Learning English is Fun! Incidental vocabulary acquisition of music and traditional class ninth graders via listening to pop songs

Finnish youth are constantly exposed to music and lyrics in English in their free time. It is likely that this has a positive effect on vocabulary learning. Learning vocabulary while simultaneously accompanied with melodies is likely to result in better learning outcomes. The present thesis covers a study on the vocabulary learning of traditional and music class ninth graders in a south-western upper comprehensive school in Finland, mainly concentrating on vocabulary learning as a by-product of listening to pop music and learning vocabulary through semantic priming. The theoretical background presents viable linguistic arguments and theories, which provide clarity for why it would be possible to learn English vocabulary via listening to pop songs. There is conflicting evidence on the benefits of music on vocabulary learning, and this thesis sets out to shed light on the situation. Additionally, incorporating pop music in English classes could assist in decreasing the gap between real world English and school English. The thesis is a mixed method research study consisting of both quantitative and qualitative research materials. The methodology comprises vocabulary tests both before and after pop music samples and a background questionnaire filled by students. According to the results, all students reported liking listening to music and they clearly listened to English pop music the most. A statistically significant difference was found when analysing the results of the differences in pre- and post-vocabulary tests. However, the traditional class appeared to listen to mainstream pop music more than the students in the music class, and thus it seems likely that the traditional class benefited more from vocabulary learning occurring via listening to pop songs. In conclusion, it can be established that it is possible to learn English vocabulary via listening to pop songs and that students wish their English lectures would involve more music-related vocabulary exercises in the future. Thus, when it comes to school learning, pop songs should be utilised in vocabulary learning, which could also in turn result in more diverse learning and the students could, more easily than before, relate to the themes and topics of the lectures. Furthermore, with the help of pop songs it would be possible to decrease the gap between school English and real-world English.

Avian Evolutionary Genomics: Studies of Ficedula Flycatchers

In this thesis, different genetic tools are used to investigate both natural variation and speciation in the Ficedula flycatcher system: pied (Ficedula hypoleuca) and collared (F. albicollis) flycatchers. The molecular evolution of a gene involved in postnatal body growth, GH, has shown high degree of conservation at the mature protein between birds and mammals, whereas the variation observed in its signal peptide seems to be adaptive in pied flycatcher (I & II). Speciation is the process by which reproductive barriers to gene flow evolve between populations, and understanding the mechanisms involved in pre- and post-zygotic isolation have been investigated in Ficedula flycatchers. The Z chromosome have been suggested to be the hotspot for genes involved in speciation, thus sequencing of 13 Z-linked coding genes from the two species in allopatry and sympatry have been conducted (III). Surprisingly, the majority of Z-linked genes seemed to be highly conserved, suggesting instead a potential involvement of regulatory regions. Previous studies have shown that genes involved in hybrid fitness, female preferences and male plumage colouration are sex-linked. Hence, three pigmentation genes have been investigated: MC1R, AGRP, and TYRP1. Of these three genes, TYRP1 was identified as a strong candidate to be associated with black-brown plumage variation in sympatric populations, and hence is a strong candidate for a gene contributing to pre-zygotic isolation (IV). In sympatric areas, where pied and collared flycatchers have overlapping breeding areas, hybridization sometimes occurs leading to the production of unfit hybrids. By using a proteomic approach a novel expression pattern in hybrids was revealed compared to the parental species (V) and differentially expressed proteins subsequently identified by sequence similarity (VI). In conclusion, the Z chromosome appears to play an important role in flycatcher speciation, but probably not at the coding level. In addition the novel expression patterns might give new insights into the maladaptive hybrids.

