Análise do estado da arte dos aspectos diagnóticos, periciais e jurisprudenciais das LER/DORT no contexto previdenciário das doenças do trabalho no Brasil

Objetivo: analisar o estado da arte dos aspectos diagnósticos, periciais e jurisprudenciais das LER/DORT (Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos / Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho) no Brasil. Materiais e Método: trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, de natureza qualitativa, com formato documental, utilizando-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. A avaliação evolutiva da legislação previdenciária relacionada as LER/DORT foi realizada através da pesquisa no banco de dados disponibilizado pelo Governo Federal e mediante a consulta ao DATAPREV/Sislex. A avaliação dos aspectos diagnósticos foi instrumentalizada através, principalmente, de artigos científicos publicados entre 2003 e 2008, nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa, espanhola e francesa, relacionados com os métodos de diagnósticos complementares das LER-DORT (ressonância magnética, tomografia computadorizada, ultrassonografia e eletroneuromiografia). As jurisprudências foram obtidas através da busca dos julgados sobre o tema, entre 2003 e 2008, pertencentes ao Supremo Tribunal Federal, Superior Tribunal de Justiça, Tribunais Regionais Federais, Tribunal Superior do Trabalho e Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho. Resultados: foram identificados 48 artigos abordando os aspectos diagnósticos das LER-DORT, observando-se que os exames por ressonância magnética, ultrassonografia e eletromiografia demonstraram ser mais efetivos, dentro das suas especificidades, para a complementação do exame clínico de patologias relacionadas às LER-DORT. A análise das 123 jurisprudências selecionadas demonstrou, de forma geral, que as LER-DORT equiparam-se ao acidente de trabalho, devendo apresentar nexo de causalidade (atestado através de laudo médico-pericial) e, ainda, ensejam a ação por danos morais, a qual, devido à EC nº 45 passou a ser competência da Justiça do Trabalho. O Estado da arte dos aspectos periciais encontra-se representado pela vigência da Instrução Normativa n. 98/2003, a qual traz como aspecto fundamental a determinação de novos parâmetros a serem considerados na definição de um quadro de LER-DORT, dispondo, ainda, sobre a conduta ética que deve ser adotada pelo médico perito, bem como chama a atenção para a necessidade dessas doenças do trabalho serem comunicadas às autoridadades competentes, através da emissão da Comunicação de Acidente de Trabalho (CAT). Conclusão: as LER-DORT representam, hoje, um problema de importante impacto, não apenas previdenciário, mas também econômico em diversos países, nos quais o Brasil encontra-se inserido. Estudos sobre o estado da arte relacionados às LER-DORT são fundamentais para auxiliar na construção de um modelo crítico e consciente que colabore com a garantia de sustentabilidade do sistema previdenciário no Brasil

Uso da tecnologia de troca iônica no tratamento de águas contaminadas com Nitrato do Aqüífero Dunas-Barreiras, Natal/RN-Brasil

The city of Natal comprises an area of about 170 km² (65,63 squares miles). The Dunas-Barreiras Aquifer is the most important reservoir of the coastal basin of RN. It is being responsible for the water supplying of about 70% of the population, however, due to the sewage disposal system by cesspools and drains, it is presently affected in a great extent by nitrates contamination. Thus, the present work proposes to research the utilization of contaminated water by nitrates of this fountainhead and find cost of the potable water through the ionic exchange technology. This technology consists in the removal of mineral salts by the exchange of cations for one ion of hydrogen (H+), through the passage of water by cationic resin bed and, secondly, by the exchange of the anions for hydroxyl ions (OH-) through a anionic resin bed. The obtained results have showed the waters derived from fountains, big water holes and shallow wells were microbiologically contaminated, while the waters derived from deep wells (above 70 m 76,58 yards) were free of contamination. Thus, only these ones are suitable to the use of ionic technology. The experiments were conducted with the resin IMAC-HP-555 such as kinetic, thermodynamic, and adsorption by fixed bed studies, being obtained several project variables for the experimental column, as follow: work temperature of 25oC; resin maximum capacity maximum e mean of adsorption ==0,01692 g NO3-1/g R e 0,0110 g NO3-1/g R, respectively. On the experimental column were performed breakthrough tests which pointed for an average ideal average speed of work of 13.2 m / h, with an average efficiency of 45% of adsorption, an optimal concentration of NaCl desorption of 8%, and an ideal desorption time of 80 minutes for the equilibrium conditions of water from the Dunas-Barreiras aquifer. Scale projection for ion-exchange column for denitrification, for these variables, using a computer modeling programme, to project the column of ion exchange ROREX-420/2000, obtained a cost for the drinking water denitrified by this system of R$ 0,16 / m3

