, and group 4 = IH/plastic. Four SGs were bonded onto the surface of the block tangentially to the implants. Each metallic structure was screwed onto the abutments and an axial load of 30 kg was applied at 5 predetermined points. The magnitude of microstrain on each SG was recorded in units of microstrain (mu epsilon). The data were analyzed using 3-factor repeated measures analysis of variance and a Tukey test (alpha = 0.05). The results showed statistically significant differences for the type of implant-abutment joint, loading point, and interaction at the implant-abutment joint/loading point. The IH connection showed higher microstrain values than the EH connection. It was concluded that the type of coping did not interfere in the magnitude of microstrain, but the implant/abutment joint and axial loading location influenced this magnitude.