Ajustamento da taxa de câmbio após a crise cambial

O trabalho investiga o ajustamento da taxa de câmbio na transição de um regime de câmbio fixo com taxa de câmbio real apreciada para um regime flutuante. Pretendemos argumentar, teórica e empiricamente, que a depreciação da taxa de câmbio, bem acima da apreciação acumulada no período, que se observou nos diversos países que passaram por esta mudança de regime, é esperada e não se confunde com a análise de overshooting de Dornbusch. Em linhas bastante gerais nosso argumento é que esta depreciação excessiva pode ser o mecanismo de correção do crescimento da dívida externa, que durante o período de apreciação cambial esteve acima de sua taxa de estado estacionário. A intensidade e duração deste ajuste depende, entre outras coisas, da possibilidade de novos empréstimos, da taxa de juros paga sobre os mesmos e da resposta da balança comercial à taxa de câmbio.

Modelo de avaliação competitiva de destinos turísticos com base nas capacidades dinâmicas

Over the past few decades, the phenomenon of competitiveness, and the underlying competitive advantage thereof, has been analyzed in diverse ways, in terms of its sources (external and internal environment) and competitive management strategies, as well as different scopes (nations, economic sectors and organizations) and fields of study (economy and organizational theory). Moreover, competitiveness is a complex phenomenon and, thus, reflected in the many methods and approaches which some frameworks have developed throughout the period to try to examine it in the tourism sector as well as other industries. In this research a framework for destinations is presented on the basis of dynamic capabilities. This is an important contribution to the research, since previous studies for the tourism sector have not approached this relevant aspect of the competitive development of tourist destinations, i.e. based on the capabilities of innovation, transformation, creation and research presents a competitive evaluation of the dynamic capabilities of tourist destinations, on the basis of 79 activities, distributed in eight , this work presents an empirical application of the framework in a sample of twenty Brazilian cities, considered, by the Brazilian Tourism Minister, as indicative tourist destinations for regional development. The results obtained from this evaluation were submitted to tests of statistical reliability and have demonstrated that the destinations possess heterogeneous levels of capabilities between themselves (different levels developed in the categories between the cities) and inside each destination (developed levels of capability between the categories of the destination). In other words: heterogeneity is not only between category to category.

Democratização da gestão pública: a municipalização da saúde nos municípios brasileiros de pequeno e médio porte

The present study analyses the relationship between Democracy and Local Government concerning Public Health Policy of small and medium Brazilian municipalities (with less than 50 thousand inhabitants). The management of the Department of Health in these municipalities was analysed to observe the democratization of public health through the main innovations on the way of management and on the health assistance. A comparison between the answers of the Health Department Managers of municipalities with less than 50 thousand inhabitants and the ones with more than 50 thousand inhabitants (collected in another research) was made as well as the elaboration of a factorial analysis model which verifies the relationship between Manage Profile, Innovating Management and Municipality Demographic Size. Innovating features are found in the small and medium municipalities although in a weaker degree than in the big ones. The relationship observed between the Demographic Extent and Innovating Management as well as the first and Manager Profile are not as strong as the Manager Profile and Innovating Management, concluding that the small dimension of a municipality is not an impediment to a more democratic health management.

Estratégias de inovação e mudança organizacional: o Programa de Racionalização e competitividade da Caixa Econômica Federal

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo identificar - por meio do estudo de caso da implantação do PRC - Programa de Racionalização e Competitividade na Caixa Econômica Federal - se existem padrões de respostas e soluções organizacionais que possam ensejar um modelo básico de inovação e mudança organizacional tipicamente brasileiro. Considerando que o turbulento ambiente empresarial brasileiro desenvolveu empresas altamente adaptáveis às provocações ambientais por meio de diversos modelos de gestão de mudança organizacional, o presente estudo num primeiro momento faz uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Em seguida, descreve o contexto e os diversos modelos de gestão experimentados pela CAIXA, no período de 1989 a 1998, visando registrar e sistematizar informações que poderão permitir que se vislumbre, ao longo do tempo, traços comuns que possam caracterizar esse típico modelo de inovação e mudança organizacional brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos da pesquisa de campo, respaldados pelo exame bibliográfico, permitiu concluir que o processo de mudança experimentado pela organização em virtude da implementação do programa foi despertado tanto por variáveis do contexto interno quanto do contexto externo, com semelhante intensidade. Adicionalmente, pode-se concluir que houve mais facilidade da organização em lidar com as perspectivas estratégica, estrutural e humana, e mais dificuldade em lidar com as perspectivas tecnológica, cultural e política. Confirma-se, portanto, que algumas perspectivas do processo de mudança experimentado pela CAIXA denotaram práticas de inovação organizacional e que, entretanto, outras perspectivas não puderam ser reproduzidas de modo confiável, em uma escala significativa a custos razoáveis.

