Etelä-Karjalan sosiaali- ja terveyspiirin kuntakohtaisen kustannuslaskentamallin kehittäminen

Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia Etelä-Karjalan sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon kuntayhtymän kuntalaskutusta ja rakentaa laskentamalli, jolla kuntakohtaiset kustannukset pystytään laskemaan ja jakamaan. Tutkimusote oli konstruktiivinen. Tiedot kerättiin kuntayhtymän toiminta- ja taloustietojärjestelmistä sekä haastattelemalla organisaation asiantuntijoita. Työn tulokseksi saatu laskentamalli koostuu suoritepohjaisesta, asukaslukupohjaisista ja tarvepainotetuista asukaslukupohjaisista kustannusajureista, joilla kustannukset jaetaan piirin jäsenkunnille. Tällä sekamallilla pystytään toteuttamaan kuntalaskutusta, sillä se täyttää kuntalaskutusmallille asetetut vaatimukset. Työn tulosten perusteella tulo-osuusmalli olisi paras tapa toteuttaa kuntalaskutusta. Yksinkertainen rahoitusmalli mahdollistaa toiminnan vapaamman kehittämisen kuin sekamalli ja on lisäksi selkeämpi ja läpinäkyvämpi. Sekamallissa tulisi painottaa tarvepohjaisia asukaslukuajureita. Tärkeimmät ja suurimpia kustannuksia aiheuttavat alueet kannattaisi tuotteistaa.

Kriisinhallintatehtävissä palvelevien suomalaisten upseerien kielitaito

Kriisinhallinnan toimintaympäristö muuttuu jatkuvasti, mutta operaatioiden mandaatista ja luonteesta riippumatta suomalaisten upseerien kanssakäyminen muiden kansainvälisten toimijoiden sekä operaatioalueiden paikallisväestön kanssa on jatkuvaa. Tehokas kommunikaatio edellyttää riittävää kielitaitoa, joka onkin noussut jopa kriittiseksi tekijäksi monikansallisissa kriisinhallintaoperaatioissa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää viimeaikaisiin suomalaisten upseerien kokemuksiin perustuen nykyaikaisten kriisinhallintaoperaatioiden asettamat vaatimukset upseerin kielitaidolle, upseerien arviot omasta kielitaidostaan sekä näiden kahden kohtaaminen. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan kuvaileva ja tutkimusstrategiana on käytetty survey-tutkimusta. Tutkimuskohteeksi valittiin vuonna 2009 tai sen jälkeen kriisinhallintatehtävissä aloittaneet upseerit, jotka olivat palvelleet viidessä eri operaatiossa. Tiedonkeruu toteutettiin laajalla verkkokyselyllä, jolla kohderyhmältä kerättiin pääasiassa kvantitatiivista aineistoa. Lopulliseksi tutkimusmenetelmäksi muotoutui ”hallitseva – vähemmän hallitseva” -sekamalli (Dominant – Less Dominant Mixed Model), jolla aineistoa tarkasteltiin sekä kvantitatiivisesta että kvalitatiivisesta näkökulmasta eurooppalaisen viitekehyksen toiminnallisen kielitaidon teoriapohjaa vasten. Otantana käytettiin kokonaisotantaa, vastausprosentin ollessa 53 (N = 151). Tutkimustulokset vahvistavat englannin kielen kiistämättömän tarpeen kansainvälisten kriisinhallintaoperaatioiden yleiskielenä. Ranskan kielitaidon tarve korostuu niissä operaatioissa, joissa Ranska toimii johtovaltiona tai operaatioalue on ranskankielinen. Operaatioalueiden paikalliskielten osaamistarpeena upseereille koetaan perussanontojen ja -kohteliaisuuksien hallinta. Muista kielistä saatu lisäarvo kriisinhallintatehtävien hoitamiseen nähdään kokonaisuudessaan vähäisenä. Upseerien englannin kielitaito on yleisesti ottaen korkealla tasolla. Sen ja kotimaisten kielten osaamisen lisäksi vain neljäsosalla upseereista on toiminnallista kielitaitoa muusta vieraasta kielestä, tyypillisesti saksasta, venäjästä tai ranskasta. Kriisinhallinnan operaatioalueiden paikalliskielten tarpeelliseksi koetun osaamistason oli hankkinut noin joka toinen upseeri kriisinhallintatehtävänsä tai siihen valmistavan koulutuksen aikana. Johtopäätöksinä voidaan todeta, että upseerien kielitaito vastaa hyvin kriisinhallintatehtävien asettamiin vaatimuksiin englannin kielen osalta. Ranskan osalta upseerien kielitaitovaranto on riittämätön ja voi johtaa tilanteisiin, joissa kielitaito ei välttämättä riitä tehtävien menestyksekkääseen hoitamiseen. Operaatioalueiden paikalliskielten osalta kielitaitovaranto ei vastaa koettuun tarpeeseen, mikä osaltaan korostaa tulkkien erittäin keskeistä roolia kanssakäymisessä paikallisviranomaisten ja -väestön kanssa. Kriisinhallintaoperaatioissa kielitaito on keskeinen osa upseerin ammattitaitoa ja sosiaalista toimintakykyä.

