Which Legal Standards Should Apply To Web-logs? The present legal position of Internet journals in the European iuris prudence in the light of the European Parliament Committee’s on Culture and Education report and Polish Supreme Court decision

The article discusses the present status of weblogs and examines whether legal standards applicable to traditional press and media should be applied to that specific forum. The analysis is based on two key documents: the Draft Report on the concentration and pluralism in the media in European Union (2007/2253(INI)) of the European Parliament Committee on Culture and Education presented in March 2008 and a landmark decision of the Polish Supreme Court from July 26, 2007 (IV KK 174/07) in the light of present judicial tendency in other European countries. The first of the mentioned documents calls for the “clarification of the legal status of different categories of weblog authors and publishers as well as disclosure of interests and voluntary labelling of weblogs”. It emphasizes that the “undetermined and unindicated status of authors and publishers of weblogs causes uncertainties regarding impartiality, reliability, source protection, applicability of ethical codes and the assignment of liability in the event of lawsuits”. The position of the European Parliament, expressed in the document, raises serious questions on the limits of freedom of thought and speech on the Internet and on the degree of acceptable state control. A recent Polish Supreme Court decision, which caused quite a stir in the Polish Internet community, seems to head in the very direction recommended by the EP Culture Committee. In a case of two editors of a web journal (“czasopismo internetowe”) called “Szyciepoprzemysku”, available on-line, accused of publishing a journal without the proper registration, the Polish Supreme Court stated that “journals and periodicals do not lose the character of a press release due solely to the fact that they appear in the form of an  Internet transmission”, and that ‘’the publishing of press in an electronic form, available on the Internet, requires  registration”. The decision was most surprising, as prior lower courts decisions declined the possibility to register Internet periodicals. The accused were acquitted in the name of the constitutional principle of the rule of law (art. 7 of the Polish Constitution) and the ensuing obligation to protect the trust of a citizen to the state (a conviction in this case would break the collateral estoppel rule), however the decision quickly awoke media frenzy and raised the fear of a need to register all websites that were regularly updated. The spokesman of the Polish Supreme Court later explained that the sentence of the Court was not intended to cause a mass registration of all Internet “periodicals” and that neither weblogs nor Internet sites, that were regularly updated, needed registration. Such an interpretation of the Polish press law did not appear clear based only on the original text of the judgment and the decision as such still raises serious practical questions. The article aims to examine the status of Internet logs as press and seeks the compromise between the concerns expressed by European authorities and the freedom of thought and speech exercised on the Internet.

The Ethics Of Reconciling : Learning From Canada’s Truth And Reconciliation Commission

In 2008, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was initiated to address the historical and contemporary injustices and impacts of Indian Residential Schools. Of the many goals of the TRC, I focus on reconciliation and how the TRC aims to promote this through public education and engagement. To explore this, I consider two questions: 1) who does the TRC include in the process of reconciliation? And 2) how might I, as someone who is not Indigenous (specifically, as someone who is “white”), be engaged by the TRC? Ethical queries arise which speak to broader concerns about the TRC’s capability to fulfill its public education goals. I raise several concerns about whether the TRC’s plan to convoke the col- lective will result in over-simplifying the process by relying on blunt, poorly defined identity categories that erase the heterogeneity of those residing in Canada, as well as the complexity of the conflict among us. I attempt to situate myself in-between proclamations of “success” or “failure” of the TRC, to better understand what can be learned from contested truths and experiences of uncertainty.

Devoirs et responsabilités des administrateurs d’entreprises d’investissement : les récentes précisions de la Securities and Exchange Commission

La Securities and Exchange Commission a proposé au cours de l’été 2008 un guide permettant aux conseils d’administration des entreprises d’investissement d’appréhender plus complètement les devoirs qui s’imposent à eux dans la gestion – dans le meilleur intérêt des investisseurs – de leurs sociétés. Bien que n’entrainant pas de contraintes nouvelles, cette position de l’autorité boursière américaine rappelle non seulement les multiples obligations qui pèsent sur les administrateurs dans leur contrôle des conseillers en investissements, notamment en matière de « best execution » et de « soft dollars », mais encore que ce sont (encore et toujours) les conflits d’intérêts qui demeurent au centre des préoccupations.

