Una nueva mirada a la frontera: diplomacia cultural como estrategia de integración en Norte de Santander y Táchira

El presente estudio de caso tiene como propósito analizar los aportes de diplomacia cultural al proceso de integración entre el departamento de Norte de Santander y el Estado de Táchira, ubicados en la frontera de la República de Colombia y la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, durante el periodo 2006-2013.Para explicar esto, en primer lugar, se describe el papel de la diplomacia cultural como herramienta de política exterior y, su relación con las fronteras y la integración. Posteriormente se analizan las estrategias de diplomacia cultural empleadas por Colombia para las zonas de frontera, a partir de los lineamientos de política exterior establecidos en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2006-2010 y 2010-2014 y, finalmente se analizan los aportes de las estrategias de diplomacia cultural al proceso de integración de la frontera Norte de Santander-Táchira.

SANMIGUEL Supreme Colombian Coffee

Este proyecto de emprendimiento llamado SANMIGUEL SUPREME COLOMBIAN COFFEE, surgió como iniciativa por parte del emprendedor Leonardo Sanmiguel Benavides; quien ha vivido durante toda su vida rodeado del sector caficultor, convirtiéndose en una de las razones por las cuales deseo incursionar en la creación de una empresa cien por ciento huilense, la cual exportará café especial diferenciado en producto terminado de media libra, libra y kilo que tendrá como mercado inicial y principal tres ciudades de los Estados Unidos, que son; Miami, Houston y Atlanta. En el proyecto de emprendimiento se muestra, como un producto de altísima calidad (café) asegurando su trazabilidad puede generar valor y ser más atractivo para el consumidor final; pero no es suficiente el emprendedor comprendió que se debe crear una relación cliente - empresa, no solo con la venta, sino antes, durante y después de la venta; permitiendo la creación de un vínculo de fidelidad entre las partes, también conocido como "Marketing Profesional”. De igual forma el éxito de la empresa debe ser también productor, por esta razón SANMIGUEL implementará una política de comercio justo, en la cual se recompensará la calidad al caficultor, permitiéndole mejorar su calidad de vida; SANMIGUEL reconoce lo valioso de crear constantemente valor a sus productos, es por esto que se compromete a mantener el pilar de la innovación como columna vertebral de la misma. SANMIGUEL una empresa comprometida con el caficultor, con el departamento del Huila y con Colombia, brindando el mejor café del mundo.

Análisis de la aplicación de políticas de seguridad ambiental para el desarrollo sostenible. Caso de estudio: Departamento del Amazonas-Colombia, periodo comprendido entre 2006 – 2012

En medio de los desafíos ambientales que enfrentan los gobiernos del mundo, Colombia posee un territorio que concentra múltiples retos para el desarrollo de políticas, planes y programas pertinentes para la protección de los recursos naturales. Hoy en día el departamento de Amazonas, ubicado estratégicamente al sur del país en una zona limítrofe de alta importancia en la región amazónica, experimenta serias problemáticas como la deforestación, la minería legal e ilegal, y la degradación hídrica. Este trabajo de investigación es un estudio de caso analítico y descriptivo, que busca analizar de qué manera la aplicación de políticas de seguridad ambiental por parte del gobierno colombiano ha contribuido con el desarrollo sostenible en el departamento del Amazonas, estableciendo las principales problemáticas en términos de seguridad ambiental e identificando las políticas que se han desarrollado para la protección de este territorio.

Aplicación web sobre los diversos perfiles de mercado en las provincias de Canadá

El proyecto de creación de una Aplicación web sobre los diferentes perfiles de mercado de las provincias canadienses, consiste en la recopilación de información de diversas fuentes académicas, con el fin de crear una guía electrónica que permita a los exportadores colombianos tener información precisa y actualizada sobre cada una de las provincias canadienses.

"Genetic Diversity and Selection in Three Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 7 (Pvmsp-7) Genes in a Colombian Population"

A completely effective vaccine for malaria (one of the major infectious diseases worldwide) is not yet available; different membrane proteins involved in parasite-host interactions have been proposed as candidates for designing it. It has been found that proteins encoded by the merozoite surface protein (msp)-7 multigene family are antibody targets in natural infection; the nucleotide diversity of three Pvmsp-7 genes was thus analyzed in a Colombian parasite population. By contrast with P. falciparum msp-7 loci and ancestral P. vivax msp-7 genes, specie-specific duplicates of the latter specie display high genetic variability, generated by single nucleotide polymorphisms, repeat regions, and recombination. At least three major allele types are present in Pvmsp-7C, Pvmsp-7H and Pvmsp-7I and positive selection seems to be operating on the central region of these msp-7 genes. Although this region has high genetic polymorphism, the C-terminus (Pfam domain ID: PF12948) is conserved and could be an important candidate when designing a subunit-based antimalarial vaccine.

