Otimização do processo de flotação de emulsão óleo/água através do planejamento fatorial completo

In recent decades, the generation of solid and liquid waste has increased substantially due to increased industrial activity that is directly linked to economic growth. For that is the most efficient process, it is inevitable generation of such wastes. In the oil industry, a major waste generated in oil exploration is produced water, which due to its complex composition and the large amount generated, has become a challenge, given the restrictions imposed by environmental laws regarding their disposal, making if necessary create alternatives for reuse or treatment in order to reduce the content of contaminants and reduce the harmful effects to the environment. This water can be present in free form or emulsified with the oil, when in the form of an emulsion of oil-water type, it is necessary to use chemicals to promote the separation and flotation is the treatment method which has proved to be more efficient, for it can remove much of the emulsified oil when compared to other methods. In this context, the object of this work was to study the individual effects and interactions of some physicochemical parameters of operations, based on previous work to a flotation cell used in the separation of synthetic emulsion oil / water in order to optimize the efficiency of the separation process through of the 24 full factorial design with center point. The response variables to evaluate the separation efficiency was the percentage of color and turbidity removal. The independent variables were: concentration of de-emulsifying, oil content in water, salinity and pH, these being fixed, minimum and maximum limits. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, was statistically significant and useful for predictive purposes the separation efficiency of the floater with R2 > 90%. The results showed that the oil content in water and the interaction between the oil content in water and salinity, showed the highest values of the estimated effects among all the factors investigated, having great and positive influence on the separation efficiency. By analyzing the response surface was determined maximum removal efficiency above 90% for both measured for turbidity as a measure of color when in a saline medium (30 g/L), the high oil concentrations (306 ppm) using low concentrations of de-emulsifying (1,1 ppm) and at pH close to neutral

Prazer com razão: análise e crítica da ética sexual Kantiana

This work aims to present the foundations of Kantian ethics concerning to moral judgments about sexual practices. It shows that the sexual act, for the philosopher, inevitably degrades individuals who are taking part of it, given its objectifying nature, manifested in the usage of individuals as mere means to obtain pleasure. To solve this quandary of nature since humanity is an end in itself, by the virtue of being bearer of rationality and cannot, therefore, be treated as mere means Kant claims that marriage is morally the appropriate locus for the exercise of sexuality, given the reciprocity forged there, preventing degradation. In marriage, the bond established between the impulse of nature to the conservation of the species achieved through the sexual intercourse opened to procreation and the duty of man in regarding himself as an animal being preserving the species without degrading the person is accomplished in a fully moral way. This text clarifies that the justification for the assumption of this solution is fixed at two developments of the categorical imperative: the formulas of the law of nature and humanity. Despite the fact the first brings significant contributions to human relations through the concept of reciprocity, the second establishes a normative role for the teleological argument of sexuality, becoming an obstacle in kantian's practical philosophy. To overcome that obstacle, we outline a critics which relies on the studies of Michel Foucault about sex and the power techniques related to them, producer of a scientia sexualis in the Western, demonstrating that the moral of the philosopher from Königsberg is also present in this project somehow. Finally, in a foucaultian's reading of kantian Aufklärung, we recognize that, to propose new ethical possibilities of the experience of sexuality, it is necessary to think and create new relational spaces in which the subject takes autonomously the government of self.

A moral kantiana entre deontologia e teleologia

This dissertation examines the Kantian moral in a teleological perspective. It consists of a reconstruction of philosophy practice that departs from the investigation of the categorical imperative, the concepts of duty, will, good will, as well as an approach on the ways of investigation of nature, which will enable the foundation to engage in the teleological argument, investigating the organized human beings, the harmonious system, its relationship with the ultimate and most important purpose, always flexing the analysis of these concepts the idea of purpose. Subsequently we will establish an argument about the end terminal and the implication of this concept to think about the real idea of the system in Kant and his relationship or support for moral theory. In essence this paper approaches the moral point of view of ethics, outlining the insufficiency of this field for the foundation of architectural moral, which will enable the final touch or the indispensability or the teleological argument as fundamental to the Kantian moral Theory

Remoção, por flotação, de óleo em águas produzidas na indústria de petróleo: eficiência e modelagem do processo

The separation oil-water by the use of flotation process is characterized by the involvement between the liquid and gas phases. For the comprehension of this process, it s necessary to analyze the physical and chemical properties command float flotation, defining the nature and forces over the particles. The interface chemistry has an important role on the flotation technology once, by dispersion of a gas phase into a liquid mixture the particles desired get stuck into air bubbles, being conduced to a superficial layer where can be physically separated. Through the study of interface interaction involved in the system used for this work, was possible to apply the results in an mathematical model able to determine the probability of flotation using a different view related to petroleum emulsions such as oil-water. The terms of probability of flotation correlate the collision and addition between particles of oil and air bubbles, that as more collisions, better is the probability of flotation. The additional probability was analyzed by the isotherm of absorption from Freundlich, represents itself the add probability between air bubbles and oil particles. The mathematical scheme for float flotation involved the injected air flow, the size of bubbles and quantity for second, the volume of float cell, viscosity of environment and concentration of demulsifier. The results shown that the float agent developed by castor oil, pos pH variation, salt quantity, temperature, concentration and water-oil quantity, presented efficient extraction of oil from water, up to 95%, using concentrations around 11 ppm of demulsifier. The best results were compared to other commercial products, codified by ―W‖ and ―Z‖, being observed an equivalent demulsifier power between Agflot and commercial product ―W‖ and superior to commercial product ―Z‖