Teollisuuden jätteet ja niiden hyötykäyttö Kouvolan seudulla

Vuonna 2000 Suomessa syntyi jätteitä ja niihin rinnastettavia sivutuotteita yhteensä noin 127miljoonaa tonnia. Tästä määrästä lähes 17 miljoonaa tonnia oli peräisin teollisuudesta. Kouvolan seudun teollisuus tuottaa vuosittain jätettä noin 650 000 tonnia, josta suurimman osan muodostaa metsäteollisuus. Suurin osa teollisuuden jätteestä Kouvolan seudulla on kuitenkin helposti hyödynnettävää puujätettä. Hyötykäytön kannalta hankalia jätejakeita ovat etenkin paperiteollisuuden suuret jätevirrat, kuten kattilatuhkat. Kouvolan seudun teollisuusyrityksille suunnatuissa haastatteluissa selvisi, että jätteiden hyödyntäminen ja siihen suunnattavat resurssit vaihtelevat varsin paljon yrityksittäin ja toimialoittain. Parhaiten jätteitä pystytään hyödyntämään suurimmissa yrityksissä. Tyypillisiä syitä jätteiden hyödyntämättä jäämiselle ovat mm. kiinnostuksen, tiedon ja jätteelle sopivan hyötykäyttökohteen puuttuminen. Jos teollisuuden jätteiden hyötykäyttöä halutaan Kouvolan seudulla lisätä, tulee huomiota kiinnittää erityisesti alueella syntyviinsuuriin hyödyntämättä jääviin jätevirtoihin, mutta myös pk-yritysten tilanteeseen. Osassa pk-yrityksiä kaikki jäte toimitetaan edelleen kaatopaikoille. Jätealan lainsäädännössä annetaan tavoitteita jätteen hyötykäytön lisäämiseksi. Tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi Suomessa tarvitaan runsaasti lisää jätteenkäsittelykapasiteettia. Jätevirtojen ympärille tuleekin tulevaisuudessa kehittymään uutta jätealan liiketoimintaa. Kouvolan seudulla jätealan toimintaa on muodostunut erityisesti Anjalankosken Ekoparkin alueelle. Alueelle voisi tulevaisuudessa kehittääesimerkiksi metsäteollisuuden sivutuotteiden ympärille rakentuvan osaamiskeskuksen. Liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia on myös esimerkiksi rakennusjätteen ja lasin kierrätyksessä sekä jätteen biologisessa käsittelyssä.

Sähköisen liiketoiminnan kehittäminen konsernitasolla

This thesis studies the transformation to utilizing e-business in corporate business activities. This transformation is called e-transformation. The transformation requires changes in both the IT infrastructure, as in the way things are done within the company. In this thesis the most focal needs for change are evaluated and solutions are suggested for the utilization of e-business at the corporate level. E-business sets demands to the corporate level management of customers, users and products. Also new kinds of demands are set to the IT systems used. A major practical problem in e-transformation is the growing need for the integration of corporate databases and information systems. In this thesis methods are sought to perform this integration. As an example, the challenges relating to the development of a CRM-system were examined. In this thesis the aim was to develop a model for an electronic portal with the help of which centralized electronic services can be offered to customers. In addition to the developed model, possible development phases were studied in the transformation to a portal as well as presenting a model of a multilevel portal.

Oikosulkumoottorin roottorivaurioiden tunnistaminen staattorivirran avulla

Diplomityössä esitellään menetelmiä sauvarikon toteamiseksi. Työn tarkoituksena on tutkia roottorivaurioita staattorivirran avulla. Työ jaetaan karkeasti kolmeen osa-alueeseen: oikosulkumoottorin vikoihin, roottorivaurioiden tunnistamiseen ja signaalinkäsittelymenetelmiin, jonka avulla havaitaan sauvarikko. Oikosulkumoottorin vikoja ovat staattorikäämien vauriot ja roottorivauriot. Roottorikäämien vaurioita ovat roottori sauvojen murtuminen sekä roottorisauvan irtoaminen oikosulkujenkaan päästä. Roottorivaurioiden tunnistamismenetelmiä ovat parametrin arviointi ja virtaspektrianalyysi. Työn alkuosassa esitellään oikosulkumoottorien rakenne ja toiminta. Esitellään moottoriin kohdistuvia vikoja ja etsitään ratkaisumenetelmiä roottorivaurioiden tunnistamisessa. Lopuksi tutkitaan, kuinka staattorimittaustietojen perusteella saadut tulokset voidaan käsitellä FFT -algoritmilla ja kuinka FFT -algoritmi voidaan toteuttaa sulautettuna Sharc -prosessorin avulla. Työssä käytetään ADSP 21062 EZ -LAB kehitysympäristöä, jonka avulla voidaan ajaa ohjelmia RAM-sirusta, joka on vuorovaikutuksessa SHARC -laudassa oleviin laitteisiin.