A Defesa Judicial do Estado Brasileiro nas Varas Federais

There is no information whatsoever of a society in which there are no demands among private people and companies, among individuals and institutions, varying only the tenor and the intensity of the issues. It would be ideal if conflicts could be solved in common aggreement. The selfcomposition, yet, does not often occurr; leaving the remaining issues for a third part, i.e., the State. Up to the English and French Revolutions, political power was exercised by limitless governors and the State did not submit to the law. After those revolutions, rules are agregated to curb Absolutism and organize the State, which starts to acccomplish its duties under the law, i.e., a Law State. As a result, today, the individual can sue the State to make the State perform or not any undesirable action. In this dissertation, one traces back from the very beginning the role of the institutions in charge of defending the State in courts of law. The judicial defense of the Brazilian State in a court of law, since 1608 to the 1988 Constitution, was a role of the Public Ministry, along with other institutional functions, including prosecution. As a consequence of this ambivalence, the results of the State defense came even to be contradictory. The promulgation of the 1988 Federal Constitution adjusted this historical dualism. The 1988 Constituent embodied significant change to the concept and operationalization of a State Advocacy, confering to a new institution , which was called 'Advocacia Geral da União' or 'General Advocacy of the Union' (article 131), the judicial and extrajudicial representation of the Union. The final object of the reflections of this study is centred on the analysis of the activities of the 'General Advocacy of the Union', in its first years of functioning, in other words, from 1993 to 1999

Implicações dos processos de aprendizagem para acumulação de competências tecnológicas: reflexões sobre a experiência da Cyanamid Indústria Química em Resende, RJ

Esta dissertação examina o relacionamento entre os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem e acumulação de competências tecnológicas na Cyanamid Indústria Química, maiS especificamente em sua fábrica localizada no município de ResendelRJ. Este estudo trata do período entre 1990 e 1999. E enfocou a acumulação de competências para três funções tecnológicas: investimentos, processos e organização da produção e equipamentos. Os quatro processos de aprendizagem: aquisição externa e interna, socialização e codificação de conhecimento são examinados à luz de quatro características chaves: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação. Para esta análise foram utilizadas estruturas existentes na literatura de empresas em industrialização e literatura de empresas de tecnologia de fronteira. A conclusão desta dissertação sugere que os processos de aprendizagem contribuíram substancialmente para acumulação de competências tecnológicas na empresa em estudo. Quanto maior à importância destes processos de aprendizagem e de suas quatro características chaves: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação, maior será a capacidade e velocidade de acumulação de competências tecnológicas. Este trabalho também sugere que esta acumulação foi influenciada por outros fatores externos e internos como: políticas governamentais e comportamento da liderança, apenas para citar alguns. Estes fatores externos e internos estão alem do escopo desta dissertação. Esta conclusão não é diferente de estudos anteriores, mas concentra-se em refletir sobre um estudo aplicado a uma indústria ainda não examinada pela literatura existente de empresas em industrialização. Em especial, sobre uma experiência individual, localizada no interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de apredizagem: o caso da Invensis Appliances Controls Unidade Vacaria - RS

Esta dissertação enfoca o relacionamento entre acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem. Este relacionamento é examinado na empresa Invensys Appliance Controls Ltda. - Unidade de Vacaria/RS, durante o período de 1981 a 2000. Trata-se de uma empresa metal-mecânica, fornecedora da indústria de linha branca. Em outras palavras, a dissertação examina as implicações dos processos subjacentes de aprendizagem tecnológica para a acumulação de competências para três funções tecnológicas: processo e organização da produção, produtos e equipamentos. Os processos de aprendizagem são examinados à luz de quatro características: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação, a partir do uso de estruturas de análise existente na literatura. Baseado em estudo de caso individual, este estudo encontrou que a maneira e a velocidade de acumulação de competências tecnológicas na empresa estudada estão associadas aos diversos processos usados para adquirir conhecimento tecnológico e convertê-lo em organizacional. Ademais, a simples incidência desses processos na empresa não garantiu na empresa uma implicação positiva para a acumulação de competências tecnológicas. Através do uso de estrutura existente na literatura, porém aplicada a uma indústria diferente de estudos anteriores, esta dissertação sugere que deve existir um esforço organizado, contínuo e integrado para geração e disseminação de conhecimento em toda a empresa a fim de que a acumulação de capacitação tecnológica seja acelerada na empresa.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e processos de aprendizagem : o caso aciaria da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional

