Actively crafting customer value or merely representing a solution? Linking value-based selling to salesperson performance

Value-based selling is a salesperson behavioral mode which concentrates on generating superior customer value. Although service dominant logic emphasizes customer value as a central tenet for achieving strategic objectives, sales management literature has predominantly circumvented the subject matter of customer value. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the distinctiveness and positive sales performance outcomes of value-based selling. Additionally, performance outcomes of value-based selling are contrasted with other key sales behaviors, selling skills and motivational orientations. As a part of this thesis, large-scale survey of 730 respondents was collected. The survey was tailored for the needs of a value-based selling research group led by Ph.D. Harri Terho. The research group used convenience sampling to select the salespeople of 25 medium- and large-scale companies in Finland which currently either practice value-based selling or consider developing these activities. This thesis contains three key findings: value-based selling is established as a distinct sales behavior, it relates directly and positively to salesperson performance and it explains the link between customer-oriented selling and salesperson performance. Value-based selling relates to salesperson performance especially in the following GICS-sectors: energy, industrials and materials. However, relationship selling relates to performance strongest in the energy sector and adaptive selling in industrials sector. In sum, it is evident that actively crafting customer value is a successful sales behavior in many business-to-business marketing environments while other sales behaviors, excluding customer-oriented selling, still uphold their significance.

Strategic management of value networks: how to create value in cross-sector collaboration and partnerships

Cross-sector collaboration and partnerships have become an emerging and desired strategy in addressing huge social and environmental challenges. Despite its popularity, cross-sector collaboration management has proven to be very challenging. Even though cross-sector collaboration and partnership management have been widely studied and discussed in recent years, their effectiveness as well as their ability to create value with respect to the problems they address has remained very challenging. There is little or no evidence of their ability to create value. Regarding all these challenges, this study aims to explore how to manage cross-sector collaborations and partnerships to be able to improve their effectiveness and to create more value for all partners involved in collaboration as well as for customers. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part comprises an overview of relevant literature (including strategic management, value networks and value creation theories), followed by presenting the results of the whole thesis and the contribution made by the study. The second part consists of six research publications, including both quantitative and qualitative studies. The chosen research strategy is triangulation, as the study includes four types of triangulation: (1) theoretical triangulation, (2) methodological triangulation, (3) data triangulation and (4) researcher triangulation. Two publications represent conceptual development, which are based on secondary data research. One publication is a quantitative study, carried out through a survey. The other three publications represent qualitative studies, based on case studies, where data was collected through interviews and workshops, with participation of managers from all three sectors: public, private and the third (nonprofit). The study consolidates the field of “strategic management of value networks,” which is proposed to be applied in the context of cross-sector collaboration and partnerships, with the aim of increasing their effectiveness and the process of value creation. Furthermore, the study proposes a first definition for the strategic management of value networks. The study also proposes and develops two strategy tools that are recommended to be used for the strategic management of value networks in cross-sector collaboration and partnerships. Taking a step forward, the study implements the strategy tools in practice, aiming to show and to demonstrate how new value can be created by using the developed strategy tools for the strategic management of value networks. This study makes four main contributions. (1) First, it brings a theoretical contribution by providing new insights and consolidating the field of strategic management of value networks, also proposing a first definition for the strategic management of value networks. (2) Second, the study makes a methodical contribution by proposing and developing two strategy tools for value networks of cross-sector collaboration: (a) value network mapping, a method that allows us to assess the current and the potential value network and (b) the Value Network Scorecard, a method of performance measurement and performance prediction in cross-sector collaboration. (3) Third, the study has managerial implications, offering new solutions and empirical evidence on how to increase the effectiveness of cross-sector collaboration and also allow managers to understand how new value can be created in cross-sector partnerships and how to get the full potential of collaboration. (4) And fourth, the study also has practical implications, allowing managers to understand how to use in practice the strategy tools developed in this study, providing discussions on the limitations regarding the proposed tools as well as general limitations involved in the study.

Suorityskyvyn mittaaminen johtamisen apuvälineenä prosessiorganisaatiossa.