Prosessilähtöisen laadunhallintajärjestelmän sopeuttaminen perinteiseen linjaorganisaatioon.

Työn tavoitteena oli perehtyä prosessilähtöisen laadunhallintajärjestelmän sopeuttamiseen perinteiseen linjaorganisaatioon. Kirjallisuuslähteitä apuna käyttäen perehdyttiin laadunhallintajärjestelmästandardien vaatimuksiin ja organisaatioiden erilaisiin johtamismalleihin. Prosessilähtöisen toimintamallin sopeuttamiseen linjaorganisaatioon liittyy olennaisesti esitutkimus, jonka avulla saadaan tietoa organisaation senhetkisestä tilasta. Tämä esitutkimus suoritettiin kohdeyrityksen henkilöstön keskuudessa eri tutkimusmenetelmiä käyttäen. Saaduista esitutkimuksen tuloksista yrityksen johto voi päättää toimenpiteistä, joilla edesautetaan uuden toimintamallin ja samalla yrityksen vision, strategioiden sekä arvojen saattamista käytännön toimintaan. Uusi prosessilähtöinen laadunhallintajärjestelmä, ISO 9001 -standardi, asettaa niin kyseisen laadunhallintajärjestelmän omaaville kuin sitä tavoittelevillekin yrityksille uudet vaatimukset. Pukkila Oy Ab:n lähtiessä täyttämään näitä vaatimuksia se on kokonaan nykyisestä poikkeavan toimintamallin edessä, joka edellyttää muutosta koko organisaatiolta. Prosessilähtöinen toimintamalli vaatii kokonaan nykyisen toimintamallin kyseenalaistamista, jolloin muutos kohdistuu myös nykyiseen yrityksen johtamisjärjestelmään. Laadunhallintajärjestelmä painottaa tässä toimintamallissa asiakaslähtöistä ajattelutapaa sekä toiminnallisella että teknillisellä puolella. Toimenpidesuosituksena yrityksen johdolle esitetään perehtymistä organisaation eri tasojen yhteiseen sosiaaliseen todellisuuteen sekä muuttamaan osastopohjainen johtamisjärjestelmä prosessilähtöistä toimintaa tukevaksi.

Azimuth thrusterin rungon lujuustekninen tarkastelu

Työssä perehdyttiin azimuth potkurilaitteen rakenteelliseen kestävyyteen vaikuttaviin seikkoihin. Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia eri rakenneratkaisuja ja yksityiskohtia sekä niiden vaikutusta koko potkurilaitteen toimintaan. Potkurilaitteiden lujuustekninen tarkastelu sisälsi rakenteen eheyden tarkistuksen mekaanisten kuormitusten alla kuin myös värähtelykäyttäytymisen tutkimisen. Tarkastelun pääsääntöinen kohde oli potkurilaitteen alarunko, eli laivan ulkopuolelle jäävä osa. Diplomityö oli osa kahden uuden potkurilaitteen kehitysprojektia. Projektissa esiin tulleita rakennemuutoksia vertailtiin vanhoihin, jo toteutettuihin rakenneyksityiskohtiin. Lisäksi tutkittiin olemassa olevien rakenneratkaisujen hyödyntämistä uusissa laitteissa. Huomiota kiinnitettiin myös hitsien muotoiluun ja näiden mitoituskäytäntöihin. Rungon ehyyttä koskevat laskelman ovat hyvin pitkälti suoritettu elementtimenetelmää apuna käyttäen. Elementtimenetelmää varten luotiin useita malleja kattaen kokonaisia potkurilaittee runkoja kuin myös sen yksittäisiä osia. Elementtimenetelmän avulla saatuja tuloksia vertailtiin käytettävissä oleviin mittaustuloksiin. Työssä havaittiin potkurilaitteen rungon mitoittavaksi tekijäksi staattisessa tilanteessa muodostuvan voimansiirtolinja ja siinä sijaitsevien hammaspyörien siirtymät. Tämän seurauksena rungon taipumat ovat määräävämpiä geometrian kannalta kuin materiaalien sallitut jännitykset.