La réponse de la Securities and Exchange Commission au risque de marché : l’encadrement de la notation

Les agences de notation de crédit ont permis la banalisation des véhicules de titrisation. Elles ont sous-estimé la probabilité que les émetteurs de certains instruments financiers complexes ne puissent pas honorer leurs dettes. Elles ont tardé à refléter la détérioration du marché de leurs notes. Les agences de notation ont donc été en partie responsables de la tempête que traversent les places financières mondiales et ont exposé les entreprises à un risque sérieux de défiance. Alors que les entreprises doivent à l’heure actuelle maîtriser de multiples risques, celles-ci ont été les premières victimes des professionnels de la notation. Pour apporter une réponse au risque de la notation, les régulateurs tentent de réagir. Par l’intermédiaire de leur autorité boursière, les Etats-Unis ont été les premiers à modifier le cadre règlementaire de l’activité de la notation. C’est ce cadre règlementaire, adopté au premier trimestre 2009, qui fait l’objet du présent papier.

La Securities and Exchange Commission se met au vert : le changement climatique envahit l’information financière

Près d’un quart de siècle que la Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ne s’était pas penchée sur le cas de l’information environnementale. C’est chose faite depuis le 8 février 2010. En effet, dans des lignes directrices rendues publiques au premier trimestre 2010, la SEC est venue offrir aux entreprises un outil pour appréhender les exigences qui pèsent sur elles en matière de divulgation concernant le changement climatique. Loin de constituer un nouveau cadre législatif ou de modifier celui existant, ce guide offre l’opportunité d’apporter de la clarté sur la manière dont le changement climatique s’intègre dans le dispositif réglementaire s’imposant aux entreprises nord-américaines. Après avoir présenté le dispositif juridique existant assurant une transparence des données relatives au changement climatique, la position de la SEC quant aux éléments à prendre en compte dans la divulgation des entreprises sera détaillée.

On cultural property and its protection: a law-and-economics comment

The term cultural property seems to have come into vogue after the Second World War as part of efforts to prevent the recurrence of the massive war-time destruction of objects of cultural significance to various groups and, in some cases, to all of humanity. The 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict symbolises those efforts. Destruction is not the only doomsday scenario for cultural property. Removal of objects from their owners or region of origin is another concern. This, too, had occurred during the Second World War with the nazis’ looting treasures of all kinds from occupied territories, not to mention the massive confiscation of the property of their Jewish victims everywhere. But the concern was older, as Merryman for one shows in the story of the Elgin marbles, brought from Greece to England during the 19th century. This concern has found expression in a 1970 UNESCO treaty and in a 1995 Unidroit Convention seeking to halt international traffic in cultural property.

Uncomfortable Comparisons : The Canadian Truth And Reconciliation Commission In International Context

The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Indian Residential Schools is a novel foray into a genre previously associated with so-called “transitional” democracies from the post-Communist world and the global South. This basic fact notwithstanding, a systematic comparison with the broader universe of truth commission-hosting countries reveals that the circumstances surrounding the Canadian TRC are not entirely novel. This article develops this argument by distilling from the transitional justice literature several bases of comparison designed to explain how a truth commission���s capacity to promote new cultures of justice and accountability in the wake of massive violations of human rights is affected by the socio-political context in which the commission occurs; the injustices it is asked to investigate; and the nature of its mandate. It concludes that these factors, compounded by considerations unique to the Canadian context, all militate against success. If Canadian citizens and policymakers fail to meet this profound ethIcal challenge, they will find themselves occupying the transition-wrecking role played more familiarly by the recalcitrant and unreformed military and security forces in the world’s more evidently authoritarian states.

Principe de finalité, protection des renseignements personnels et secteur public : étude sur la gouvernance des structures en réseau

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université de Montréal et l'Université Panthéon-Assas Paris II