Mortalidade por câncer de boca e condição sócio-econômica no Brasil

BORGES,D. M. L.et al. Mortalidade por câncer de boca e condição sócio-econômica no Brasil.Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v.25,n.2, p.321-327, fev, 2009

Diagnóstico, estadiamento e tratamento cirúrgico do adenocarcinoma de pâncreas

O adenocarcinoma pancreático é um dos tumores sólidos de pior prognóstico, sendo o tratamento cirúrgico o único potencialmente curativo. Na grande maioria dos pacientes o tumor é diagnosticado em fase avançada, comumente na presença de doença metastática. A introdução de modernos métodos diagnósticos associados ao aperfeiçoamento dos já existentes tem gerado controvérsia quanto à melhor maneira de se estabelecer o diagnóstico e estadiamento do tumor. Da mesma forma, o papel da cirurgia na paliação e aspectos técnicos da ressecção de lesões localizadas estão longe de alcançarem consenso na prática. Método - Revisão da literatura sobre os aspectos controversos relacionados ao tema e um algoritmo para a abordagem dos pacientes com suspeita de tumor de pâncreas são apresentados. Foram utilizados os descritores: “adenocarcinoma” e “pâncreas” para pesquisa no PubMed (www.pubmed.com) e na Bireme (www.bireme.br) e a seguir selecionadas as publicações pertinentes a cada tópico escolhido com atenção especial para metanálises, estudos clínicos controlados, revisões sitemáticas e ainda publicações de grandes centros especializados em doenças pancreáticas. Conclusões - Na suspeita de adenocarcinoma de pâncreas é possível realizar estadiamento muito próximo do real sem a necessidade da exploração cirúrgica sistemática em virtude da disponibilidade na prática de exames modernos e eficientes. Isso permite que paliação menos invasiva seja praticada na maioria dos pacientes com lesões avançadas e incuráveis. Nos em que a cura é possível, a operação deve ser realizada objetivando-se, essencialmente, a remoção da lesão com margens livres e com aceitáveis índices de morbi-mortalidade

Modulação da expressão da proteína XPA em resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno fotossensibilizado

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by aerobic metabolism and react with biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. In high concentration, they lead to oxidative stress. Among ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2) is one of the main ROS involved in oxidative stress and is one of the most reactive forms of molecular oxygen. The exposure of some dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) to light (MB+VL), is able to generate 1O2 and it is the principle involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT). 1O2 e other ROS have caused toxic and carcinogenic effects and have been associated with ageing, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Oxidative DNA damage is mainly repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, recent studies have observed the involvement of nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors in the repair of this type of injury. One of these factors is the Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA) protein, which acts with other proteins in DNA damage recognition and in the recruitment of other repair factors. Moreover, oxidative agents such as 1O2 can induce gene expression. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the response of XPA-deficient cells after treatment with photosensitized MB. For this purpose, we analyzed the cell viability and occurrence of oxidative DNA damage in cells lines proficient and deficient in XPA after treatment with MB+VL, and evaluated the expression of this enzyme in proficient and complemented cells. Our results indicate an increased resistance to treatment of complemented cells and a higher level of oxidative damage in the deficient cell lines. Furthermore, the treatment was able to modulate the XPA expression up to 24 hours later. These results indicate a direct evidence for the involvement of NER enzymes in the repair of oxidative damage. Besides, a better understanding of the effects of PDT on the induction of gene expression could be provided