Painotuotteen hinnoittelu kypsillä markkinoilla

Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee hinnoittelua graafisen teollisuuden pk-sektorin kirjapainoissa. Alalla vallitseva markkinatilanne on kiristynyt siirryttäessä kysyntä-/teknologiaelinkaaren kasvujaksolta kypsään vaiheeseen. Tutkimus pyrkii antamaan vastauksen hinnoittelun tarvitsemaan toimintaan tarkastelemalla hinnoittelun ”ongelmien järjestelmää”. Tutkimus on toiminta-analyyttisen metodologian mukaisena tutkimuksena toteutettu case-tutkimus, jossa empirian tutkimusmetodeina ovat kvalitatiiviset puolistruktuuriset teemahaastattelut ja kvantitatiiviset tilastolliset tarkastelut toimialan kehityksestä. Tutkimustuloksina todetaan alalla vallinneen pitkän voimakkaan kannattavuuden jakson muokanneen case-yrityksen hinnoitteluperiaatteita, jotka vastaavat huonosti muuttuneeseen markkinatilanteeseen. Tutkimuksessa esitetään pk-yrittäjien rationaalisuuden ero talousteorioiden edellyttämästä instrumentaalisesta rationaalisuudesta.

Worker motivation in crowdsourcing new product development

In the study the recently appeared technology of crowdsourcing and its implications to new product development activities. The goal of the research is to figure out the motivating factors used in crowdsourcing projects related to new product development. The study is based on the theoretical backgrounds of crowdsourcing; new product development, and motivation, which resulted in the framework for the crowdsourcing cases assessment and the list of possible motivating factors used for the analysis. The research is based on 16 crowdsourcing projects divided in 4 sets according to the stage of new product development at which they are directed. The motivating factors present in the projects were distinguished and explained. Further analysis allowed making conclusions showing which of the motivating factors are suitable for the crowdsourcing projects related to the particular stage of new product development. The results can be used for creation or assessment of crowdsourcing projects for the companies because the main factor of success for crowdsourcing is motivation, and the work is answering how to motivate the workers.

Switchable lanthanide fluorescence probes in homogenous molecular diagnostics

The number of molecular diagnostic assays has increased tremendously in recent years.Nucleic acid diagnostic assays have been developed, especially for the detection of human pathogenic microbes and genetic markers predisposing to certain diseases. Closed-tube methods are preferred because they are usually faster and easier to perform than heterogenous methods and in addition, target nucleic acids are commonly amplified leading to risk of contamination of the following reactions by the amplification product if the reactions are opened. The present study introduces a new closed-tube switchable complementation probes based PCR assay concept where two non-fluorescent probes form a fluorescent lanthanide chelate complex in the presence of the target DNA. In this dual-probe PCR assay method one oligonucleotide probe carries a non-fluorescent lanthanide chelate and another probe a light absorbing antenna ligand. The fluorescent lanthanide chelate complex is formed only when the non-fluorescent probes are hybridized to adjacent positions into the target DNA bringing the reporter moieties in close proximity. The complex is formed by self-assembled lanthanide chelate complementation where the antenna ligand is coordinated to the lanthanide ion captured in the chelate. The complementation probes based assays with time-resolved fluorescence measurement showed low background signal level and hence, relatively high nucleic acid detection sensitivity (low picomolar target concentration). Different lanthanide chelate structures were explored and a new cyclic seven dentate lanthanide chelate was found suitable for complementation probe method. It was also found to resist relatively high PCR reaction temperatures, which was essential for the PCR assay applications. A seven-dentate chelate with two unoccupied coordination sites must be used instead of a more stable eight- or nine-dentate chelate because the antenna ligand needs to be coordinated to the free coordination sites of the lanthanide ion. The previously used linear seven-dentate lanthanide chelate was found to be unstable in PCR conditions and hence, the new cyclic chelate was needed. The complementation probe PCR assay method showed high signal-to-background ratio up to 300 due to a low background fluorescence level and the results (threshold cycles) in real-time PCR were reached approximately 6 amplification cycles earlier compared to the commonly used FRET-based closed-tube PCR method. The suitability of the complementation probe method for different nucleic acid assay applications was studied. 1) A duplex complementation probe C. trachomatis PCR assay with a simple 10-minute urine sample preparation was developed to study suitability of the method for clinical diagnostics. The performance of the C. trachomatis assay was equal to the commercial C. trachomatis nucleic acid amplification assay containing more complex sample preparation based on DNA extraction. 2) A PCR assay for the detection of HLA-DQA1*05 allele, that is used to predict the risk of type 1 diabetes, was developed to study the performance of the method in genotyping. A simple blood sample preparation was used where the nucleic acids were released from dried blood sample punches using high temperature and alkaline reaction conditions. The complementation probe HLA-DQA1*05 PCR assay showed good genotyping performance correlating 100% with the routinely used heterogenous reference assay. 3) To study the suitability of the complementation probe method for direct measurement of the target organism, e.g., in the culture media, the complementation probes were applied to amplificationfree closed-tube bacteriophage quantification by measuring M13 bacteriophage ssDNA. A low picomolar bacteriophage concentration was detected in a rapid 20- minute assay. The assay provides a quick and reliable alternative to the commonly used and relatively unreliable UV-photometry and time-consuming culture based bacteriophage detection methods and indicates that the method could also be used for direct measurement of other micro-organisms. The complementation probe PCR method has a low background signal level leading to a high signal-to-background ratio and relatively sensitive nucleic acid detection. The method is compatible with simple sample preparation and it was shown to tolerate residues of urine, blood, bacteria and bacterial culture media. The common trend in nucleic acid diagnostics is to create easy-to-use assays suitable for rapid near patient analysis. The complementation probe PCR assays with a brief sample preparation should be relatively easy to automate and hence, would allow the development of highperformance nucleic acid amplification assays with a short overall assay time.