This work is focused on the explanation of the relation between the learning processes, the accumulation of technological competence and the competitive performance. The present study is based on the case of the steelmaking plant of Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, located in Volta Redonda city, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, during the period of 1997 and 2001. The framework of this thesis is based on Figueiredo (2001), that shares the learning process in external and internal acquisition of knowledge, and the conversion of this knowledge from people to organization through socialization (transfer of tacit knowledge) or codification (transfer of knowledge by written documents). This framework considers the key features of the learning process: the variety, the intensity, the working and the interaction. The results suggest that the steelmaking of CSN achieved the pre intermediate level (level 4) of technological competence to the technological functions of production process and equipment, and the intermediate level (level 5) to the function product. The accomplishment of these levels of competence was due to the acquisition and conversion of new knowledge. It was observed that the key features had an evolution during the period considered in the study. The results allowed to show that the accumulation of technological competence had a positive influence over the competitive performance of the steelmaking unit of CSN.

Organizações orientadas para os clientes: fatores indicativos de sua atuação no comércio varejista de produtos de beleza

This work is about the organizations guided to attend the clients/customers in all aspects focusing their characteristics, needs and expectations and that do their best to produce goods or do services which can permanently increase their clients' satisfactions. To reach this aim has been the challenge of their managers and administrators who work to make them be considered as state-of-the-art by other organizations and their clients or customers. Many different strategies have been taken to achieve it; since having the focus on the process , then on the products, and more recently on the clients/customers, meaning that their satisfaction has turned to be their new target; as their are the ones who will rate or evaluate their quality. This work is more especifically about the organizations in the make-up and beauty products retail market which carry out researches with the customers of stores, managers and members of their demonstration and sales teams. This research identifies the attributes the customers/clients appreciate most in the stores and how hard their managers and business owners work to satisfy their needs and expectations, showing how far they follow the principles of the organizations guided to clients/customers. Key words: Attributes, attributes evaluation, beauty products, beauty products retail shops; clietns/customs oriented organizations; process oriented organizations; product oriented organizations.

Trajetórias De Acumulação De Capacidades Inovadoras, Mecanismos De Aprendizagem E Fatores Organizacionais Relativos A Atividades Em Gestão De Projetos: Estudo De Caso Comparativo Inter-Empresarial Na Indústria De Bens De Capital E De Celulose E Papel No Brasil

Over the last 40 years there has been a profusion of studies about the ccumulation of technological capacities in firms from developing economies. However, there remain few studies that examine, on a combined basis, the relationship among: the trajectories of technological capacities accumulation; the underlying learning mechanisms; and, the implications of organizational factors for these two variables. Still scarcer are the studies that examine the relationship among these variables along time and based on a comparative case study. This dissertation examines the relationship among the trajectory of accumulation of innovative capacities in complex project management, the learning mechanisms underlying these technological capacities and the intra-organizational factors that influence these learning echanisms. That set of relationships is examined through a comparative and a long-term (1988-2008) case study in a capital goods firm (for the pulp and paper industry) and a pulp mill in Brazil. Based on first-hand quantitative and qualitative empiric evidence, gathered through extensive field research, this dissertation found: 1. Both firms accumulated innovative capacity in project management at the international frontier level (Level 6). However, there was variability between the firms in terms of the nature and speed of accumulation of those capacities. It was also observed that, at this level of innovation, the innovative capacities of both firms are not confined to their organizational boundaries, but they are distributed beyond their boundaries. 2. So that these companies could accumulate those levels of innovative capacities it was necessary to manage several learning mechanisms: leveraging of external knowledge and its internalization in terms of internal apacities of the firm. In other words, as the companies accumulated more innovative levels of capacities for project management, it was necessary to manage different cycles of technological learning. 3. Further, the relationship between the ccumulation of technological capacities and learning was affected positively by intra-organizational factors, such as 'authority disposition', 'mutability of work roles' and 'intensity of internal crises', and negatively by the factor 'singularity of goals'. This dissertation revealed divergent results between firms in two of the four factors studied. These results contribute to advance our understanding of the complexity and variability involved in the process of accumulation of innovative capacities in firms from developing economies. This highlights the growing importance of the organizational and the human resource dimensions of innovation and technological capacity as the company approaches the international frontier. The results suggest to managers that: (i) the good performance in project management in the two firms studied did not occur simply as a result of the pulp and paper Brazilian industry growth, rather as a result of the deliberate construction and accumulation of the capacities through an intensive and coordinated cyclical process of technological learning, (ii) to develop innovative capabilities in project management, besides looking for learning mechanisms they should also look at the organizational factors that influence the learning mechanisms directly, (iii) performance of pulp mill¿s projects is better when projects are implemented together with technology suppliers than when performed only by the mill. This dissertation concludes that capital goods firms have been having a fundamental role for the innovative capabilities accumulation in project management of pulp mills in Brazil (and vice-versa) for a long time. This contradicts some authors' propositions that affirm that: a) equipment suppliers for the pulp and paper industry have been creating little, if any, development of processes or engineering projects in Brazil; b) firms in the pulp and paper industry have little capacity for machinery and equipments projects only taking place in few technological activities, being internal or external to the firm. Finally, some studies are proposed for future research.