Avaliação das atividades antioxidantes e citotóxicas de extratos ricos em polissacarídeos extraídos das hastes de mandacaru (Cereus Jamacaru de Candolle, Cactaceae)

The use of medicinal plants to cure and treat various diseases is a common practice in the world and in Brazil. In several regions of the Brazil´s Northeast, the cactus Cereus jamacaru, known as mandacaru, is used popularly as a treatment to many diseases, including those related to heart respiratory diseases, gastric ulcers, scurvy, and kidney diseases. However, there is a scarcity in the scientific literature that proves scientifically the popular application of this cactus. Like other plants, Cereus jamacaru synthesizes several potentially bioactive molecules, like as polysaccharides. In this work, three polysaccharides-rich aqueous extracts, MCA80, MPM and MCP60, were obtained from this plant and analyzed chemically, as well as their cytotoxic and antioxidant potential. The data showed that all extracts consist mainly of polysaccharides (89.42 to 95.76%), but also protein (> 2%) and phenolic (3 to 8.87%) contaminants were detected. All extracts are rich in galactose, glucose and mannose. In addition, glucuronic acid was found in MCA80 and MCP60. The extracts showed total antioxidant capacity ranged from 55.21 to 68.13 of ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE). Besides, they exhibited reducer power and cupric chelation in a dose-dependent manner. None of the extracts inhibited the MTT reduction in the presence of prostate tumor cells (PC-3). However, MCP60 was the most effective extract by preventing the reduction of MTT by about 80% in the presence of cells 786. Nuclear fragmentation tests showed that this extract induces cell death. The data indicated that mandacaru synthesizes bioactive polysaccharides with potential as antioxidant and antitumor agents. For future studies, it is intended to purify and characterize these polysaccharides and its antioxidant and antitumor mechanisms

Projeto, construção e análise de um prototipo vibracional em escala de bancada aplicável ao tratamento de água de produção de petróleo bruto, mediante inovadora operação híbrida de adsorção e auto-flotação

A self-flotator vibrational prototype electromechanical drive for treatment of oil and water emulsion or like emulsion is presented and evaluated. Oil production and refining to obtain derivatives is carried out under arrangements technically referred to as on-shore and off-shore, ie, on the continent and in the sea. In Brazil 80 % of the petroleum production is taken at sea and area of deployment and it cost scale are worrisome. It is associated, oily water production on a large scale, carrier 95% of the potential pollutant of activity whose final destination is the environment medium, terrestrial or maritime. Although diversified set of techniques and water treatment systems are in use or research, we propose an innovative system that operates in a sustainable way without chemical additives, for the good of the ecosystem. Labyrinth adsor-bent is used in metal spirals, and laboratory scale flow. Equipment and process patents are claimed. Treatments were performed at different flow rates and bands often monitored with control systems, some built, other bought for this purpose. Measurements of the levels of oil and grease (OGC) of efluents treaty remained within the range of legal framework under test conditions. Adsorbents were weighed before and after treatment for obtaining oil impregna-tion, the performance goal of vibratory action and treatment as a whole. Treatment technolo-gies in course are referenced, to compare performance, qualitatively and quantitatively. The vibration energy consumption is faced with and without conventional flotation and self-flotation. There are good prospects for the proposed, especially in reducing the residence time, by capillary action system. The impregnation dimensionless parameter was created and confronted with consecrated dimensionless parameters, on the vibrational version, such as Weber number and Froude number in quadratic form, referred to as vibrational criticality. Re-sults suggest limits to the vibration intensity

Bioecologia da ictiofauna marinha descartada pelo arrasto camaroeiro em praias da Bacia Potiguar, Brasil