La traduzione della letteratura per l’infanzia dal finlandese all’italiano: l’esempio degli albi illustrati di Mauri Kunnas

Despite the increasing number of research on translating for children, no study has so far taken into consideration the translations of children’s literature from Finnish into Italian. This dissertation sets out to fill this gap with a comparative study of Finnish picturebooks and their translations into Italian. Besides being the first research in the field analysing the shifts between these two systems, the study thoroughly investigates the characteristics of the translation process of picturebooks. The works chosen as case study are the Finnish picturebooks by Mauri Kunnas and their Italian translations from the period 1979-2009 because they are characterized by a high number of linguistic and cultural complexities which challenge translators’ skills and knowledge. The dissertation establishes whether and how culture-specific elements (anthroponyms, toponyms, food and allusions) and the word-image interaction have a significant impact on the quality and the nature of the target works, and also whether these aspects are still consistent after the translation and the adaptation process to the target system. Since picturebooks are multimodal texts whose message is produced by both the verbal and the visual, it has been necessary to use a multimodal comparative analysis. Such a descriptive comparative study has allowed me to describe the textual and cultural manipulations undergone by Kunnas’s picturebooks translated into Italian. Indeed, it has helped to identify what kind of shifts occur when cultural specific elements are transferred from the source system to the target one, to determine the most frequent translation strategies used to ensure a higher degree of readability, and to establish whether particular translation choices have contributed to modify the word-image interaction. The results of the multimodal comparative analysis have shown that Italian translators have been deeply influenced by the preponderance of the illustrations and for this reason they have often verbalised the visual and added information not originally contained in the source written text. Moreover, the findings of the analysis together with the interviews to the Italian translator and publishing house have also demonstrated that the latter aimed at producing works “good for the child” – and at the same time “good for the adult” – and at minimizing Finnish cultural specificity, even to the detriment of the aesthetic nature of the original picturebooks.

Linear prediction in optical spectroscopy

A linear prediction procedure is one of the approved numerical methods of signal processing. In the field of optical spectroscopy it is used mainly for extrapolation known parts of an optical signal in order to obtain a longer one or deduce missing signal samples. The first is needed particularly when narrowing spectral lines for the purpose of spectral information extraction. In the present paper the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra were under investigation. The spectra were significantly distorted by the presence of nonlinear nonresonant background. In addition, line shapes were far from Gaussian/Lorentz profiles. To overcome these disadvantages the maximum entropy method (MEM) for phase spectrum retrieval was used. The obtained broad MEM spectra were further underwent the linear prediction analysis in order to be narrowed.

