59 resultados para Freedom of concurrence
em Université de Montréal, Canada
Resumo:
La libert de religion, souvent reconnue comme tant la premire libert dans de nombreuses traditions juridiques, reflte galement les diffrentes conceptions de la place de lindividu et de la communaut dans la socit. Notre tude analysera les modles constitutionnels canadien, amricain et europen de libert de religion et conscience. Dans un premier chapitre, nous examinerons les conceptions thoriques de la religion dans les sciences sociales ainsi les approches juridiques afin de mieux cerner comment la religion est conue et de plus, comprendre les diverses influences sur sa conceptualisation. Dans un second et troisime chapitre, nous tenterons dune part, de qualifier la relation entre la libert de conscience et la libert de religion au Canada en nous livrant une analyse approfondie des deux liberts et dautre part, didentifier les questions qui demeurent irrsolues. Dans le chapitre final, nous observerons comment la libert de conscience a t interprte dans les contextes amricain et dans lUnion Europenne, par le biais de la Cour Europenne des droits de lHomme. Notre hypothse est que lon peut arriver une meilleure comprhension de la relation entre les liberts de conscience et religion en clarifiant les conceptions thoriques de la religion et de la conscience en droit constitutionnel compar.
Resumo:
"La libert de religion, souvent reconnue comme tant la premire libert dans de nombreuses traditions juridiques, reflte galement les diffrentes conceptions de la place de l'individu et de la communaut dans la socit. Cet article examinera la libert de religion dans le contexte constitutionnel canadien. Nous avons choisi d'tudier la libert de religion dans trois vagues successives : avant l'entre en vigueur de la Dclaration canadienne des droits, sous la Dclaration canadienne des droits; et enfin, aprs l'entre en vigueur de la Charte canadienne des droits et liberts. De plus, l'accommodement ainsi que de la proportionnalit de la libert de religion d'un individu sera galement trait. Ainsi que nous le dmontrerons, la libert de religion a engendr un repositionnement de l'individu face aux intrts de la communaut ainsi qu'une rinterprtation des justifications menant la sauvegarde de ces croyances."
Resumo:
Les contrats de distribution exclusive sont couramment utiliss dans la mise en march des produits. Des doutes et des critiques ont t, pourtant, soulevs relativement leur validit au regard du droit de la concurrence. Ces ententes et les pratiques qui en dcoulent paraissent, premire vue, anticoncurrentielles. Le propos de ce mmoire est dexaminer dans quelle mesure les contrats de distribution exclusive peuvent, en fait, stimuler la concurrence et de montrer, en consquence, quils devraient tre considrs licites eu gard au droit de la concurrence. Nous trouvons, dune part, que les pratiques exclusives sont suspectes vu quelles rduisent la libert contractuelle du producteur et du distributeur. Cette restriction est susceptible dentraver la concurrence cause du pouvoir de march quelle cre et elle peut, de ce fait, engendrer le monopole. La Loi sur la concurrence interdit de tels agissements. Les contrats de distribution exclusive peuvent, dautre part, favoriser rellement la concurrence. Ils constituent un instrument stratgique utilis par les entrepreneurs dans leur lutte pour accrotre leur part de march. La distribution exclusive, en portant les acteurs commerciaux chercher les meilleures stratgies, renforce la concurrence. Celle-ci doit tre entendue non seulement comme une constante rivalit entre toutes les entreprises, mais elle doit aussi inclure la coopration entre certaines entreprises en vue de mieux concurrencer dautres un niveau plus gnral. Une juste apprciation de la concurrence dans les contrats de distribution exclusive requiert le recours lanalyse conomique du droit. Cette analyse permet une valuation de la concurrence base sur le critre de lefficience conomique. En vue de dterminer si une pratique donne augmente ou non le bien-tre gnral (sur quoi lanalyse de lefficience met laccent), les effets ngatifs de cette pratique devraient tre mis en balance avec ses effets positifs rsultant des gains en efficience. Cest dans ce sens que le droit de la concurrence a volu tant dans lUnion europenne quaux tats-Unis et au Canada pour permettre les ententes qui entranent des gains nets defficience. Ce quon aurait pu condamner autrefois pour entrave la concurrence, peut maintenant paratre comme une stratgie commerciale licite et saine. Compte tenu de ce rcent dveloppement, notre analyse nous conduit la conclusion que les accords de distribution exclusive devraient tre considrs licites dans la mesure o ils amliorent le bien-tre du consommateur.
Resumo:
Un rsum en franais est galement disponible.
