Globalization and urban policy at the periphery of capitalism

Este artigo discute um tema complexo como é o planejamento urbano e que está passando por uma grande mudança no mundo revolucionado pela reestruturação da produção capitalista iniciada no fi nal do século XX. Esta análise permite uma série de recomendações: dar visibilidade a cidade real ou desconstruir a cidade virtual edifi cada pelo marketing urbano e interessesglobais, dar visibilidade aos confl itos, contruir reforma administrativa, capacitar agentes para o planejamento da ação, desenvolver reforma fundiária.

Advances and limitations in the attention to the problems of housing and urban land in Mexico. An approach from the legal-institutional frame

In this work we analyze the reforms carried out by the Mexican state in the nineties of the 20th century, in the items concerning the policies of housing and urban land, based on an exhaustive review of the main actions, programs and changes in the legal and institutional frame that applies for each of these fields. The nineties represent a "breaking point" in the way the State considers the satisfaction of the right to the housing and attends the offer of urbanized land for a tidy and sustainable urban development. In this period of time, the approach of direct intervention in developing and financing housing and creation of land reserves has changed into another one, ruled by the logic of the market. The balance to the first decade of the 21st century is ambiguous, as neither the housing policy has solved the housing shortage for low-income population, nor the land policy has eliminated the illegal urban growth.

Qualifying urban outskirts and public areas A refl exion from Bogata’s public policies

This article presents the results and conclusions obtained from an investigation into the possibilities of qualifying urban outskirts of Bogota with regard to the construction of public areas. The discussion presents the results obtained in previous investigations which give reason to conclude that the city’s outskirts are currently equipped with insuffi cient basic urban services and equipment. Questions are raised in regards to the proposals of the Plan for Territorial Organization (POT as abbreviated in Spanish) according to now known facts. From analysis both of currently known facts as well as the proposals of the Plan for Territorial Organization advancement is made in the analysis of the existing possibilities in the latter scenario to improve the condition of the admittedly unarticulated and defi cient urban outskirts, especially for the development of low cost housing.

Transport impact of in urban planning: the case of Transmilenio in Bogota

The growth and expansion of cities during the last century can’t be seen without taking into account the important role they have assumed in the transport infrastructure. In Bogota have passed trough streetcar, buses and automóviles was deciding for the city, because all this periods marked a drastic change in growth morphology. This article studies the planning of Mass Transit System –MTS– Transmilenio and its interaction with the urban structure, in light of the current city planning framework. It also specifies the behavior of land use in the construction of the system first phase. One of the most important findings of this study is that there is no articulation between land and transport use system, despite the decisions taken in the ordering model. Similarly, local and intermediate planning exhibits Peak articulation.The existing infrastructure of the MTS reiterates the tendency to concentrate the accessibility in one place: the center has the largest accessibility whereas periphery fails to overcome its limitations of accessibility. While the city continued with this trend the existence of a coordinated planning system for Bogota and the ability to meet expectations of planning model is questionable, however it is something that depends not only on MTS.

Informal access to urban land. Housing policies devoted to vulnerable sectors implemented in Cordoba-Argentina

The urban growth in Latino American cities, in a neoliberal context, has led to several population groups to having no possibilities to the access to urban land. Informal and irregular urban settlements increase, requiring attention from local governments, with actions and strategies in order to achieve both the regularization of such situation and further prevention. In the city of Córdoba different informal and irregular operations have taken place promoted by different actors. Furthermore, policies focused on regularization which have been promoted, have few intervention mechanisms, a fact that becomes critical, especially for the urban problems it causes. The main aim of this article is to present a classification over different modes of urban land acquirement taking place out of both urban and civil legislations. Afterwards, different informal settlement typologies are described, as well as the policies focused on them, together with their respective effects and impacts.

Rearrangement of the urban space in the sector of Saint Victorino and Saint Ines (Bogota) in relation with the dynamics of informality and marginality (1948-2010)

The present article analyze the urban transformations happened in the sector of Saint Victorino and Saint Ines in the city of Bogota D.C. between 1948 and 2010, making use of the "Genealogical Methodology" during the process of inquiry that allow to contrast the visions that are usually accepted of "progress" and "urban renovation" in the urban market context by the existence of a informal economic and a population in conditions of marginality that configures a good part of the "popular urban culture" of the Bogota in the 20th and 21st century. This vision permit to observe from various perspectives the changes that happened in this sector of the city, the impacts of the history facts occurred en this time period and, in special, the real effects of a rearrangement urban process that began in 1998 and has been prolonged to date, which has left a significant mark about the urban and social physiognomy of the place.