Informe laboratorio del plan exportador para 30 empresas plan exportador Colombian Ostrich

El siguiente plan exportador consta de cinco partes esenciales las cuales son el análisis del potencial exportador donde se analiza toda la empresa desde la parte administrativa, una segunda parte es la inteligencia de mercados, en la cual se hizo una preselección de mercados dando como resultado a Estados Unidos, Canadá y México como los países objetivo, alterno y contingente respectivamente; una tercera parte que consta de la descripción general del producto a exportar que son las bandejas de madera enchapadas en cascara de huevo de avestruz, una cuarta donde se especifican los objetivos de Colombian Ostrich y una última parte en la que se realizaron unas estrategias dirigidas al producto, al precio, al canal y a la promoción; la realización de este plan exportador duró 5 meses, en los cuales se recibieron consultoría donde se recibieron las bases para poderlo llevar a cabo.

Low genetic diversity and functional constraint in loci encoding Plasmodium vivax P12 and P38 proteins in the Colombian population

Background Plasmodium vivax is one of the five species causing malaria in human beings, affecting around 391 million people annually. The development of an anti-malarial vaccine has been proposed as an alternative for controlling this disease. However, its development has been hampered by allele-specific responses produced by the high genetic diversity shown by some parasite antigens. Evaluating these antigens’ genetic diversity is thus essential when designing a completely effective vaccine. Methods The gene sequences of Plasmodium vivax p12 (pv12) and p38 (pv38), obtained from field isolates in Colombia, were used for evaluating haplotype polymorphism and distribution by population genetics analysis. The evolutionary forces generating the variation pattern so observed were also determined. Results Both pv12 and pv38 were shown to have low genetic diversity. The neutral model for pv12 could not be discarded, whilst polymorphism in pv38 was maintained by balanced selection restricted to the gene’s 5′ region. Both encoded proteins seemed to have functional/structural constraints due to the presence of s48/45 domains, which were seen to be highly conserved.

Genetic diversity and selection in three plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 7 (pvmsp-7) genes in a colombian population

A completely effective vaccine for malaria (one of the major infectious diseases worldwide) is not yet available; different membrane proteins involved in parasite-host interactions have been proposed as candidates for designing it. It has been found that proteins encoded by the merozoite surface protein (msp)-7 multigene family are antibody targets in natural infection; the nucleotide diversity of three Pvmsp-7 genes was thus analyzed in a Colombian parasite population. By contrast with P. falciparum msp-7 loci and ancestral P. vivax msp-7 genes, specie-specific duplicates of the latter specie display high genetic variability, generated by single nucleotide polymorphisms, repeat regions, and recombination. At least three major allele types are present in Pvmsp-7C, Pvmsp-7H and Pvmsp-7I and positive selection seems to be operating on the central region of these msp-7 genes. Although this region has high genetic polymorphism, the C-terminus (Pfam domain ID: PF12948) is conserved and could be an important candidate when designing a subunit-based antimalarial vaccine.

De lo micro a lo macro prudencial: Un análisis de la supervisión bancaria desde la econometría espacial

La crisis que se desató en el mercado hipotecario en Estados Unidos en 2008 y que logró propagarse a lo largo de todo sistema financiero, dejó en evidencia el nivel de interconexión que actualmente existe entre las entidades del sector y sus relaciones con el sector productivo, dejando en evidencia la necesidad de identificar y caracterizar el riesgo sistémico inherente al sistema, para que de esta forma las entidades reguladoras busquen una estabilidad tanto individual, como del sistema en general. El presente documento muestra, a través de un modelo que combina el poder informativo de las redes y su adecuación a un modelo espacial auto regresivo (tipo panel), la importancia de incorporar al enfoque micro-prudencial (propuesto en Basilea II), una variable que capture el efecto de estar conectado con otras entidades, realizando así un análisis macro-prudencial (propuesto en Basilea III).

