Message Integrity in the World Wide Web: Use of Nested Hash Function and a Fast Stream Cipher

The focus of this work is to provide authentication and confidentiality of messages in a swift and cost effective manner to suit the fast growing Internet applications. A nested hash function with lower computational and storage demands is designed with a view to providing authentication as also to encrypt the message as well as the hash code using a fast stream cipher MAJE4 with a variable key size of 128-bit or 256-bit for achieving confidentiality. Both nested Hash function and MAJE4 stream cipher algorithm use primitive computational operators commonly found in microprocessors; this makes the method simple and fast to implement both in hardware and software. Since the memory requirement is less, it can be used for handheld devices for security purposes.

Feature Extraction Methods Based on Linear Predictive Coding and Wavelet Packet Decomposition for Recognizing Spoken Words in Malayalam

Speech signals are one of the most important means of communication among the human beings. In this paper, a comparative study of two feature extraction techniques are carried out for recognizing speaker independent spoken isolated words. First one is a hybrid approach with Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the second method uses a combination of Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD) and Artificial Neural Networks. Voice signals are sampled directly from the microphone and then they are processed using these two techniques for extracting the features. Words from Malayalam, one of the four major Dravidian languages of southern India are chosen for recognition. Training, testing and pattern recognition are performed using Artificial Neural Networks. Back propagation method is used to train the ANN. The proposed method is implemented for 50 speakers uttering 20 isolated words each. Both the methods produce good recognition accuracy. But Wavelet Packet Decomposition is found to be more suitable for recognizing speech because of its multi-resolution characteristics and efficient time frequency localizations

An Improved Color Video Super-Resolution Using Kernel Regression and Fuzzy Enhancement

An improved color video super-resolution technique using kernel regression and fuzzy enhancement is presented in this paper. A high resolution frame is computed from a set of low resolution video frames by kernel regression using an adaptive Gaussian kernel. A fuzzy smoothing filter is proposed to enhance the regression output. The proposed technique is a low cost software solution to resolution enhancement of color video in multimedia applications. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated using several color videos and it is found to be better than other techniques in producing high quality high resolution color videos

Design and Analysis of Zero Cogging Brushless DC Motor for Spacecraft Applications

This paper presents the optimal design of a sur- face mounted permanent magnet Brushless DC mo- tor (PMBLDC) meant for spacecraft applications. The spacecraft applications requires the choice of a torques motor with high torque density, minimum cogging torque, better positional stability and high torque to inertia ratio. Performance of two types of machine con¯gurations viz Slotted PMBLDC and Slotless PMBLDC with halbach array are compared with the help of analytical and FE methods. It is found that unlike a Slotted PMBLDC motor, the Slotless type with halbach array develops zero cogging torque without reduction in the developed torque. Moreover, the machine being coreless provides high torque to inertia ratio and zero magnetic stiction

Studies on betanin natural dye incorporated ZnO composites at nano and micro scale for photonic device applications

Green energy and Green technology are the most of the quoted terms in the context of modern science and technology. Technology which is close to nature is the necessity of the modern world which is haunted by global warming and climatic alterations. Proper utilization of solar energy is one of the goals of Green Energy Movement. The present thesis deals with the work carried out in the eld of nanotechnology and its possible use in various applications (employing natural dyes) like solar cells. Unlike arti cial dyes, the natural dyes are available, easy to prepare, low in cost, non-toxic, environmentally friendly and fully biodegradable. Looking to the 21st century, the nano/micro sciences will be a chief contributor to scienti c and technological developments. As nanotechnology progresses and complex nanosystems are fabricated, a growing impetus is being given to the development of multi-functional and size-dependent materials. The control of the morphology, from the nano to the micrometer scales, associated with the incorporation of several functionalities can yield entirely new smart hybrid materials. They are special class of materials which provide a new method for the improvement of the environmental stability of the material with interesting optical properties and opening a land of opportunities for applications in the eld of photonics. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one such multipurpose material that has been explored for applications in sensing, environmental monitoring, and bio-medical systems and communications technology. Understanding the growth mechanism and tailoring their morphology is essential for the use of ZnO crystals as nano/micro electromechanical systems and also as building blocks of other nanosystems.

A study of industrial co-operatives in kerala with special reference to modern small scale sector

The report of the Steering Committee of the Kerala State Planning Board for the preparation of the VIII five Year Plan on Industry and Hiningzslisted several factors inhibiting and promoting growth of small industrial units. Kerala's educated manpower, the native intelligence of the Keralites best suited for taking up logic—based professions and availability of a Hell—developed and broad~based physical infrastructure particularly in the transport and communications sectors, are a few of the positive factors identified. On the negative side, may be mentioned high wage rates, preference on the part of the educated for white collar Jobs, lack of entrepreneurship, paucity of essential resources for industrial use, high density of population and the distance factor which places Kerala away from the major domestic markets. In this context, it would appear that the industrial co-operative movement could possibly play a vital role in accelerating-the momentum of small industrial development of Kerala which has a Health of highly educated and skilled manpower. However, in spite of the encouragement extended by the Government, the movement does not seem to have.been picking up in the modern small scale sector. The present study is an attempt to analyse the factors that have affected the performance of the industrial co—operatives in the small scale industrial sector of Kerala.