Matrizes poliméricas puras e modificadas para adsorção do gás sulfeto de hidrogênio

The underground natural gas found associated or not with oil is characterized by a mixture of hydrocarbons and residual components such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), called contaminants. The H2S especially promotes itself as a contaminant of natural gas to be associated with corrosion of pipelines, to human toxicity and final applications of Natural Gas (NG). The sulfur present in the GN must be fully or partially removed in order to meet the market specifications, security, transport or further processing. There are distinct and varied methods of desulfurization of natural gas processing units used in Natural Gas (UPGN). In order to solve these problems have for example the caustic washing, absorption, the use of membranes and adsorption processes is costly and great expenditure of energy. Arises on such findings, the need for research to active processes of economic feasibility and efficiency. This work promoted the study of the adsorption of sulfide gas in polymer matrices hydrogen pure and modified. The substrates of Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and sodium alginate (NaALG) were coated with vanadyl phosphate compounds (VOPO4.2H2O), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), rhodamine B (C28H31N2O3Cl) and ions Co2+ and Cu2+, aiming to the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). The adsorption tests were through a continuous flow of H2S in a column system (fixed bed reactor) adsorption on a laboratory scale. The techniques used to characterize the adsorbents were Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the X-ray diffraction (XRD) electron microscopy (SEM). Such work indicates, the results obtained, the adsorbents modified PMMA, PVC and NaALG have a significant adsorptive capacity. The matrix that stood out and had the best adsorption capacity, was to ALG modified Co2+ with a score of 12.79 mg H2S / g matrix

Otimização da síntese do AlSBA-15 para produção de biodiesel por transesteri-ficação do óleo de coco

Stimulus encouraging the production and consumption of biodiesel favors the policy of pre-serving the environment, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas reducing climate change. The current trend of research in this field focuses on improving these processes with the use of heterogeneous catalysts, seeing has significant advantages such as: low contamination of products, ease of separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium, possibili-ty of reuse of the catalyst, decreased corrosion problems. The objective of this research was to optimize the synthesis of AlSBA-15 for the production of biodiesel through transesterification process via ethyl route. For the optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of type AlSBA-15 catalyst has assembled a 23 factorial experimental matrix with eleven trials. The stoichiometric amounts of starting materials were varied according to different ratios Si / Al which is a factor in the experimental design, in addition to the time and temperature of aging of the synthesis gel. The material showed the best results of characterization (SBET = 591.7 (m2 / g), Vp = 0.83 (cm3 / g), Dp = 5.59 (nm), w = 6.48 (nm) was synthesized at 100 ° C for 24 hours, with a ratio Si / Al = 10.This material was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of ethyl transesterification as raw coconut oil in natura. Coconut oil presented suitable for obtaining biodiesel via ethyl route.The visual aspects and physical-chemical characteristics of the reaction products show that AlSBA-15 catalyst favored the reaction. According to physical-chemical analysis the order of oxidative stability of the product of the transesterification reaction was: catalytic reaction at 1500 ° C> non-catalytic reaction at 100 ° C> 100 ° C catalytic> catalytic reaction at 200 ° C Reaction. The results of oxidative stability and kinematic viscosity shows that the biodiesel produced in the catalytic sandblasting held at 150 ° C which was maintained within the ABNT NBR 7148, ABNT NBR 10441 and EN 14112.

Expansão imobiliária na cidade de João Pessoa, no período de 2009-2013: um caso de formação de bolha?

The housing boom recorded in recent years in the city of João Pessoa contributed decisively to the increase in housing supply across the all territory. This advance, however, was accompanied by a significant increase in property prices, which in itself generates enormous expectations on the support of the same medium and long term. From this apparent frame heating the housing market of this Capital. This study empirically examined whether this enhancement configured a typical process of bubble formation between the years 2009 and 2013 in this part of Capital. The empirical price dynamics of the housing market , was based on the indicators of price, rent and cost developed by Bezerra et al. (2013). The results of these local indicators increase the degree of confidence in the hypothesis seen, whatever, that the movement of prices in the main districts of the city of João Pessoa is a real estate bubble

Critério de correntropia no treinamento de redes fuzzy wavelet neural networks para identificação de sistemas dinâmicos não lineares