Human papillomavirus detection from human immunodeficiency virus-infected colombian women's paired urine and cervical samples

Infection, coinfection and type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) distribution was evaluated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women from paired cervical and urine samples. Paired cervical and urine samples (n = 204) were taken from HIV-positive women for identifying HPV-DNA presence by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with three generic primer sets (GP5+/6+, MY09/11 and pU1M/2R). HPV-positive samples were typed for six high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) (HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -45 and -58) and two low-risk (LR-HPV) (HPV-6/11) types. Agreement between paired sample results and diagnostic performance was evaluated. HPV infection prevalence was 70.6% in cervical and 63.2% in urine samples. HPV-16 was the most prevalent HPV type in both types of sample (66.7% in cervical samples and 62.0% in urine) followed by HPV-31(47.2%) in cervical samples and HPV-58 (35.7%) in urine samples. There was 55.4% coinfection (infection by more than one type of HPV) in cervical samples and 40.2% in urine samples. Abnormal Papanicolau smears were observed in 25.3% of the women, presenting significant association with HPV-DNA being identified in urine samples. There was poor agreement of cervical and urine sample results in generic and type-specific detection of HPV. Urine samples provided the best diagnosis when taking cytological findings as reference. In conclusion including urine samples could be a good strategy for ensuring adherence to screening programs aimed at reducing the impact of cervical cancer, since this sample is easy to obtain and showed good diagnostic performance.

The regulation of Internet content. A qualitative, Colombian and comparative law study

 The incursion of Internet has created new forms of information and communication. As a result, today’s generation is culturally socialized by the influence of information and communication technologies in their various forms. This has generated a series of characteristics of social and cultural behaviour which are derivative of didactic, academic or recreational use. Nevertheless the use of the Internet from an early age represents not only a useful educational tool; it can constitute a great danger when it is used to access contents unsuitable for their adaptive development. Accordingly, it is necessary to study the legal regulation of internet content and to evaluate how such regulation may affect rights. Further, it is also important to study of the impact and use of this technological tool at level of the familiar unit, to understand better how it can suggest appropriate social mechanisms for the constructive use of Internet. The present investigation involves these two aspects with the purpose of uniting the legal and social perspective in a joint analysis that allows one more a more integral vision of this problem of great interest at the global level. 

The Colombian Constitution of 1991 as the Starting Point of a new Constitutionalism in Latin America

The objective of this article is to show that the Colombian Constitution of 1991 has certain traits that clearly differentiate it from Western constitutional tradition. Some of these traits would later be included in constitutional processes and constitutions in Venezuela (1999), Ecuador (1998 and 2008) and Bolivia (2009), in a process collectively known as Latin American Neo-Constitutionalism. This paper intends to demonstrate how the text of the Colombian Constitution represents a turning point that marks the beginning and establishes the foundations for the development of a home-grown constitutional form in Latin America over the last two decades.

Sexual Violence Against Women as a Strategy to Dispossess Land in the Colombian Armed Conflict

This article reviews the evidence collected by diverse national and international organizations regarding the relationship between sexual violence against women, forced displacement, and dispossession in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. To this end, it uses the concept of “sexual violence regimes” to highlight that the endspursued by sexual violence are not always exhausted by simple consummation (that is, the act of sexual violence itself), but depending on the context, can be connected with broader strategic goals of armed actors. At the same time, this document admits the difficulty of proving this relationship with respect to judicial procedures, and thus sets out the possibility of creating a rebuttable presumption, in the framework of “unconstitutional state of affairs” created by judgment T-025 of 2004, that alleviates the burden of proof of the victims, and serves as a catalyst to promote new genderbased mechanisms of reparations.

Equilibrium Principle in Colombian Public Contracting

Public contracting in Colombia is conflicting and inefficient. It frequently leads to damage to State property. The Colombian legal system cannot assure efficient and transparent public contracting. The cause is the institutional environment characterized by high transaction costs. Colombian law worsens the process by recognizing the principle of economic equilibrium in public contracts. This principle increasese contract incompleteness and renders impossible the use of economic incentives to control the opportunism of the economic agents. The authors present the hypothesis that the economic equilibrium principle increases the conflictive nature of public contracting. They test the hypothesis empirically. The first section of the paper presents a summary of the literature on transaction costs economics, as well as the legal literature on the historical origin and the content of the economic equilibrium principle. The second section describes the methodology of the empirical study. The third section shows the empirical evidence of the effects that the economic equilibrium principle exerts over the public contracting. The last section presents the conclusions.

Initial Assessment of Colombian-Canadian Migration

The results presented in this paper are aim at examining and comparing the migratory events occurred betwixt two countries which have different social and economic conditions. The information developed along this text is, therefore, an initial assessment on migration between Canada and Colombia. The author used hermeneutics as a main methodological tool for conducting this study.This paper concludes that, although there are a range of motivations behind the decision to leaving one’s home country, the pursuit for better economic conditions is the dominant factor.