The many faces of strikes : attitudes towards industrial action by labour, management and human resources

Strikes provide a current, fresh but also a seldom-addressed issue to study from economic sciences perspective. This study provides to filling this research gap by trying to identify attitudes towards strikes that can be found inside organizations. The research problem this study then sets out to answer is: “What kinds of attitudes exist inside organizations towards industrial actions and how attitudes vary between labour, management and human resources?” This study has been planned with a view to test how qualitative attitudinal research, as a method, is suited to studying a phenomenon such as strike. At the heart of this research approach lies an assumption linked to rhetoric social psychology, that attitude is a phenomenon that can be identified in argumentation. For this research 10 semi-structured interviews in 4 organizations were conducted utilizing statements and pictures as stimulants for discussion. The material was transcribed and analysed following the two levels, categorical and interpretive, demanded by the chosen method. Altogether five attitudes were discovered; three of them negative, one indifferent and one positive by nature. The negative attitudes of unfairness, failure and personification towards strikes represented the side of strikes that was perhaps the most anticipated, portraying the contradictions between employees and employer. The attitude of ordinariness, which portrayed indifference, and the positive attitude of change however, were more unanticipated findings. They reflect shared understanding and trust between conflict parties. The utilization of qualitative attitudinal approach to study strikes was deemed successful. The results of this study support prior literature on workplace conflicts for example in regards of the definition of conflict and typologies conflicts. In addition the multifaceted nature of strikes can be perceived as one statement supported by this study. It arises in the nature of the attitudes, the diversity of discussion themes during the interviews as well as in the extent of possible theories to apply.

Model-Based Tracking Initialization in Ship Building Environment

An augmented reality (AR) device must know observer’s location and orientation, i.e. observer’s pose, to be able to correctly register the virtual content to observer’s view. One possible way to determine and continuously follow-up the pose is model-based visual tracking. It supposes that a 3D model of the surroundings is known and that there is a video camera that is fixed to the device. The pose is tracked by comparing the video camera image to the model. Each new pose estimate is usually based on the previous estimate. However, the first estimate must be found out without a prior estimate, i.e. the tracking must be initialized, which in practice means that some model features must be identified from the image and matched to model features. This is known in literature as model-to-image registration problem or simultaneous pose and correspondence problem. This report reviews visual tracking initialization methods that are suitable for visual tracking in ship building environment when the ship CAD model is available. The environment is complex, which makes the initialization non-trivial. The report has been done as part of MARIN project.

Hiilijalanjäljen pienentämismahdollisuuksien tunnistaminen mediatalossa

Tässä diplomityössä on tutkittu mediatalon hiilijalanjäljen pienentämismahdollisuuksia yhteistyössä Otava-konsernin kanssa. Työ on siis osa Otava-konsernin yritysvastuun kehittämistä. Yritysvastuuseen ja sen raportointiin on perehdytty myös yleisesti mediasektorin tasolla. Työssä perehdytään myös hiilijalanjäljen laskentaohjeisiin sekä lasketaan Otavakonsernin hiilijalanjälki tietyin rajauksin. Yrityksen hiilijalanjäljen laskentaa voidaan toteuttaa esimerkiksi Greenhouse Gas Protokollan laskentaohjeiden mukaisesti. Yleisiä ohjeita kasvihuonekaasuinventaarin laskentaan antaa ISO 14064-1 standardi. Otava-konsernin laskenta on toteutettu ClimateCalc-laskuria soveltuvilta osin hyväksikäyttäen. Laskennan tulokset on esitetty konsernin yhtiöittäin vuoden 2013 tietojen pohjalta. Valittu laskuri toimi parhaiten kirjapainon käytössä. Muiden konsernin yhtiöiden osalta laskuria on jouduttu soveltamaan. Konsernin päästöistä myös merkittävä osa syntyi kirjapainossa, mikä osaltaan johtuu muita yhtiöitä laajemmasta laskennasta. Tulevaisuudessa laskentaa on hyvä laajentaa myös muiden yhtiöiden osalta, jolloin laskurin ominaisuuksia pystytään käyttämään laajemmin hyväksi.