Prosessiorganisaatiossa johtamisen ja prosessien tavoitteena on tyydyttää asiakkaan (sisäinen tai ulkoinen) tarpeet. Mittaamisen sitominen prosessin suorityskyvyn mittaamiseen antaa johdolle kuvan yrityksen toiminnasta. Suorityskykymittariston ja yksittäisten mittareiden avulla yritysjohto pystyy arvioimaan toiminnan tasoa, asettamaan tavoitteita sekä seuraamaan asettamiensa tavoitteiden toteutumista. Työn ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli kartoittaa edellytyksiä sekä tukea Balanced Scorecardin mukaisen suorityskykymittariston tulevaisuuden implementointia. Mittaristo on tarkoitettu toimitusketjun prosessien tehokkuuden mittaamiseen. Työn toisena tavoitteena oli prosessipohjaisen ajattelutavan tukeminen suorituskykymittariston avulla. Implementoinnin edellytyksiä testattiin valitsemalla kaksi ensimmäisen tason avainmittaria pilottimittareiksi. Varaston suorityskykyä mittaavien pilottimittareiden avulla selvitettiin SC tuoteryhmän osalta toimitusketjun suorituskyky avainasiakkaiden ja tärkeiden markkina-alueiden osalta. Erona käytössä oleviin mittareihin on se, että uudet avainmittarit kattavat koko yrityksen toimitusketjun, kun tällä hetkellä käytössä olevat mittarit mittaavat toimitusketjun yksittäisiä osia. Uusien avaimittareiden lähtöarvot selvitettiin tietokantakyselyjen avulla. Tietokyselyt suoritettiin useissa yksittäisissä tietojärjejestelmissä, jonka jälkeen niiden tulokset koottiin yhteen tiedostoon ja analysoitiin PC sovellusten avulla. Mittauskohteet oli valittu yhdessä linjaorganisaation kanssa. Näin taattiin yhtiön johdon sitoutuminen mittariston kehittämiseen ja käyttöönottoon. Organisaatiossa yksittäisten prosessien (esim. mittaamisprosessi) vastuualueiden selventämiseen käytettiin koeluonteisesti vastuumatriisitekniikkaa. Prosessiorganisaatiossa johtamisen ja prosessien tavoitteena on tyydyttää asiakkaan (sisäinen tai ulkoinen) tarpeet. Mittaamisen sitominen prosessin suorityskyvyn mittaamiseen antaa johdolle kuvan yrityksen toiminnasta. Suorityskykymittariston ja yksittäisten mittareiden avulla yritysjohto pystyy arvioimaan toiminnan tasoa, asettamaan tavoitteita sekä seuraamaan asettamiensa tavoitteiden toteutumista. Työn ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli kartoittaa edellytyksiä sekä tukea Balanced Scorecardin mukaisen suorityskykymittariston tulevaisuuden implementointia. Mittaristo on tarkoitettu toimitusketjun prosessien tehokkuuden mittaamiseen. Työn toisena tavoitteena oli prosessipohjaisen ajattelutavan tukeminen suorituskykymittariston avulla.Implementoinnin edellytyksiä testattiin valitsemalla kaksi ensimmäisen tason avainmittaria pilottimittareiksi. Varaston suorityskykyä mittaavien pilottimittareiden avulla selvitettiin SC tuoteryhmän osalta toimitusketjun suorituskyky avainasiakkaiden ja tärkeiden markkina-alueiden osalta. Erona käytössä oleviin mittareihin on se, että uudet avainmittarit kattavat koko yrityksen toimitusketjun, kun tällä hetkellä käytössä olevat mittarit mittaavat toimitusketjun yksittäisiä osia. Uusien avaimittareiden lähtöarvot selvitettiin tietokantakyselyjen avulla. Tietokyselyt suoritettiin useissa yksittäisissä tietojärjejestelmissä, jonka jälkeen niiden tulokset koottiin yhteen tiedostoon ja analysoitiin PC sovellusten avulla. Mittauskohteet oli valittu yhdessä linjaorganisaation kanssa. Näin taattiin yhtiön johdon sitoutuminen mittariston kehittämiseen ja käyttöönottoon. Organisaatiossa yksittäisten prosessien (esim. mittaamisprosessi) vastuualueiden selventämiseen käytettiin koeluonteisesti vastuumatriisitekniikkaa.

