A indústria de produção e comercialização de papel cut to size no Brasil : estudo de caso : estudo de caso sobre o grau de aplicabilidade das técnicas de resposta eficiente ao consumidor (ecr) na cadeia de distribuição de uma indústria de produção de papel cut to size no Brasil

Esta dissertação estuda, por meio do uso da ferramenta Globalscorecard, a relação entre o movimento resposta eficiente ao consumidor (ECR) e a indústria brasileira de papéis cut to size, tendo como base o caso da cadeia de distribuição composta por uma indústria e dois distribuidores de papéis cut to size no Brasil. O caso está estruturado com base em dados e informações coletadas em pesquisas, artigos, publicações e nas empresas, objeto do estudo. A metodologia utilizada é a análise de casos. Também está analisada, à luz do ECR, a questão da colaboração e da eficiência na cadeia de distribuição. Ao final, são feitos comentários e considerações acerca dos resultados obtidos, recomendações para as empresas envolvidas e sugestões para futuros estudos acadêmicos nessa área.

Como o marketing verde interfere na imagem da marca da indústria de celulose: o estudo de caso da aracruz celulose

The purpose of this work, is to analyze the principles underlying the pulp and paper industry, here portrayed by Aracruz Celulose S A, in the marketing standpoint, as far as it concerns being in harmony with nature and adapting its relations with the stakeholders, notably regarding the community of the State of Espírito Santo. As they form, indeed, part of the same discussion, the goal is to proceed with a detailed examination of the major aspects and conditions involved, based in its corporate communications, leading to the construction of a positive corporate brand. The results found throughout this study show that despite Aracruz and the communities¿ different goals, they converge regarding their interests towards the best practices in social and environmental practices, and a more objective communication. Industry and community can work together for a same benefit: the best relations of man towards Nature, and of man towards man. The examples here stated will endorse our perception as well as serve to evaluate the results of the measures adopted in this relationship. It could be verified how internal and external aspects of the organization influence the company¿s reputation, leading to important changes in attitude and in the production process. Pressures from stakeholders have contributed largely in helping Aracruz become more conscious of the important role it plays in the social-environmental universe of the State of Espírito Santo. The assessment of leading the process of communications within in-depth transparency have signaled that, despite a closer approach with its stakeholders, Aracruz still needs to fulfill an existing gap: an excellent rapport between the company and the communities where it influences still needs to be pursued, especially regarding communicating its activities.

Transferência de tecnologia na indústria de processo contínuo

Este trablaho trata da transferência de tednologia na indústria de processo contínuo com estudos de caso na indústria vidreira e na indústria de papel e celulose. Define a tranferência de tecnologia, caracteriza a indústria de processo contínuo a aponta fatores condicionantes de sucesso, dificuldades e os efeitos de transferência de tecnologia neste tipo de indústria. Por fim, gera recomendações para projetos deste tipo

Análise da perenidade do modelo de Wibe para previsão de demanda para papel para imprimir e escrever

A indústria de papel e celulose no mundo e no Brasil é de notável importância pela geração de empregos, faturamento e peso estratégico. Sendo uma indústria de base florestal tem sua cadeia produtiva verticalizada dependente de um longo ciclo de plantio, crescimento e colheita florestal que pode, nas melhores das condições, tomar de cinco a sete anos e, para casos mais extremos, demandar de 20 a 40 anos. O intenso capital empregado aliado à baixa mobilidade de curso faz da previsão de demanda para a indústria papeleira um ponto de extrema atenção. Esta pesquisa se propõe a estudar se um modelo proposto na década de 80, aplicado a dados da década de 70, se mantém válido até os dias atuais. Para tal, este trabalho levanta breve bibliografia relacionada aos conceitos de previsão de demanda e como a previsão de demanda foi aplicada para produtos de base florestal – dentre os quais, papel e celulose. O estudo segue com a escolha do modelo de Wibe (1984), sua reprodução e extrapolação para dados da década de 60, 70, 80 e 90. A função de demanda originalmente proposta por Wibe (1984) associa o cunsumo de papel à renda, preço e a um índice de substituição. Para teste de sua perenidade este trabalho mede a acurácia do modelo original para cada década e testa variações e simplificações de tal modelo.