The composition of ichthyofauna discarded by trawling shrimping, their reproductive status and feeding ecology were studied on the beaches of Basin Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Fish were collected monthly in the year of 2012. During biometrics, portions of the digestive tract and of gonads were removed, fixed in formalin 10% and Bouin, respectively, for be submitted to histological processing by the techniques of hematoxylin-eosin. Stomach content analyzes were performed using the methods of Frequency of Occurrence and Volumetric and was calculated the repletion index. Throughout the study period were recorded a total of 49 species. The fish assemblages differed between sections monitoring, with the highest abundance, biomass and indices of richness and diversity in sections B, D and C. Already the excerpt A, showed higher values for dominance and equitability. In the cluster analysis according to the faunal similarity was observed the formation of three groups: group I formed by excerpts B and D, group II by excerpt C and group III formed by excerpt A. The assessment of reproductive stage revealed that the fish assemblages discarded by trawling are composed mainly of juveniles. Regarding the feeding ecology, the species Larimus breviceps, Menticirrhus littoralis and Pomadasys corvinaeformis characterized as carnivorous with tendency to carcinofagia. Already Conodon nobilis characterized as carnivorous with tendency to piscivory, but all proved generalist-opportunistic with increase of feeding activity during drought. The dendrogram of grouping of the species developed based on the food items used shows the formation of four groups: Group I consists of species that feed mainly of "gastropod" and "sediment"; group II of "teleost fish"; the group III of "crustacea" and group IV of "echinodermata" and "bivalve". The anatomical and histological characteristics of the digestive tract were consistent with the dietary habits of the analyzed species. In this context, the Costa Branca of Rio Grande do Norte can be considered a feeding site and recruitment for juveniles, which, opportunistically, utilize resources associated with the background

Caracterização sócio-demográfica, ocupacional e de formação profissional de manipuladores de alimentos e bebidas em uma capital da região nordeste do Brasil

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Um modelo analítico da qualidade da dieta de adolescentes estudantes da rede publica de ensino de Natal, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

IL-10 na patogênese da infecção por Leishmania infantum

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Fatores associados à mortalidade dos idosos com as condições de vida da população do Nordeste do Brasil

As condições de vida são usualmente entendidas como importantes fatores intervenientes das causas básicas de mortalidade e da qualidade de vida da população. Ao considerar esta questão em uma população idosa e sua influência nas causas mais relevantes que as levam à morte, teve-se como objetivo principal, estudar a associação da mortalidade dos idosos por doenças cardiovasculares para ambos os sexos, com indicadores que expressam as condições de vida da população do Nordeste, nos anos 2000 e 2010. Para atingir tal propósito foi traçado um desenho de estudo ecológico com cortes transversais nos anos 2000 e 2010 tendo como unidades de análises as microrregiões e a mesorregiões do Nordeste. Utilizou-se a Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE) para explicar essas associações, tomando como base as estatísticas de óbitos por doenças cardiovasculares (construto endógeno) e variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas (construto exógeno) das microrregiões do Nordeste, para o ano 2000. Utilizou-se o Método dos Componentes Principais como recurso metodológico na construção de um índice sintético que permitiu classificar as condições de vida nas mesorregiões do Nordeste, tomadas como unidades de análises, nos anos 2000 e 2010, de acordo com as condições de vida e as principais causas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. A aplicação da MEE sugeriu uma forte associação do construto exógeno condições de vida, composto pelos indicadores: anos de estudo dos homens idosos, percentual de idosos em domicílios com banheiro/água encanada e probabilidade de sobrevivência aos 60 anos, com a variável desfecho taxa de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares dos homens e mulheres idosos. O índice sintético construído permitiu identificar os diferentes ritmos de envelhecimento populacional entre as regiões e distintos processos de evolução dos níveis de mortalidade pelas doenças cardiovasculares, muitas delas compatíveis com as condições de vida no Nordeste. Os resultados sugerem que o construto condições de vida está fortemente associado por esta causa de morte entre os idosos para ambos os sexos no Nordeste do Brasil. Neste sentido, sugere-se que estes resultados sejam considerados como relevantes para formulação de políticas de saúde regionais voltadas para este contingente populacional do Nordeste do Brasil