Finnair konsernin GRI raportoinnin kehittäminen

Tämän tutkintotyön tavoitteena on ollut Finnair konsernin GRI raportoinnin kehittäminen. Tutkintotyön osuus koko GRI projektissa on ollut toimintaindikaattoreiden määrittäminen. Tavoitteena oli määrittää toimintaindikaattorit Finnair konsernin ensimmäiseen GRI raporttiin niin, että raportti täyttää vähintään ohjeistuksessa määritellyn C-sovellustason vaatimukset. Asetettu C sovellustason tavoite saavutettiin G3 profiili kohdassa, ja ylitettiin selvästi G3 toimintaindikaattoreiden osalta, jossa varsinkin taloudelliset, sekä ymparistöpuolen toimintaindikaattorit saatiin tulevia raportteja ja korkeampaa sovellustasoa ajatellen hyvälle mallille. Tutkintotyön taustoittavassa osassa selvitettiin yhteiskuntavastuuraportin merkitystä organisaatiolle ja sen sidosryhmille, sekä läpikäytiin markkinoilla olevia eri yhteiskuntavastuuraportointivaihtoehtoja ja niiden merkittävimpiä eroavaisuuksia. Empiirisessä osassa puolestaan keskityttiin selvittämään, mitkä indikaattorit ovat olennaisia ja mahdollisia selvittää Finnair konsernin ensimmäisessä GRI raportissa.

Effectiveness of Pilotage

The objective of the pilotage effectiveness study was to come up with a process descrip-tion of the pilotage procedure, to design performance indicators based on this process description, to be used by Finnpilot, and to work out a preliminary plan for the imple-mentation of the indicators within the Finnpilot organisation. The theoretical aspects of pilotage as well as the guidelines and standards used were determined through a literature review. Based on the literature review, a process flow model with the following phases was created: the planning of pilotage, the start of pilo-tage, the act of pilotage, the end of pilotage and the closing of pilotage. The model based on the literature review was tested through interviews and observation of pilotage. At the same time an e-mail survey directed at foreign pilotage organisations, which included a questionnaire concerning their standards and management systems, operations procedures, measurement tools and their attitude to the passage planning, was conducted. The main issues in the observations and interviews were the passage plan and the bridge team co-operation. The phases of the pilotage process model emerged in both the pilotage activities and the interviews whereas bridge team co-operation was relatively marginal. Most of the pilotage organisations, who responded to the query, also use some standard-based management system. All organisations who answered the survey use some sort of a pilotage process model. According to the query, the main measuring tools for pilotage are statistical information concerning pilotage and the organisations, the customer feedback surveys, and financial results. Attitudes to-wards passage planning were mostly positive among the organisations. A workshop with pilotage experts was arranged where the process model constructed on the basis of the literature review was tuned to match practical pilotage. In the workshop it was determined that certain phases and the corresponding tasks, through which pilo-tage can be described as a process, were identifiable in all pilotage. The result of the workshop was a complemented process model, which separates incoming and outgoing traffic, as well as the fairway pilotage and harbour pilotage from each other. Addition-ally indicators divided according to the data gathering method were defined. Data con-cerning safety and traffic flow is gathered in the form of customer feedback. The pilot's own perceptions of the pilotage process are gathered through self-assessment. The measurement data which is connected to the phases of the pilotage process is generated e.g. by gathering statistics of the success of the pilot dispatches, the accuracy of the pi-lotage and the incidents that occurred during the pilotage, near misses, deviations and accidents. The measurement data is collected via the PilotWeb at the closing of the pilo-tage. A separate project and a project group with pilots also participating will be established for the deployment of the performance indicators. The phases of the project are: the definition phase, the implementation phase and the deployment phase. The purpose of the definition phase is to prepare questions for ship commanders concerning the cus-tomer feedback questionnaire and also to work out the self-assessment queries and the queries concerning the process indicators.

Value added logistical support service Part 2. Outsourcing process of spare part logistics in metal industry

The aim of this research study was to find out guidelines for outsourcing of logistics processes. The study was outlined to spare parts and `business-to-business' (B2B) markets in metal industry. This study can be applied as a manual for outsourcing especially warehousing and transportation activities. The study also touches other important areas of spare part logistics like manufacturing, customer service, procurement, quality control, reverse and recycling logistics, logistics technologies and valueadded services. The method of study consisted of three areas. Firstly exchanging views with logistics experts in participating companies, and secondly compiling material based on author's practical experience in logistics business with several international and domestic logistics service providers and vendors. Thirdlythe study includes also references to literature material. Due to the fact thatthe outsourcing of logistics functions can be handled widely and from differentpoint of views, in this study it is concentrated mainly on giving general levelguidelines for defining logistics strategy, hints both for tendering process and implementation project, and not forgetting the aftercare of business partnership.

