Quo vadis regulador? Uma análise das trajetórias profissionais e políticas dos reguladores estaduais no Brasil.

As agências reguladoras independentes (ARIs) foram instituídas para regular serviços públicos e setores econômicos e sociais, nas três esferas de governo. Providas de autonomia decisória, administrativa e financeira, com mandatos fixos para seus dirigentes e não coincidentes com os do Executivo, possuem uma “identidade” própria a fim de garantir a independência inerente à atividade da regulação. Partindo da premissa que a qualidade de regulações depende da qualidade dos reguladores, principais tomadores de decisão no âmbito das agências reguladoras, o presente estudo buscou compreender algumas dimensões importantes relacionadas à autonomia tal como esta se manifesta na prática: os níveis de expertise dos reguladores e a dinâmica de captura dos mesmos. Com este fim, foi construído um banco de dados com informações relativas aos reguladores estaduais, destacando características relacionadas com as ARIs e características individuais dos reguladores, desde áreas de formação, experiência prévia e cursos de pós, conduções e reconduções de mandato, até a colocação profissional pós-agência. A análise, de natureza descritiva, indica que quase 50% dos reguladores estaduais são engenheiros e economistas, o resto se distribuindo entre várias profissões, com destaque para a área de direito, indicando uma tradição legalista nas ARIs brasileiras. Boa parte dos indicados para assumir o cargo de dirigente comprova experiência prévia no setor regulado. Entretanto, a expertise difere de acordo com a região do país e o tipo de agência reguladora, sendo menor na região norte e maior na região sudeste, onde também predominam agências mais especializadas unissetorial ou bissetorial. Também se observa a tendência de criação de uma rede de regulocratas: reguladores que se destacam por uma trajetória profissional entre agências. Quando os dados são olhados a partir das teorias de captura, destaca-se que, diferentemente dos reguladores norte-americanos, a maior parte dos reguladores estaduais permanece no setor público após o cargo na diretoria colegiada. As conduções e reconduções partidárias indicam predominância de partidos como PSDB e PMDB, contudo percebe-se que as reconduções acontecem independente de corrente partidária, indicando a solidez do modelo brasileiro.

A influência da exportação no desenvolvimento de arranjos produtivos locais de moda no estado do Rio de Janeiro

In recent years, clusters have become a central part in discussions about local and regional economic development, as well as in the elaboration of public policies for generating jobs and income. Concurrent with the discussions about clusters, the subject globalization has also received growing attention from the media in the academic and government fields. Different aspects are considered in the discussions regarding globalization and one of the subjects is the insertion of local economies into international commerce. One of these ways of insertion is by global value chains. This term began to be used at the end of 90s, and refers to the productive value chains dispersed throughout the world, but with integrated production and commercialization. The aim of this thesis is to understand how the exportation process influences the development of fashion clusters, this being done by the insertion of these clusters into the global value chains. Each year, the Brazilian fashion sector seeks to broaden their participation in the global economy by means of insertion into the global value chains. This insertion, however, has caused impacts in specialized clusters of garment manufacturers, such as beach fashion, jeans and women¿s clothing. As a way of identifying these impacts, three cluster manufacturers were studied in the state of Rio de Janeiro, namely Cabo Frio, São Gonçalo and Niterói. The impacts of internationalization on the companies integrated into these three clusters were explored by means of a six-month field study, including semistructured interviews. This internationalization occurs either by direct exportation or by means of inserting these companies into the global value chains. The results of the study points out the opportunities and threats to these companies, as well as shows the importance of more adequate public policies for the development of Brazilian fashion clusters. Among these threats, the possibility of inserting these cluster companies into the global value chains in a captive manner (Gereffi, Humphrey, Sturgeon, 2005) was singled out, placing them ¿under control¿ of the exporting companies. As for opportunities, the participation of government support agencies and improvements in fashion show good alternatives for inserting these companies into the global value chains, making possible autonomous and competitive performance.

Avaliação do impacto da rigidez e da flexibilização normativa, no âmbito do governo federal, sobre a eficiência dos processos de aquisição e contratação

Governmental acquisitions, in Brazil, must be proceeded, as a rule, by means of licitation. Though this principle became constitutional rule only from 1988's Constitution, its existence in Brazilian legal system retraces century XV: by that time, the Filipinas Ordinations ruled it in one only law article. Since then, several rules of law had been incorporated to the Brazilian governmental acquirement system, especially during century XX, hardening the procedures and restricting public manager's discritionarity. Current governmental acquirement system was instituted by the Law nº 8,666/1993, which, however, did not disrupt previous system: with few innovations and more restrictions, it only copied the instruments in the system of the Decree nº 2,300/1986 and previous ones. In its original text, Law nº 8,666/1993 had three licitation procedures for acquisitions - concorrência, tomada de preços, convite - and the exceptional procedures - dispensa and inexigibilidade. Once revealed itself a rigid system, several measures were implemented in order to make it more flexible, having for objectives celerity and price reduction, from discrete alterations of articles of laws to the creation of pregão as a new licitation procedure - initially, there was only the pregão presencial, proceeded face to face - and no longer, the pregão eletrônico, proceeded through web. This research focuses the analysis of the impact of the rigidity / flexibility on Government acquirement system. Despite specialized literature, studies carried through for governmental agencies and state publicity praises the results reached with the use of the pregão eletrônico, the analyses that lead to such conclusion are based on questionable premises. The studies on the efficiency of the pregão eletrônico restrict this concept to its economic dimension, interpreting it as costs reduction. Beyond, the methodology of analysis of this cost reduction has for reference hypothetical values which are also defined by random standards. Here it is, therefore, the objective of this study: to analyze, from the perception of the public managers, the relation between flexibility or rigidity of a procedure and its efficiency, under a multidimensional perspective - taking into consideration, beyond the prices gotten for objects, the time of transaction, the quality of objects and the security of the procedure. From the answers to the questionnaires applied to licitation managers and to members of licitations permanent commissions it was raisen three kinds of information: descriptive data concerning to the ordinal or nominal variables, extracted from the analysis of the objective fields of the questionnaire; not-structuralized, extracted directly from the subjective fields of the questionnaire; e, finally, treated data, extracted from the hypotheses formulated in the research and statistically analyzed. The reflections on the information allowed concluding that the acquirement governmental procedures flexibility extends its efficiency. Restricted the analysis to the pregão eletrônico, it is concluded that it is more efficient under the economic and time perspectives, in relation to the classic procedures; however, under the perspective of the security it does not significantly differs from those; under the qualitative perspective, it is less efficient than the classic procedures, implying in the reduction of the quality of acquired or contracted objects.