Estudo genético-clínico de mucopolissariodoses no estado do Ceará

As mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) são doenças genéticas raras decorrente da deficiência de enzimas lisossomais envolvidas no catabolismo de glicosaminoglicanos, resultando em um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, progressivas e multissistêmicas, exigindo tratamento por uma equipe multidisciplinar. Embora o Nordeste brasileiro seja uma região com grande taxa de consangüinidade e um efeito fundador envolvendo MPS, não há estudos caracterizando os pacientes dessa região. Nosso objetivo foi determinar o perfil epidemiológico, clínico e genético de casos não publicados com MPS provenientes do Ceará, identificando as diferenças entre outros estudos com MPS e possíveis problemas a serem enfrentados para a realização do diagnóstico precoce. O estudo foi seccional, descritivo, com amostra de pacientes com MPS em acompanhamento no Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin e Hospital Geral Cesar Cals no período de 2006-2013. Os dados foram obtidos a partir da avaliação clínica, revisão de prontuários médicos e entrevista com os pacientes e/ou familiares realizadas pelo investigador principal. Cinquenta e três pacientes foram incluídos no estudo (36 do sexo masculino), sendo 6 MPS I, 17 MPS II, 7 MPS III (3 MPSIII-A, 3 MPS III-B, 1 MPS III-C), 7 MPS IV-A, 16 de MPS VI. O óbito ocorreu em 16 casos (3 MPS I, MPS II 6, 1 MPS IIIA , IIIB 1MPS , 1 MPS IV , 4 MPS VI). A amostra foi composta principalmente por crianças. Houve elevada taxa de consangüinidade e recorrência familiar. Os tipos mais comuns foram MPS II e MPS VI. Exceto para macrossomia em MPS II, os dados de nascimento indicam que não houve risco para desenvolvimento de viii complicações perinatais. Os sintomas iniciaram em crianças com menos de 2 anos. As manifestações clínicas foram heterogêneas exceto para atraso no desenvolvimento neurológico em MPS III e manifestações esqueléticas em MPS IV. As principais características clínicas foram macrocefalia, baixa estatura, alterações odontológicas, respiratórias, cardíacas, hepatoesplenomegalia, hérnia umbilical, rigidez articular e anormalidades esqueléticas. A terapia de reposição enzimática foi instituída em 26 casos (4 MPS I, 10 MPS II, 12 MPS VI). Os problemas sócio-econômicos das famílias, o amplo espectro de sintomas e a gravidade da doença foram causas das dificuldades em realizar a avaliação periódica pela equipe multidisciplinar, além de exames complementares de maior custo para determinar as complicações da doença. Este foi o maior estudo transversal sobre MPS no Nordeste do Brasil. Em contraste com a maior incidência de MPS I na maioria das populações ocidentais, houve maior incidência de MPS II e VI. As alterações respiratórias foram um dos principais contribuintes para a mortalidade precoce, exceto nos casos de MPS I, em que a cardiomiopatia foi prevalente. A menor expectativa de vida ocorreu em MPS I. O envolvimento cognitivo foi comum em casos graves e o maior número de órgãos envolvidos representou maior risco de morrer. Para o diagnóstico precoce, deve-se buscar indivíduos afetados em famílias em que há parentes com MPS, além do maior reconhecimento de sinais e sintomas de MPS por profissionais de saúde

Estudo epidemiológico das parasitoses oculares na população de escolares da cidade de Natal-RN, Brasil