Intra-urban space in Brazil

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The avatars of housing in Latin American urban and regional research (1990-2012)

The review of the terms used as keywords in three journals (published in Mexico and Chile) and the Brazilian meetings of regional and urban research are used to analyze the trends in housing research. Their dynamics are interpreted in the light of the general changes identified for urban and regional  research, synthesized by other authors as the emergence of new research topics and agents of urban change (civil society, participation, environment, gender) and the process of globalization (in its facets  of productive restructuration, job flexibility, social exclusion) as a general framework of analysis. It is found that the central themes of research in housing relate primarily to government action in  housing. New concerns, such as citizen participation, the environment or gender are linked to these actions as normative elements to the evaluation of programs or policies, but not as autonomous fields of study of the housing.In addition to this central concern, a significant growth of academic  production and  ome indication of the internationalization of research are mentioned

Bibliometric forms of the international investigation in the urban history. (1973 - 2010)

The objective of this document is to identify the behavior of the academic international production in urban history, from the bibliographical records index-linked in Scopus between 1973 and 2010. We use bibliometric indicators from SCImago Group, applying them to the production in the field of arts and humanities. Afterward, we corroborate the results obtained with the indicators calculated exclusively for 1.098 records of urban history. A geographical concentration is observed in the mechanisms of diffusion, authors and institutional affiliation. Likewise, we identify that over 50% of the works published between 1973 and 2010 have not been used by other authors to create new knowledge.

Asociación de desórdenes músculo esqueléticos en región cervical, dorsal y lumbar y factores de riesgo psicosocial en conductores de vehículos de carga en una empresa de transporte terrestre en Bogotá, Colombia.

Este estudio buscó evaluar la asociación de desórdenes músculo esqueléticos en región cervical, dorsal y lumbar identificados mediante el Cuestionario Nórdico en su versión validada al español y los factores de riesgo psicosocial con el Cuestionario del contenido del trabajo (JCQ), en conductores de vehículos de carga de una empresa de transporte terrestre en Bogotá, Colombia; fue un estudio de corte transversal con la participación voluntaria de 125 conductores. Los resultados demostraron mayor prevalencia de trastornos músculo esqueléticos en región lumbar en los últimos 12 meses en el 36% de los participantes y en los últimos tres meses en región cervical con el 17.6%; la prevalencia de factores psicosociales arrojó trabajo de baja tensión en el 29.6%, trabajo activo 26.4%, trabajo con alta tensión 23.2% y trabajo pasivo con el 20.8%. El valor p fue mayor de 0,005 no hallándose asociaciones significativas de desórdenes músculo esqueléticos en región cervical, dorsal y lumbar con factores de riesgo psicosocial.

Urban epidemiology of labor informality in Bogotá: A neighborhood interactions approach

Usando datos georreferenciados sobre mercado laboral para la ciudad de Bogotá, se desarrolla una estrategia empírica para identificar el efecto de la tasa de informalidad en el vecindario sobre la probabilidad individual de conseguir un trabajo informal. Se encuentra evidencia de la existencia de tales efectos del vecindario. Estos efectos funcionan de forma distinta para informalidad de trabajadores asalariados o independientes.

Análisis de los efectos de intervenciones públicas en la recuperación de centros urbanos : caso de estudio barrio las Cruces, Bogotá 2002-2014

En el presente estudio de caso se hace un análisis de los principales efectos socio-espaciales y económicos que tuvieron intervenciones públicas dirigidas a recuperar el centro de Bogotá, en el territorio específico del Barrio Las Cruces, durante los años 2002-2014. Para lograrlo, en un primer momento se hace un análisis conceptual de las relaciones existentes entre intervenciones urbanas y los efectos que estas producen en lo urbano y lo local; en un segundo se identifican los antecedentes que sirvieron para intervenir el barrio, y las intervenciones públicas que llevadas a cabo en éste durante el 2002 – 2014; y en un el tercero se analizan los efectos y las relaciones que tuvieron dichas intervenciones sobre las variables social, espacial y económica del barrio durante el periodo estudiado. Con el fin de verificar si la política de rehabilitación con la que se viene interviniendo dicha zona es coherente con las realidades locales.

Overcoming Gender Disadvantages. Social Policy Analysis of urban middle-class women in Colombia