The great interest in nonlinear system identification is mainly due to the fact that a large amount of real systems are complex and need to have their nonlinearities considered so that their models can be successfully used in applications of control, prediction, inference, among others. This work evaluates the application of Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Networks (FWNN) to identify nonlinear dynamical systems subjected to noise and outliers. Generally, these elements cause negative effects on the identification procedure, resulting in erroneous interpretations regarding the dynamical behavior of the system. The FWNN combines in a single structure the ability to deal with uncertainties of fuzzy logic, the multiresolution characteristics of wavelet theory and learning and generalization abilities of the artificial neural networks. Usually, the learning procedure of these neural networks is realized by a gradient based method, which uses the mean squared error as its cost function. This work proposes the replacement of this traditional function by an Information Theoretic Learning similarity measure, called correntropy. With the use of this similarity measure, higher order statistics can be considered during the FWNN training process. For this reason, this measure is more suitable for non-Gaussian error distributions and makes the training less sensitive to the presence of outliers. In order to evaluate this replacement, FWNN models are obtained in two identification case studies: a real nonlinear system, consisting of a multisection tank, and a simulated system based on a model of the human knee joint. The results demonstrate that the application of correntropy as the error backpropagation algorithm cost function makes the identification procedure using FWNN models more robust to outliers. However, this is only achieved if the gaussian kernel width of correntropy is properly adjusted.

O processo de acumulação na economia política clássica: uma interpretação não convencional a partir da leitura dos ricos detalhes comumente inexplorados

LOURENÇO, André Luís Cabral de ; Macedo, Luziene Dantas de ; SILVA,Marconi Gomes da ; BEZERRA, Márcia Maria de Oliveira ; PEREIRA, W. E. N. . O processo de acumulação na economia política clássica: uma interpretação não-convencional a partir da leitura dos ricos detalhes comumente inexplorados. In: Encontro Nacional de Economia Política, 14., 2009, São Paulo. Anais... São Paulo, 2009.

Síntese e impregnação de peneiras moleculares Fe MCM-41 derivada de sílica da casca do arroz

The mesoporous molecular sieves of the MCM-41 and FeMCM-41 type are considered promissory as support for metals used as catalysts in oil-based materials refine processes and as adsorbents for environmental protection proposes. In this work MCM-41 and FeMCM41 were synthesized using rice husk ash - RHA as alternative to the conventional silica source. Hydrothermal synthesis was the method chosen to prepare the materials. Pre-defined synthesis parameters were 100°C for 168 hours, later the precursor was calcinated at 550°C for 2 hours under nitrogen and air flow. The sieves containing different proportions of iron were produced by two routes: introduction of iron salt direct synthesis; and a modification post synthesis consisting in iron salt 1 % and 5% impregnation in the material followed by thermal decomposition. The molecular sieves were characterized by X ray diffraction XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR, X ray fluorescence spectroscopy XFR, scanning electronic microscopy SEM, specific surface area using the BET method, Termogravimetry TG. The kinetic model of Flynn Wall was used with the aim of determining the apparent activation energy of the surfactant remove (CTMABr) in the MCM- 41 porous. The analysis made possible the morphology characterization, identifying the presence of hexagonal structure typical for mesoporous materials, as well as observation of the MCM41 and iron of characteristic bands.

Obtenção de álcool alílico (PROP-2-EN-1-OL) a partir da glicerina derivada do biodiesel de óleo de mamona

In this work, biodiesel was produced from castor oil that was a byproduct glycerin. The molar ratio between oil and alcohol, as well as the use of (KOH) catalyst to provide the chemical reaction is based on literature. The best results were obtained using 1 mol of castor oil (260g) to 3 moles of methyl alcohol (138g), using 1.0% KOH as catalyst at a temperature of 260 ° C and shaken at 120 rpm. The oil used was commercially available, the process involves the reaction of transesterification of a vegetable oil with methyl alcohol. The product of this reaction is an ester, biodiesel being the main product and the glycerin by-product which has undergone treatment for use as raw material for the production of allyl alcohol. The great advantage of the use of glycerin to obtain allyl alcohol is that its use eliminates the large amount of waste of the biodiesel and various forms of insult to the environment. The reactions for the formation of allyl alcohol was conducted from formic acid and glycerin in a ratio 1/1, at a temperature of 260oC in a heater blanket, being sprayed by a spiral condenser for a period of 2 hours and the product obtained contains mostly the allylic alcohol .. The monitoring of reactions was performed by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: FTIR Fourier transform, the analysis showed that these changes occur spectrometer indicating the formation of the product allylic alcohol (prop-2-en-1-ol) in the presence of water, This alcohol was appointed Alcohol GL. The absorption bands confirms that the reaction was observed in (υ C = C) 1470 -1600 cm -1 and (υ CO), 3610-3670 attributed to C = C groups and OH respectively. The thermal analysis was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer SDT Q600, where the mass and temperature are displayed against time, that allows checking the approximate rate of heating. The innovative methodology developed in the laboratory (LABTAM, UFRN), was able to treat the glycerine produced by transesterification of castor oil and used as raw material for production of allyl alcohol, with a yield of 80%, of alcohol, the same is of great importance in the manufacture of polymers, pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, herbicides, pesticides and other chemicals