Development of Project Logistics in Engineering, Procurement and Construction Projects

The aim of this Master’s Thesis is to develop project logistics functions in large scale en-gineering, procurement and construction projects. The background of the research topic is compounded from two separate subjects; OPAL Program and case study of an actual EPC project. The purpose is to examine Project Logistics process in accordance with OPAL Program as well as logistics process in focus EPC project. Both entities are researched by using the case study research methodology. Logistics process of the focus EPC project is described as well as presented and in addi-tion, logistics related findings and observations are introduced. Significant findings and observations are found from logistics costs as well as shipment volume estimations in the early phase of the focus ECP project. A notable finding is also that because goods were transported as readily assembled as possible it caused expensive oversized cargo deliveries. From findings and observation of the focus EPC project it can be derived that logistics has to be involved in the early sales phase in order to receive more accurate logistics cost esti-mations for project deliveries. It is also noticed that in order to obtain savings in logistics costs, oversized deliveries must be avoided.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chains. Smile. Part 1. eBusiness between global company and itslocal sme supplier network

VALOSADE (Value Added Logistics in Supply and Demand Chains) is the research project of Anita Lukka's VALORE (Value Added Logistics Research) research team inLappeenranta University of Technology. VALOSADE is included in ELO (Ebusiness logistics) technology program of Tekes (Finnish Technology Agency). SMILE (SME-sector, Internet applications and Logistical Efficiency) is one of four subprojects of VALOSADE. SMILE research focuses on case network that is composed of small and medium sized mechanical maintenance service providers and global wood processing customers. Basic principle of SMILE study is communication and ebusiness insupply and demand network. This first phase of research concentrates on creating backgrounds for SMILE study and for ebusiness solutions of maintenance case network. The focus is on general trends of ebusiness in supply chains and networksof different industries; total ebusiness system architecture of company networks; ebusiness strategy of company network; information value chain; different factors, which influence on ebusiness solution of company network; and the correlation between ebusiness and competitive advantage. Literature, interviews and benchmarking were used as research methods in this qualitative case study. Networks and end-to-end supply chains are the organizational structures, which can add value for end customer. Information is one of the key factors in these decentralized structures. Because of decentralization of business, information is produced and used in different companies and in different information systems. Information refinement services are needed to manage information flows in company networksbetween different systems. Furthermore, some new solutions like network information systems are utilised in optimising network performance and in standardizingnetwork common processes. Some cases have however indicated, that utilization of ebusiness in decentralized business model is not always a necessity, but value-add of ICT must be defined case-specifically. In the theory part of report, different ebusiness and architecture models are introduced. These models are compared to empirical case data in research results. The biggest difference between theory and empirical data is that models are mainly developed for large-scale companies - not for SMEs. This is due to that implemented network ebusiness solutions are mainly large company centered. Genuine SME network centred ebusiness models are quite rare, and the study in that area has been few in number. Business relationships between customer and their SME suppliers are nowadays concentrated more on collaborative tactical and strategic initiatives besides transaction based operational initiatives. However, ebusiness systems are further mainly based on exchange of operational transactional data. Collaborative ebusiness solutions are in planning or pilot phase in most case companies. Furthermore, many ebusiness solutions are nowadays between two participants, but network and end-to-end supply chain transparency and information systems are quite rare. Transaction volumes, data formats, the types of exchanged information, information criticality,type and duration of business relationship, internal information systems of partners, processes and operation models (e.g. different ordering models) differ among network companies, and furthermore companies are at different stages on networking and ebusiness readiness. Because of former factors, different customer-supplier combinations in network must utilise totally different ebusiness architectures, technologies, systems and standards.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chain. Smile. Part 2. eBusiness in a service business. Case: A maintenance and operations network in forest industry