The World Bank Report 2012 starts with this statement: “Gender equality matters in itself andit matters for development because, in today’s globalized worlds, countries that use the skillsand talents of their women would have an advantage over those which do not use it.” With theframe that suggest that gender equality matters, this paper describes some policy alternativesoriented to overcome gender disadvantages in the formal labor market incorporation of theurban middle class women in Colombia. On balance, the final recommendation suggest that itis desirable to adopt policy alternatives as Community Centers, which are programs orientedto a social redistribution of the domestic work as a way to encourage women participationin the formal labor market with the social support of the members of their own community.The problem that the social policy needs to address is the segregation of women in the formallabor market in Colombia. Although the evidence shows that the women overcome theeducational gap by showing better performance in education that their male peers, womenare still segregated of the labor market. The persistence of high rates of unemployment on thefemale population, the prevalence of the informal labor market as a women labor market, andthe presence of the payment difference between men and women with similar professionaltrainings are circumstances that sustain the segregation statement. These circumstances areinefficient for the society because an economic analysis shows that the cost of maintain the statuquo is externalized in the social security system that includes health, pension and maternityleave regimens. Therefore, the women segregation involves a market failure.This paper evaluates five policy alternatives each directed to the progress of a different causaldimension of the problem: (i) Quotas in the private market, (ii) Flexible working hours,(iii) replace the maternity leave with a family leave, (iv) Increase the Community Centers forredistributing the care work, and (v) Equal payment enforcement. The first alternative looksto increase women’s participation in the formal labor market. The second, third, and fourthalternatives constitute a package addressed at redistributing care work by reducing women’sresponsibility for reproductive work in the household with the help of husbands and the localgovernment. The fifth alternative intervenes to resolve the equal payment problem.After a four criteria evaluation that measure effectiveness, robustness and improbability inimplementation, efficiency and political acceptability or social opposition, the strongest alternativeis the fostering of Community Centers that promote a redistribution of care work. Thispolicy performs well in the assessment process because it combines gender focus with importantindirect effects: child support and human capabilities. The policy also shows a bottomup implementation process that overcomes the main adoption difficulties in the gender focusprograms and is supported by strong evidence of success in the Colombian context; this evidenceis produced by both transnational actors as a World Bank and also in local accountabilityreporters executed by local institutions like Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF).

Factores de riesgo ergonómico y condiciones de trabajo asociados a sintomatología osteomuscular, en conductores de una cooperativa del sector de transporte público en tres municipios de Cundinamarca, Colombia 2015

Introducción: Los conductores de transporte público, están expuesto a factores de riesgo ergonómicos y de condiciones de trabajo que pueden estar asociados a la aparición de síntomas osteomusculares, afectando su estado de salud. Objetivo: evaluar los factores de riesgo ergonómico y las condiciones de trabajo asociadas a sintomatología osteomuscular en conductores de una cooperativa del sector de transporte público. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal realizado a 158 conductores. La evaluación de las condiciones de trabajo se realizó por medio de la “Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo” y para la identificación de los síntomas y factores de riesgo ergonómicos, se usó el “Cuestionario Ergopar”. Resultados: La prevalencia de los síntomas osteomusculares fue mayor en espalda lumbar (41.1%), seguida del síntoma en cuello, hombros y/o espalda dorsal (36.7%). los factores asociados significativamente con la prevalencia de síntomas osteomusculares en cuello/hombros y/o espalda dorsal fueron: edad (p= 0.04) y el movimiento que realiza el cuello y la cabeza (p= 0.039); en espalda lumbar: intensidad del esfuerzo físico (p=0.011) y la frecuencia con la que la iluminación les permitía trabajar en una postura adecuada (p=0.025); en manos y muñecas: puesto de trabajo (p= 0.019), acción que realizan con las manos (p= 0.019), peso que manipulan (p=0.028), la frecuencia de huecos, aberturas, escaleras, plataformas y desniveles (p=0.021). Conclusiones: La morbilidad osteomuscular presentó una asociación mayor con las condiciones no ergonómicas (postura, manipulación de carga, movimientos repetitivos) y condiciones de trabajo (infraestructura de vías, velocidad del trabajo, plazos y metas para realizar el trabajo).

Actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA, el cáncer y la enfermedad de Alzheimer

Esta revisión de la literatura tuvo como objetivo describir las actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA, el cáncer y la Enfermedad de Alzheimer desde el modelo tripartito. Se revisaron 109 artículos publicados entre 2005 y 2015 en algunas bases de datos especializadas y herramientas de análisis de impacto. También se incluyeron fuentes secundarias ampliándose la búsqueda a los últimos 20 años (1995-2015). Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los estudios realizados sobre las actitudes hacia estas tres enfermedades son de tipo cuantitativo y la información se analizó con base en los componentes del modelo tripartito. Algunos aspectos sociodemográficos como el sexo y la edad están asociados con las actitudes hacia las tres enfermedades y predominan las creencias erróneas sobre ellas respecto a sus causas, curso y tratamiento. También predominan actitudes negativas hacia las tres enfermedades y las conductas e intenciones conductuales son diversas hacia cada una de ellas. No se hallaron antecedentes empíricos del estudio de la estructura de las actitudes propuesta por el modelo tripartito hacia las tres enfermedades. La Salud Pública ha liderado la investigación con base en el modelo de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas propuesto por la OMS.