Quick Addition of Decimals Using Reversible Conservative Logic

In recent years, reversible logic has emerged as one of the most important approaches for power optimization with its application in low power CMOS, nanotechnology and quantum computing. This research proposes quick addition of decimals (QAD) suitable for multi-digit BCD addition, using reversible conservative logic. The design makes use of reversible fault tolerant Fredkin gates only. The implementation strategy is to reduce the number of levels of delay there by increasing the speed, which is the most important factor for high speed circuits.

Mobility Metric based LEACH-Mobile Protocol

Cluster based protocols like LEACH were found best suited for routing in wireless sensor networks. In mobility centric environments some improvements were suggested in the basic scheme. LEACH-Mobile is one such protocol. The basic LEACH protocol is improved in the mobile scenario by ensuring whether a sensor node is able to communicate with its cluster head. Since all the nodes, including cluster head is moving it will be better to elect a node as cluster head which is having less mobility related to its neighbours. In this paper, LEACH-Mobile protocol has been enhanced based on a mobility metric “remoteness” for cluster head election. This ensures high success rate in data transfer between the cluster head and the collector nodes even though nodes are moving. We have simulated and compared our LEACH-Mobile-Enhanced protocol with LEACHMobile. Results show that inclusion of neighbouring node information improves the routing protocol.

Extension schemes for the Alignment Model of English-Malayalam Statistical Machine Translator

In Statistical Machine Translation from English to Malayalam, an unseen English sentence is translated into its equivalent Malayalam sentence using statistical models. A parallel corpus of English-Malayalam is used in the training phase. Word to word alignments has to be set among the sentence pairs of the source and target language before subjecting them for training. This paper deals with certain techniques which can be adopted for improving the alignment model of SMT. Methods to incorporate the parts of speech information into the bilingual corpus has resulted in eliminating many of the insignificant alignments. Also identifying the name entities and cognates present in the sentence pairs has proved to be advantageous while setting up the alignments. Presence of Malayalam words with predictable translations has also contributed in reducing the insignificant alignments. Moreover, reduction of the unwanted alignments has brought in better training results. Experiments conducted on a sample corpus have generated reasonably good Malayalam translations and the results are verified with F measure, BLEU and WER evaluation metrics.

Content Based Image Retrieval of Brain MR Images across Different Classes

Magnetic Resonance Imaging play a vital role in the decision-diagnosis process of brain MR images. For an accurate diagnosis of brain related problems, the experts mostly compares both T1 and T2 weighted images as the information presented in these two images are complementary. In this paper, rotational and translational invariant form of Local binary Pattern (LBP) with additional gray scale information is used to retrieve similar slices of T1 weighted images from T2 weighted images or vice versa. The incorporation of additional gray scale information on LBP can extract more local texture information. The accuracy of retrieval can be improved by extracting moment features of LBP and reweighting the features based on users’ feedback. Here retrieval is done in a single subject scenario where similar images of a particular subject at a particular level are retrieved, and multiple subjects scenario where relevant images at a particular level across the subjects are retrieved

Content Based Video Retrieval using SURF Descriptor

This paper presents a Robust Content Based Video Retrieval (CBVR) system. This system retrieves similar videos based on a local feature descriptor called SURF (Speeded Up Robust Feature). The higher dimensionality of SURF like feature descriptors causes huge storage consumption during indexing of video information. To achieve a dimensionality reduction on the SURF feature descriptor, this system employs a stochastic dimensionality reduction method and thus provides a model data for the videos. On retrieval, the model data of the test clip is classified to its similar videos using a minimum distance classifier. The performance of this system is evaluated using two different minimum distance classifiers during the retrieval stage. The experimental analyses performed on the system shows that the system has a retrieval performance of 78%. This system also analyses the performance efficiency of the low dimensional SURF descriptor.

Evolution of Better Wavelet Coefficients for Fingerprint Image Compression using cropped images

This paper explains the Genetic Algorithm (GA) evolution of optimized wavelet that surpass the cdf9/7 wavelet for fingerprint compression and reconstruction. Optimized wavelets have already been evolved in previous works in the literature, but they are highly computationally complex and time consuming. Therefore, in this work, a simple approach is made to reduce the computational complexity of the evolution algorithm. A training image set comprised of three 32x32 size cropped images performed much better than the reported coefficients in literature. An average improvement of 1.0059 dB in PSNR above the classical cdf9/7 wavelet over the 80 fingerprint images was achieved. In addition, the computational speed was increased by 90.18 %. The evolved coefficients for compression ratio (CR) 16:1 yielded better average PSNR for other CRs also. Improvement in average PSNR was experienced for degraded and noisy images as well

A new microstrip patch antenna for mobile communications and bluetooth applications

compact multihand planar octagonal-shaped microstrip antenna simultaneously suitable for mobile communication and blue tooth application is presented. The antenna provides sufficient isolation benveen the two operating bands and an area reduction of -29 % with respect to a circular patch operating in the same band