Model-based study of a chemical-looping combustion process

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is a novel combustion technology with inherent separation of the greenhouse gas CO2. The technique typically employs a dual fluidized bed system where a metal oxide is used as a solid oxygen carrier that transfers the oxygen from combustion air to the fuel. The oxygen carrier is looping between the air reactor, where it is oxidized by the air, and the fuel reactor, where it is reduced by the fuel. Hence, air is not mixed with the fuel, and outgoing CO2 does not become diluted by the nitrogen, which gives a possibility to collect the CO2 from the flue gases after the water vapor is condensed. CLC is being proposed as a promising and energy efficient carbon capture technology, since it can achieve both an increase in power station efficiency simultaneously with low energy penalty from the carbon capture. The outcome of a comprehensive literature study concerning the current status of CLC development is presented in this thesis. Also, a steady state model of the CLC process, based on the conservation equations of mass and energy, was developed. The model was used to determine the process conditions and to calculate the reactor dimensions of a 100 MWth CLC system with bunsenite (NiO) as oxygen carrier and methane (CH4) as fuel. This study has been made in Oxygen Carriers and Their Industrial Applications research project (2008 – 2011), funded by the Tekes – Functional Material program. I would like to acknowledge Tekes and participating companies for funding and all project partners for good and comfortable cooperation.

Influence of mixed fuels combustion on boiler operation

The aim of this work is to study the effect of different fuel mixtures on the operation of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. The applicability of heat balance modeling software IPSEpro to simulate CFB boiler operation is also investigated. The work discusses various types of boilers and methods of boiler operation. The fuel properties and the possible fuel influence on the boiler efficiency are described. Various biofuel types that are possible to use in combination with other fuels are presented. Some examples of the fuel mixtures use are given. A CFB boiler model has been constructed using IPSEpro and applied to analyze boiler operation outside design conditions. In the simulations, the effect of different load levels and moisture contents for the fuel mixture has been studied.

Young Registered Nurses’ Intent to Leave the Profession in Finland - A Mixed-Method Study

The purpose of this study was to examine and expand understanding concerning young Finnish registered nurses (RN) with an intention to leave the profession and the related variables, specifically when that intention has emerged before the age of 30. The overall goal of the study was to develop a conceptual model in relation to young RNs’ intention to leave the profession. Suggestions for policymakers, nurse leaders and nurse managers are presented for how to retain more young RNs in the nursing workforce. Suggestions for future nursing research are also provided. Phase I consists of two sequential integrative literature reviews of 75 empirical articles concerning nurses’ intention to leave the profession. In phase II, data had been collected as part of the Nurses’ Early Exit (NEXT) study, using the BQ-12 structured postal questionnaire. A total of 147 young RNs participated in the study. The data were analysed with statistical methods. In phase III, firstly, an in-depth interpretive case study was conducted in order to understand how young RNs explain and make sense of their intention to leave the profession. The data in this study consisted of longitudinal career stories by three young RNs. The data was analysed by using narrative holistic-content and thematic methods. Secondly, a total of 15 young RNs were interviewed in order to explore in-depth their experiences concerning organizational turnover and their intent to leave the profession. The data was analysed using conventional content analysis. Based on earlier research, empirical research on the young RNs intention to leave the profession is scarce. Nurses’ intention to leave the profession has mainly been studied with quantitative descriptive studies, conducted with survey questionnaires. Furthermore, the quality of previous studies varies considerably. Moreover, nurses’ intention to leave the profession seems to be driven by a number of variables. According to the survey study, 26% of young RNs had often considered giving up nursing completely and starting a different kind of job during the course of the previous year. Many different variables were associated with an intention to leave the profession (e.g. personal burnout, job dissatisfaction). According to the in-depth inquiries, poor nursing practice environments and a nursing career as a ‘second-best’ or serendipitous career choice were themes associated with young RNs’ intention to leave the profession. In summary, young RNs intention to leave the profession is a complex phenomenon with multiple associated variables. These findings suggest that policymakers, nurse leaders and nurse managers should enable improvements in nursing practice environments in order to retain more young RNs. These improvements can include, for example, adequate staffing levels, balanced nursing workloads, measures to reduce work-related stress as well as possibilities for advancement and development. Young RNs’ requirements to provide high-quality and ethical nursing care must be recognized in society and health-care organizations. Moreover, sufficient mentoring and orientation programmes should be provided for all graduate RNs. Future research is needed into whether the motive for choosing a nursing career affects the length of the tenure in the profession. Both quantitative and in-depth research is needed for the comprehensive development of nursing-turnover research.

Finnish perceptions on management accounting systems: towards an upgraded sophistication model

This study is based on a large survey study of over 1500 Finnish companies’ usage, needs and implementation difficulties of management accounting systems. The study uses quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods to answer the research questions. The empirical data used in the study was gathered through structured interviews with randomly selected companies of varying sizes and industries. The study answers the three research questions by analyzing the characteristics and behaviors of companies working in Finland. The study found five distinctive groups of companies according to the characteristics of their cost information and management accounting system use. The study also showed that the state of cost information and management accounting systems depends on the industry and size of the companies. It was found that over 50% of the companies either did not know how their systems could be updated or saw systems as inadequate. The qualitative side also highlighted the needs for tailored and integrated management accounting systems for creating more value to the managers of companies. The major inhibitors of new system implementation were the lack of both monetary and human resources. Through the use of mixed methods and design science a new and improved sophistication model is created based on previous research results combined with the information gathered from previous literature. The sophistication model shows the different stages of management accounting systems in use and what companies can achieve with the implementation and upgrading of their systems.