Transformação estrutural: uma abordagem estatística para analisar o peso do setor industrial no produto

O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar estatisticamente a influência de determinantes econômicos, tais como, PIB per capita, câmbio real, escolaridade, abertura comercial, peso do governo no produto e população, na perda de peso do setor industrial no produto. A regressão foi estruturada na forma de painel, com dimensão temporal, para capturar a evolução no tempo, e com 130 países, de forma a garantir heterogeneidade à amostra. O resultado indica uma forte influência do produto per capita na evolução do tamanho relativo do setor manufatureiro, o que reforça o ponto da transformação estrutural e estabelece uma relação positiva entre apreciação da taxa de câmbio real e o peso da indústria.

Caracterização, análise e perspectivas da matriz energética do setor de papel e celulose

O segmento de papel e celulose é um dos mais importantes segmentos industriais eletrointensivos do país. As unidades industriais são intensivas tanto no uso de energia térmica quanto elétrica, nas diversas etapas da produção de celulose e posteriormente na fabricação de papel. Grande parte dessa demanda energética é suprida por combustíveis provenientes do próprio processo, como o licor negro e biomassa florestal, entretanto, em muitos casos as unidades não são autossuficientes em energia. A matriz energética dessa indústria se baseou, inicialmente, no suprimento através do óleo combustível, abundante e barato. Todavia, com as crises de petróleo e a recessão estabelecida no país na segunda metade da década de 70, ocorreram rápidas e significativas mudanças, motivadas pelo incentivo do uso do licor negro em caldeiras de recuperação química. O gás natural, com a exploração das bacias de Santos e Campos, bem como com a construção do Gasoduto Brasil-Bolívia, também se tornou uma boa opção energética para a substituição do óleo combustível. Nesse trabalho buscou-se analisar as possíveis trajetórias da matriz energética da indústria de papel e celulose brasileira, no horizonte de curto e médio prazo, assim como identificar os fatores de transformação no histórico da matriz e definir tendências para o mercado de combustíveis e para o desenvolvimento tecnológico associado ao uso dos produtos energéticos no setor. As principais mudanças na participação dos insumos energéticos dessa indústria se deveram não somente pela relação de preço, mas também associadas às políticas setoriais, como o incentivo à autoprodução de energia e aproveitamento de subprodutos para diminuir a dependência externa de combustíveis e energia elétrica. Investimentos no aumento de eficiência dos processos e a adoção de tecnologias avançadas na geração de energia levarão à menor dependência externa de combustíveis e energia elétrica. A elevação dos preços dos combustíveis fósseis, associada à formação pouco transparente do preço em mercados verticalizados, tem proporcionado um incentivo à ampliação do uso de biomassa na matriz energética. Além disso, diante das incertezas sobre a demanda futura de celulose,a competitividade da indústria de papel e celulose estará vinculada à diversidade nos produtos gerados, aplicando o conceito de biorrefinarias florestais e realizando os múltiplos aproveitamentos da biomassa em rotas tecnológicas distintas.

Testing covariance stationarity

In this paper, we show that the widely used stationarity tests such as the KPSS test have power close to size in the presence of time-varying unconditional variance. We propose a new test as a complement of the existing tests. Monte Carlo experiments show that the proposed test possesses the following characteristics: (i) In the presence of unit root or a structural change in the mean, the proposed test is as powerful as the KPSS and other tests; (ii) In the presence a changing variance, the traditional tests perform badly whereas the proposed test has high power comparing to the existing tests; (iii) The proposed test has the same size as traditional stationarity tests under the null hypothesis of stationarity. An application to daily observations of return on US Dollar/Euro exchange rate reveals the existence of instability in the unconditional variance when the entire sample is considered, but stability is found in subsamples.