A percepção dos indivíduos sobre a inserção de tecnologias de informática nos processos de mudança organizacional: um estudo de caso

This dissertation presents a research aimed at identifying and explaining the individual perceptions as far as the introduction of computer technology concerning the organization change process and the reason underlying those changes, utilizing for study purposes, a customer attendance agency of INSS , located in São Luís-MA, which data collection was carried out by interviews with three managers and application of to thirty employees, all of them working at the unit researched. The core point was to identify feelings and perceptions of individuals, and the reason steering the change actions deployed in this office. Based on this perception, it is presented a literature review on the main thinkers who discussed the role, and the relevance of reasoning in the development of human relations, both in the organizations and in society. To start with, Max Weber thinking on rationality was introduced, on the sequence, the discussion raised by the Frankfurt School in its first phase, mainly on the Max Horkheimer thinking and finally it is shown a summary of Jurgen Habermas thinking, mainly concerning its communicative action theory proposed as a path to emancipation of individual of current instrumental reasoning. Summing up, we can conclude from this research that perceptions, feelings and opinions indicate that the institution uses to discuss with the civil servants the implementation of change process. For those servants the excessive functional control, the limitation of knowledge production and an artificial functional integration are consequences of the shape and intensity, as well as of computer technologies deployed in the institution. It is also shared by most of civil servants, including managers, that the overall participation would have more validity and would decrease the resistance to those changes. And it is also worth registering that despite of the servants having job stability, only 50% have positive expectations as far as its future in the institution.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem na indústria Mmtal - mecânica : o caso da empresa AGCO comércio e indústria LTDA em Santa Rosa - RS

This dissertation enfoca the relationship between technological competences accumulation and the learning underlying processes. This relationship is examined in the company AGCO Comércio and Indústria Ltda, during the period of 1970 to 2000. It is of a company metal-mechanics, agricultural machines manufacturer. In other words, the dissertation examines the processes technological learning implications for aA technological competences accumulation in the company in study. The dissertation enfoca the competences accumulation for three technological functions: processes and organization, products and equipments. The learning processes are examined to the light of four characteristic: variety, intensity, operation and interaction, from the structure existing analysis use in the literature. Based on study of individual case, this study found that the technological competences ways to accumulation in the studied company are associates to the several processes used to acquire technological knowledge and converts him in organizacional. Ademais, the simple incidence of these processes in the company didn't guarantee in the company a positive implication for the technological competences accumulation. The company accumulated level middleman-superior technological competence (level 6) to accomplish production and function products function processes and organization activities, and intermediary level (level 5) to accomplish function equipments activities. In haves to characteristic key, the learning processes introduce an oscillation differentiated along time: the variety oscillated of moderated the several; the intensity of intermittent the continuous; the operation of bad the good; and the interaction of weak the strong. Through the existing structure use in the literature, however applied to a previous studies different industry, this dissertation suggests that must there be an organized , continuous effort and integrated for the knowledge generation and sowing in every company in order to the technological training accumulation be accelerated in the company.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem na indústria de bens de capital: O caso KVAERNER PULPING no Brasil