VVALOSADE is a research project of professor Anita Lukka's VALORE research team in the Lappeenranta University of Technology. The VALOSADE includes the ELO technology program of Tekes. SMILE is one of four subprojects of the VALOSADE. The SMILE study focuses on the case of the company network that is composed of small and micro-sized mechanical maintenance service providers and forest industry as large-scale customers. The basic principle of the SMILE study is the communication and ebusiness in supply and demand networks. The aim of the study is to develop ebusiness strategy, ebusiness model and e-processes among the SME local service providers, and onthe other hand, between the local service provider network and the forest industry customers in a maintenance and operations service business. A literature review, interviews and benchmarking are used as research methods in this qualitative case study. The first SMILE report, 'Ebusiness between Global Company and Its Local SME Supplier Network', concentrated on creating background for the SMILE study by studying general trends of ebusiness in supply chains and networks of different industries. This second phase of the study concentrates on case network background, such as business relationships, information systems and business objectives; core processes in maintenance and operations service network; development needs in communication among the network participants; and ICT solutions to respond needs in changing environment. In the theory part of the report, different ebusiness models and frameworks are introduced. Those models and frameworks are compared to empirical case data. From that analysis of the empirical data, therecommendations for the development of the network information system are derived. In process industry such as the forest industry, it is crucial to achieve a high level of operational efficiency and reliability, which sets up great requirements for maintenance and operations. Therefore, partnerships or strategic alliances are needed between the network participants. In partnerships and alliances, deep communication is important, and therefore the information systems in the network also are critical. Communication, coordination and collaboration will increase in the case network in the future, because network resources must be optimised to improve competitive capability of the forest industry customers and theefficiency of their service providers. At present, ebusiness systems are not usual in this maintenance network. A network information system among the forest industry customers and their local service providers actually is the only genuinenetwork information system in this total network. However, the utilisation of that system has been quite insignificant. The current system does not add value enough either to the customers or to the local service providers. At present, thenetwork information system is the infomediary that share static information forthe network partners. The network information system should be the transaction intermediary, which integrates internal processes of the network companies; the network information system, which provides common standardised processes for thelocal service providers; and the infomediary, which share static and dynamic information on right time, on right partner, on right costs, on right format and on right quality. This study provides recommendations how to develop this system in the future to add value to the network companies. Ebusiness scenarios, vision, objectives, strategies, application architecture, ebusiness model, core processes and development strategy must be considered when the network information system will be developed in the next development step. The core processes in the case network are demand/capacity management, customer/supplier relationship management, service delivery management, knowledge management and cash flow management. Most benefits from ebusiness solutions come from the electrifying of operational level processes, such as service delivery management and cash flow management.

Logististen palvelukonseptien kehittäminen

VALSSI- (Value Added Logistics Service Support) projektin tavoitteena on uusi varaosalogistiikan liiketoimintamuoto. Se tapahtuu tuomalla lisäarvopalveluita tilaustoimitusprosesseihin lisäämällä selkeitä tuotantoprosessiin liittyviä moduuleita palveluyrityksen toimintaan sekä hyödyntämällä tietojärjestelmiä teknologioina. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuvata ja kehittää VALSSI-projektiin osaa ottavan kohdeyrityksen, ValLog Oy:n palvelut modulaarisesti prosesseina. Muodostetuista prosesseista oli tavoitteena tehdä myös työkalu, jonka avulla voidaan esitellä asiakkaalle ValLog Oy:n palveluita myyntitilanteessa sekä selvittää asiakkaan palveluiden tarvekartoitusta. Lisäksi yhteistyössä Metso Paper Servicen kanssa oli tavoitteena kartoittaa vastaavatko ValLog Oy:n logistiikkaprosessit markkinoiden vaatimaa tarvetta sekä selvittää diplomityön perustyövaiheen, eli palveluprosessien kuvauksien tuloksia. ValLog Oy:n palvelukokonaisuus, 12 palvelukonseptia, avattiin prosesseiksi, jotka kuvataan vuokaavioina ja kirjallisena selostuksena. Niistä selviää palvelujen toimintojen väliset riippuvuudet eli koko toimintoketju sekä vuorovaikutussuhteet asiakkaan ja ValLog Oy:n välillä. Yhteistyössä Metso Oyj:n kanssa selvisi, että ValLog Oy:n palvelut ovat varaosalogistiikan tarpeisiin erittäin kattavat. Myyntityökaluksi tehdystä PowerPoint- prosessiesityksestä muodostui asiakkaalle selkeä käsitys palvelukokonaisuuksien kokoamisesta asiakastarvelähtöisesti. Uuden liiketoiminnan luomisessa kuvatut palveluprosessit toimivat peruskäsikirjana. Niissä palvelutoiminta muodostuu selkeistä tuotanto-prosessiin liittyvistä logistisista palvelukokonaisuuksista ja niiden analogia soveltuu myös muiden logistiikkayritysten liiketoiminnan selvittämiseen ja modulaariseen kuvaamiseen.