O mercado brasileiro de papéis de embalagem e de imprimir e escrever: um estudo de formação de preço

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar fatores estruturais e estratégicos que afetem a formação de preço, bem como induzam a grandes variações de oferta. Os dois segmentos analisados, imprimir e escrever e embalagem, apresentam estruturas e características diferentes que definem estruturas de formações de preço distintas.

Testing covariance stationarity

In this paper, we show that the widely used stationarity tests such as the KPSS test has power close to size in the presence of time-varying unconditional variance. We propose a new test as a complement of the existing tests. Monte Carlo experiments show that the proposed test possesses the following characteristics: (i) In the presence of unit root or a structural change in the mean, the proposed test is as powerful as the KPSS and other tests; (ii) In the presence a changing variance, the traditional tests perform badly whereas the proposed test has high power comparing to the existing tests; (iii) The proposed test has the same size as traditional stationarity tests under the null hypothesis of covariance stationarity. An application to daily observations of return on US Dollar/Euro exchange rate reveals the existence of instability in the unconditional variance when the entire sample is considered, but stability is found in sub-samples.

Evolução setorial e trajetórias tecnológicas em nível de empresas na indústria de celulose e papel no Brasil (1970 - 2004): contexto da política de substituição de importações à competição globalizada

Accordingly, a variety of firms's technological capabilities studies, the literature recently is still lacking about the dynamic of sector evolution and technological development in inter-firm and their implication for technical and economical financial performance. More lacking is the research catching up the evolution of industrial sectors after the institutional reforms in the 90. For that, the focus of the dissertation is to analyze the main of the evolution of the pulp and paper industry from 1970 to 2004, using as reference points the import-substitution policy and the economic deregulation of the 1990s. Futhermore, the work tries to evaluate how such changes at industry level have been perceived from a firm point of view in terms of accumulation of technological capabilities and improvement of economic financial performance. This linkage is tested and examined in the following firms: Aracruz (Barra do Riacho establishment ), Klabin (Monte Alegre establishment) e Votorantim Celulose e Papel ¿ VCP (Jacareí establishment), defining the same time period of sectoral level. As far as the industry level study is concerned, it is based on the average rate of annual growth of some selected variables, given that the technological capabilities test is performed according to the methodology already existing in the literature, but properly adapted to the pulp and paper case. Similarly, the analysis regarding the improvement of the economic financial performance is based on a set of industry specific indicators. Hence, the work is built upon multiple case studies, taking into account both the qualitative and quantitative evidence, i.e. interviews, direct observations, as well as firm reports. Finally, it is worth emphasizing as the analysis of the changes in the sector, in conjunction with the above mentioned methodology used to measure the technological capabilities in the context of an evolving industrial regime, is still lacking in emerging economies as well as in Brazil. According to the empirical evidence, the reforms of the 1990s had a positive impact on the industrial development, from both the national and international viewpoint. Such a transformation was evident at firm level in terms of accumulation of technological capabilities and improvement of economic financial indicators. Indeed, the results show that the speed of accumulation of technological capabilities within the firms influences positively the performance indicators. On the other hand, these are also related to external factors, such as the macroeconomic conditions, which as such have not been considered in details.

Trajetórias De Acumulação De Capacidades Inovadoras, Mecanismos De Aprendizagem E Fatores Organizacionais Relativos A Atividades Em Gestão De Projetos: Estudo De Caso Comparativo Inter-Empresarial Na Indústria De Bens De Capital E De Celulose E Papel No Brasil