This dissertation is concerned with the implications of the learning processes for the technological capability accumulation at the firm level. This relationship was examined in Kvaerner Pulping over the period from 1980 to 2000. The firm is located in Curitiba/PR and supplies equipment and complete plants (capital goods) for pulp mills. In other words, based on an individual case study, this dissertation examines how the learning processes influence the building and accumulation of technological capability. The accumulation of technological capabilities is crucial for the survival and the competitive performance of the firms. An analytical framework already available in the literature was used to describe the paths (way and speed) of technological capability accumulation in the firm studied. However, the framework was adapted specifically for the capital goods industry for the pulp & paper sector. The paths of technological capability accumulation are analysed for three different technological functions: ¿engineering activities and project management¿, ¿operational processes and practices¿ and ¿process equipment¿. The learning mechanisms were examined in the light of four key features: variety, intensity, functioning and interaction. During the 1980s and 1990s the firm accumulated different levels of technological capability in the technological functions studied. It was only when the firm started to coordinate systematically the efforts to acquire and convert the knowledge from the individual to the organizational level, at the mid 1990s, that the accumulation of technological capability was accelerated. By the end of this decade the firm was able to accumulate innovative capabilities in all the functions analysed. Similarly to previous studies that investigated other types of firms, the conclusion of this dissertation suggests that the way and rate by which the firm accumulates technological capability can be explained by the learning process and its key features over time.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem na indústria eletrônica de consumo : o caso da SHARP do Brasil S/A

Esta dissertação estuda o relacionamento entre a acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem. O estudo desse relacionamento foi examinado na fábrica de eletrônica de consumo Sharp do Brasil S/A, situada na cidade de Manaus, durante o período de 1972 a 2000. A acumulação e sustentação de competências tecnológicas são desenvolvidas através de processos de aprendizagem nas organizações. Os processos de aprendizagem estão relacionados diretamente à taxa de acumulação de competências tecnológicas das organizações. A dissertação, utilizando a estrutura de análise existente na literatura, examina os processos de aprendizagem à luz de quatro características: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação. A acumulação de competências é analisada a partir de duas funções tecnológicas: processo/organização e produtos. Ao longo do periodo analisado, a empresa acumulou diferentes níveis de competências tecnológicas e com velocidades variadas nas funções estudadas. Na década de 80, a empresa através de uma melhor coordenação de esforços, passou a adquirir e converter conhecimentos individuais em conhecimentos organizacionais, acelerando o crescimento da taxa de competências tecnológicas acumuladas. Ainda no final da década 80, a empresa foi capaz de acumular competências inovadoras nas duas funções estudadas. A acumulação de competências tecnológicas é um aspecto importante a competitividades e sobrevivência das organizações. No entanto, somente a acumulação de competências tecnológicas não garante o bom desempenho e a sobrevivência da organização. A empresa estudada, apesar da acumulação de elevados níveis de competências tecnológicas ao longo do periodo, enfrenta uma grande crise financeira. A conclusão desta dissertação sugere que a taxa de acumulação de competências tecnológicas pode ser explicada pela capacidade da empresa em socializar e codificar a aprendizagem individual, adquiridas por processos externos e internos de aprendizagem aplicados de forma contínua e organizada, convertendo em aprendizagem organizacional.

Comportamento dos processos intra-organizacionais de aprendizagem tecnológica frente a uma mudança de estrutura de propriedade: o caso da TermoMacaé - PETROBRÁS

This academic work describes the interfirm technological learning processes behavior at a thermo plant throughout the years 2001 till 2007. Its former ownership structure was composed by two foreigners companies. This structure was changed by the acquisition of the company control by a Brazilian state owned company on April 2006. The company is a Natural Gas Fired Power Plant placed at Macaé City, at Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil generating electric power right to National Integrated System (SIN). The goal of this research is verify how the technological knowledge had been acquired by the firm and how it had been spread out throughout the organization before and after the change of the ownership structure. The taxonomy applied to determining of ownership structure take in account three parameters: type, specific characteristic and the ownership structure itself. Technological Learning Interfirm Processes have been examined from a model of systemic approach that establishes four key characteristics: ¿variety, intensity, functioning and interaction¿. During 2001 until 2006, till the change of owner structure, the firm developed its own learning processes in its own operational routines. The main learning processes have been identified from empirical evidences. It has been adopted the cut line at year of 2006 for the comparison among the technological learning processes behavior, when the change of ownership structure took place. The data capture occurred within April and August 2007 covering since 2001. Verified the behavior of these learning processes before and after the ownership structure changed from private property to state owned property. The conclusion of this case study suggests that interfirm processes of technological learning identified by the research had their dynamical behavior promptly affected by a change from private to ownerstate ownership structure, exposing the company to a poor performance in its industry, due to the lack of 51% of the technological intrafirm learning processes and reduction of the acquisition of new technical knowledge and its conversion throughout the organization.