Resumo:
This is a test version of the kit for localising the Moving Image Collections (MIC) site, designed in the context of a research project undertaken by the Audiovisual and Multimedia Section (AVMS) of IFLA.
Resumo:
This article examines the current legal regime applicable to animal-human combinations under the Assisted Human Reproduction Act (Canada). The Act prohibits as criminal offences the use of non-human reproductive material in humans, the use in humans of human reproductive material previously transplanted into a non-human life form, the creation of chimeras made from human embryos, and the creation for reproductive purposes of human/non-human hybrids. Additional animal-human combinations, such as transgenic life forms, may be regulated pursuant to section 11 of the Act in the future. The underlying concerns of the Act in establishing this regime appear to be the protection of human health and safety, human dignity and individuality, and the human genome. The Act seems calibrated to prohibit the creation of animal-human combinations that are currently unsafe and scientifically and ethically problematic, while leaving open the possibility of regulating other such combinations with more immediate scientific potential, although these also raise ethical questions. Currently, certain differences subsist in Canada between what is permissible for researchers and institutions funded by federal agencies and those in privately funded research. The development of the regulatory framework under the Act will reveal how freedom of research will be balanced against the need for scientifically valid and ethically justifiable research, and whether these differences will continue to apply.
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Prepared for the Symposium in honour of Michael J. Trebilcock, 1-2 October 2009, in Toronto
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The article discusses the present status of weblogs and examines whether legal standards applicable to traditional press and media should be applied to that specific forum. The analysis is based on two key documents: the Draft Report on the concentration and pluralism in the media in European Union (2007/2253(INI)) of the European Parliament Committee on Culture and Education presented in March 2008 and a landmark decision of the Polish Supreme Court from July 26, 2007 (IV KK 174/07) in the light of present judicial tendency in other European countries.The first of the mentioned documents calls for the clarification of the legal status of different categories of weblog authors and publishers as well as disclosure of interests and voluntary labelling of weblogs. It emphasizes that the undetermined and unindicated status of authors and publishers of weblogs causes uncertainties regarding impartiality, reliability, source protection, applicability of ethical codes and the assignment of liability in the event of lawsuits. The position of the European Parliament, expressed in the document, raises serious questions on the limits of freedom of thought and speech on the Internet and on the degree of acceptable state control. A recent Polish Supreme Court decision, which caused quite a stir in the Polish Internet community, seems to head in the very direction recommended by the EP Culture Committee. In a case of two editors of a web journal (czasopismo internetowe) called Szyciepoprzemysku, available on-line, accused of publishing a journal without the proper registration, the Polish Supreme Court stated that journals and periodicals do not lose the character of a press release due solely to the fact that they appear in the form of an Internet transmission, and that the publishing of press in an electronic form, available on the Internet, requires registration. The decision was most surprising, as prior lower courts decisions declined the possibility to register Internet periodicals.The accused were acquitted in the name of the constitutional principle of the rule of law (art. 7 of the Polish Constitution) and the ensuing obligation to protect the trust of a citizen to the state (a conviction in this case would break the collateral estoppel rule), however the decision quickly awoke media frenzy and raised the fear of a need to register all websites that were regularly updated. The spokesman of the Polish Supreme Court later explained that the sentence of the Court was not intended to cause a mass registration of all Internet periodicals and that neither weblogs nor Internet sites, that were regularly updated, needed registration. Such an interpretation of the Polish press law did not appear clear based only on the original text of the judgment and the decision as such still raises serious practical questions.The article aims to examine the status of Internet logs as press and seeks the compromise between the concerns expressed by European authorities and the freedom of thought and speech exercised on the Internet.
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The article sets out the concept of a State-to-State human transfer agreement of which extradition and deportation are specialised forms. Asylum sharing agreements are other variations which the article explores in more detail. Human transfer agreements always affect at least the right to liberty and the freedom of movement, but other rights will also be at issue to some extent. The article shows how human rights obligations limit State discretion in asylum sharing agreements and considers how past and present asylum sharing arrangements in Europe and North America deal with these limits, if at all. The article suggests changes in the way asylum sharing agreements are drafted: for example, providing for a treaty committee would allow existing agreements to better conform to international human rights instruments and would facilitate State compliance to their human rights obligations.
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"Mmoire prsent la Facult des tudes suprieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Matrise en droit (L.L.M.)"
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"Mmoire prsent la Facult des tudes suprieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LL.M. en droit option recherche"
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"Mmoire prsent la facult des tudes suprieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de matrise en droit (LL.M.) option droit, biotechnologies et socit"
Resumo:
"Thse prsente la Facult des tudes suprieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.)"