Over the last 40 years there has been a profusion of studies about the ccumulation of technological capacities in firms from developing economies. However, there remain few studies that examine, on a combined basis, the relationship among: the trajectories of technological capacities accumulation; the underlying learning mechanisms; and, the implications of organizational factors for these two variables. Still scarcer are the studies that examine the relationship among these variables along time and based on a comparative case study. This dissertation examines the relationship among the trajectory of accumulation of innovative capacities in complex project management, the learning mechanisms underlying these technological capacities and the intra-organizational factors that influence these learning echanisms. That set of relationships is examined through a comparative and a long-term (1988-2008) case study in a capital goods firm (for the pulp and paper industry) and a pulp mill in Brazil. Based on first-hand quantitative and qualitative empiric evidence, gathered through extensive field research, this dissertation found: 1. Both firms accumulated innovative capacity in project management at the international frontier level (Level 6). However, there was variability between the firms in terms of the nature and speed of accumulation of those capacities. It was also observed that, at this level of innovation, the innovative capacities of both firms are not confined to their organizational boundaries, but they are distributed beyond their boundaries. 2. So that these companies could accumulate those levels of innovative capacities it was necessary to manage several learning mechanisms: leveraging of external knowledge and its internalization in terms of internal apacities of the firm. In other words, as the companies accumulated more innovative levels of capacities for project management, it was necessary to manage different cycles of technological learning. 3. Further, the relationship between the ccumulation of technological capacities and learning was affected positively by intra-organizational factors, such as 'authority disposition', 'mutability of work roles' and 'intensity of internal crises', and negatively by the factor 'singularity of goals'. This dissertation revealed divergent results between firms in two of the four factors studied. These results contribute to advance our understanding of the complexity and variability involved in the process of accumulation of innovative capacities in firms from developing economies. This highlights the growing importance of the organizational and the human resource dimensions of innovation and technological capacity as the company approaches the international frontier. The results suggest to managers that: (i) the good performance in project management in the two firms studied did not occur simply as a result of the pulp and paper Brazilian industry growth, rather as a result of the deliberate construction and accumulation of the capacities through an intensive and coordinated cyclical process of technological learning, (ii) to develop innovative capabilities in project management, besides looking for learning mechanisms they should also look at the organizational factors that influence the learning mechanisms directly, (iii) performance of pulp mill¿s projects is better when projects are implemented together with technology suppliers than when performed only by the mill. This dissertation concludes that capital goods firms have been having a fundamental role for the innovative capabilities accumulation in project management of pulp mills in Brazil (and vice-versa) for a long time. This contradicts some authors' propositions that affirm that: a) equipment suppliers for the pulp and paper industry have been creating little, if any, development of processes or engineering projects in Brazil; b) firms in the pulp and paper industry have little capacity for machinery and equipments projects only taking place in few technological activities, being internal or external to the firm. Finally, some studies are proposed for future research.

From legal commons to social commons: Brazil and the cultural industry in the 21st century

This article describes some of the current transformations regarding the processes by which information and culture are generated, from the point of view of developing countries. In this brief analysis, the article discusses the role of projects such as Creative Commons for developing countries. It also discusses the idea of legal commons and social commons. While the idea of legal commons can be understood as the voluntary use of licenses such as Creative Commons in order to create a “commons”, the idea of social commons has to do with the tensions between legality and illegality in developing countries. These tensions appear prominently in the so-called global “peripheries”, and in many instances make the legal structure of intellectual property irrelevant, unfamiliar, or unenforceable, for various reasons. With the emergence of digital technology and the Internet, in many places and regions in developing countries (especially in the “peripheries”), technology ended up arriving earlier than the idea of intellectual property. Such a de facto situation propitiated the emergence of cultural industries that were not driven by intellectual property incentives. In these cultural businesses, the idea of “sharing” and of free dissemination of the content is intrinsic to the social circumstances taking place in these peripheries. Also, the appropriation of technology on the part of the “peripheries” ends up promoting autonomous forms of bridging the digital divide, such as the “LAN house” phenomenon discussed below. This paper proposes that many lessons can be learned from the business models emerging from social commons practices in developing countries. The tension between legality and illegality in “peripheral” areas in developing countries is not new. The work of Boaventura de Sousa Santos and others in the 1970s was paradigmatic for the discussion of legal pluralism regarding the occupation of land in Brazil. This paper aims to follow in that same pioneer tradition of studies about legal pluralism, and to apply those principles to the discussion of “intellectual property” rather than the ownership of land.