The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of Ocular Toxocariasis, Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis (DUSN), Toxoplasma gondii infection and Ocular Toxoplasmosis in a student population in Natal-RN/Brazil and relate it to demographic, epidemiologic and socio-economic risk factors. The incidence of DUSN was observed in patients at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Ophthalmology Service and the Prontoclinica de Olhos Ophthalmology clinic in Natal. In cases where a worm was found in the subretinal space, the result of treatment with photocoagulation using Green Laser (Eye Light ALCON) was evaluated in relation to final visual result. The sample was randomly selected among the schools of the four districts of Natal, according to the type of institution (public or private), its level (elementary or secondary), and study period (morning, afternoon or evening). The school population was studied from March to May, 2001. Initially, the students answered a questionnaire to evaluate demographic, epidemiologic and socio-economic risk factors. Afterwards, the following procedures were carried out: blood samples were taken for Toxoplasmosis (IgG, IgM) serology, hemogram, ophthalmological examination, consisting of clinical history, measurement of visual acuity, refraction under cycloplegia, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment and annexa, funduscopy and examination of extrinsic motility. The prevalence of Toxocariasis was 0.2% or 2 per one thousand students. The sample was insufficient to estimate the prevalence of DUSN. Seventy patients with DUSN diagnosis were examined from January, 2001 to January, 2003. A live worm was found in the subretinal space of all four patients in the acute phase, and these were treated with laser photocoagulation. After follow-up (average = 11.5 months), visual acuity improved in three eyes and remained unaltered in one eye. Worms were found in 22 of the 66 patients in the chronic phase, and these also were treated with laser photocoagulation. After a follow-up period of 13.1 months, on average, visual acuity improved in two of the patients, remained unchanged in 19 and worsened in one. The comparison of visual result before and after treatment was not statistically significant (p = 0.302). The diagnosis of DUSN in the acute phase, followed by prompt localization and destruction of the worm by photocoagulation, can improve the patient s vision. However, destruction of the worm by laser photocoagulation in eyes with DUSN in the chronic phase does not improve visual acuity. Seroprevalence for IgG was 46% (Confidence Interval CI 95%-42.9-49.2%) and for IgM it was 1.4% (CI 95% = 0.8-2.4%). The prevalence of ocular lesion was 1.15% (CI 95% = 0.6 - 2.0%). Socio-economic conditions were determinants in the prevalence of Systemic and Ocular Toxoplasmosis in the bivaried analysis and confirmed in the multivaried analysis (mother s scholarity illiterate/ OR = 2.9 and p < 0.001). The T. gondii infection prevalence, although high, was less than that found in studies performed in the South and Southeast of Brazil and that of Ocular Toxoplasmosis was completely discrepant, varying from 5 to 17 times less. Although important epidemiological variables such as owning a cat, drinking unfiltered water, and coming into contact with rivers or lakes showed an association in the preliminary analysis, they lost their influence when included in the logistic model. Future studies are scheduled to begin in March, 2004, in collaboration with other Brazilian and American universities in an attempt to discover the reason for these findings, as well as identifying the different strains of Toxoplasma gondii, and studying the sources of water utilized by the population of Natal Brazil

Capacidade antioxidante in vitro e avaliação da toxicidade aguda in vivo de extratos de folhas de Licania rígida Benth., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch e Couepia impressa Prance (Chrysobalanaceae)

Licania rigida Benth., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch, and Couepia impressa Prance (Chrysobalanaceae family) plants have long been used medicinally by the people from Northeastern Brazil. Crude extracts and infusions of these plants have been applied in the treatment of several conditions such as diabetes and rheumatism, degenerative diseases with involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic leaves extracts antioxidant capacity of these species, using several in vitro assay systems (reducing power, DPPH● scavenging, the β-carotene linoleate model system and lipid peroxidation inhibition in rat brain homogenate, using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS). The oral acute toxicity of aqueous extracts was also evaluated in vivo. Results revealed that these extracts possess a potent reducing power and DPPH scavenging ability, as well as the ability to prevent TBARS formation in rat brain homogenate in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding in vivo oral acute toxicity of the aqueous species extracts, no toxic effects were observed upon evaluating physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters. The presence of high levels of phenolics and flavonoids was determined mainly in the ethanol extract. However, the C. impressa hydroethanolic extract, fractionated with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate for analysis by NMR 1H, showed more efficient results than the reference antioxidant Carduus marianus. The classes of organics compounds were determined were phenolics in the fraction of ethyl acetate and terpenes in chloroform and hexane fractions. The ethil acetate fraction had the highest content of flavonoids and increased scavenging capacity of DPPH●, possibly by the presence of phenolic compounds. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the phytochemical composition and in vivo study of the C. impressa hydroethanolic extract is suggested to characterize the active compounds of the species