O Papel das cooperativas de trabalho no contexto das transformações da sociedade brasileira: um estudo do caso no Município do Rio de Janeiro

The changes that have occurred in the Brazilian work market, mainly due to the opening of the economy in the 90th decade, have caused, as a consequence, the unemployment in the formal sector, with the reduction of posts of work in the industry and the precarization of the laborwork. In order to face these questions, it¿s necessary an analysis of the alternative measures, among them, the creation of the cooperative societies, which have increased about 90,8% in the last years. The purpose of this study is to identify and to analyze the functions of the work cooperatives, just in face of the changes of the Brazilian society. The analysis was directed towards a group of eight work cooperatives that work in lots of areas of professionals in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The study reveals the existence of false work cooperatives, whose sole purpose is to intermediate the handiwork with the intention of benefiting enterprises that intend to decrease their own costs of production, just contributing for the precarization of the relations of work. The structure of the Judicial Power offers solutions that protect the workers who are exploited through fraudulent actions, by the false cooperatives, handiworkers. It can be noticed that this structure is enough to answer the challenges presented. It means that it is too bad to apprehend the revival of the work cooperativism and that it must be combated. Of course, it is maniqueist conception that distorts reality and disdains positive aspects of cooperative system. The results of the search have permitted to point out the main characteristics of the work cooperatives analyzed, the profile of the cooperative workers, and also the main obstacles to the development of the cooperative system in Brazil today . A long the analysis of tributary and labor questions and about the participation of the cooperative workers in the management of the cooperative - the most questionable points - it could be observed the development of real cooperative practices, trying to establish the differences between these and the fraudulent ones, also studied in this work. This study represents a contribution to all those who intend to study new relations of work in a critical away and from experiences in development.

Confiança como antecedente da escolha de compra na indústria da construção civil

o conceito de confiança como antecedente à decisão de compra tem sido introduzido em estudos empíricos sobre marketing no Brasil a partir do referencial teórico adotado principalmente nos Estados Unidos e Europa. A presente dissertação examina a confiança, tanto no vendedor como na sua empresa, como fator que influencia a decisão de compra em relacionamentos business to business. O estudo se baseia no artigo de Doney e Cannon (1997) sobre a confiança no relacionamento entre empresas e seus vendedores. O estudo empírico trata de um levantamento de corte transversal, no qual foram testadas hipóteses específicas para examinar as relações entre as variáveis, em um processo de pesquisa formal e estruturado, com uma amostra de 170 lojas e revendas de materiais de construção no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados a partir da base de clientes de uma indústria siderúrgica sediada no interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro com forte atuação nas regiões sul e sudeste do país. A análise dos dados foi feita com base no Modelo de Equações Estruturais (SEM), através do software Lisrel 8.30. Os resultados não são idênticos aos obtidos no estudo original, mas apontam para a importância de se estabelecerem relacionamentos com os clientes. A pesquisa conclui que as características da empresa fornecedora como também seu relacionamento e o do vendedor, influenciam a decisão de compra de seus clientes. No entanto, as características do vendedor não têm impacto sobre a confiança no mesmo. Este estudo fornece subsídios a futuras pesquisas sobre a confiança como antecedente à decisão de compra. São discutidas as limitações da pesquisa e as implicações de seus resultados para a gestão de marketing no Brasil.

Ascenção e queda do provimento de acesso gratuito à Internet no Brasil: o papel dos modelos de negócio

This research was commenced with the idea to promote an strategic evaluation of the sustentability of the free Internet access, analysing its process of value creation, its sources of revenue generation, its business models development as well as its capacity to generate adequated returns to the investors. It was concluded that the free Internet access is not dead. Indeed, what has occoured was a migration from a model completely based on delivering a single service, generally dependent of publicity sells revenues, to a hibrid based business model with different types of services and with revenues been generated from multiple sources. Nevertheless, not all players were capable to evolute their business models and survive, what occasioned a huge number of fails, mergers and acquisitions, resulting in a concentration all over the segment.