Manuale Lapponicum. Tat lie: Praude-kiete-kirieg, joite mij adnestop, nabmatom: / [Johannes Tornæus]

Stockholmis : Heinrich Keyser ludni / Tan Jägen, 1648

Hiljaisen tiedon tallennusHämeen Puhelin Oy:ssä vuosina 2006-2010

Moderni liiketoiminta kohtaa uusia haasteita. Haasteiden aiheuttajia ovat mm. alenevat tuotantokustannukset ja kiihtyvä kilpailu. Jotta yritys kykenisi vastaamaan näihin moderneihin haasteisiin, sen tulee toimissaan hyödyntää tehokkaasti omat resurssit. Yrityksen suurimmat resurssit sijaitsevat henkilöstössä, heihin sitoutuneessa tiedossa. Tästä tiedosta iso osa on ns. hiljaista tietoa, jota ei voida perinteisin keinoin tallentaa. Tämä työ, tutkimus keskittyy tuon hiljaisen tiedon tallentamiseen. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli luoda malli, joka sisältää hiljaisen tiedon keruun, analyysin ja siirtämisen. Kokonaisuus muodostaa työkalun jolla teettävän yrityksen eläkkeelle jäävä henkilöstön hiljainen tieto tallennetaan yritykseen. Mallin lisäksi tutkimuksessa tuodaan esille aihetta koskevat erilaiset kehitysmahdollisuudet ja visiot.

A mathematical study of fuzzy logic; an algebraic approach

Fuzzy set theory and Fuzzy logic is studied from a mathematical point of view. The main goal is to investigatecommon mathematical structures in various fuzzy logical inference systems and to establish a general mathematical basis for fuzzy logic when considered as multi-valued logic. The study is composed of six distinct publications. The first paper deals with Mattila'sLPC+Ch Calculus. THis fuzzy inference system is an attempt to introduce linguistic objects to mathematical logic without defining these objects mathematically.LPC+Ch Calculus is analyzed from algebraic point of view and it is demonstratedthat suitable factorization of the set of well formed formulae (in fact, Lindenbaum algebra) leads to a structure called ET-algebra and introduced in the beginning of the paper. On its basis, all the theorems presented by Mattila and many others can be proved in a simple way which is demonstrated in the Lemmas 1 and 2and Propositions 1-3. The conclusion critically discusses some other issues of LPC+Ch Calculus, specially that no formal semantics for it is given.In the second paper the characterization of solvability of the relational equation RoX=T, where R, X, T are fuzzy relations, X the unknown one, and o the minimum-induced composition by Sanchez, is extended to compositions induced by more general products in the general value lattice. Moreover, the procedure also applies to systemsof equations. In the third publication common features in various fuzzy logicalsystems are investigated. It turns out that adjoint couples and residuated lattices are very often present, though not always explicitly expressed. Some minor new results are also proved.The fourth study concerns Novak's paper, in which Novak introduced first-order fuzzy logic and proved, among other things, the semantico-syntactical completeness of this logic. He also demonstrated that the algebra of his logic is a generalized residuated lattice. In proving that the examination of Novak's logic can be reduced to the examination of locally finite MV-algebras.In the fifth paper a multi-valued sentential logic with values of truth in an injective MV-algebra is introduced and the axiomatizability of this logic is proved. The paper developes some ideas of Goguen and generalizes the results of Pavelka on the unit interval. Our proof for the completeness is purely algebraic. A corollary of the Completeness Theorem is that fuzzy logic on the unit interval is semantically complete if, and only if the algebra of the valuesof truth is a complete MV-algebra. The Compactness Theorem holds in our well-defined fuzzy sentential logic, while the Deduction Theorem and the Finiteness Theorem do not. Because of its generality and good-behaviour, MV-valued logic can be regarded as a mathematical basis of fuzzy reasoning. The last paper is a continuation of the fifth study. The semantics and syntax of fuzzy predicate logic with values of truth in ana injective MV-algerba are introduced, and a list of universally valid sentences is established. The system is proved to be semanticallycomplete. This proof is based on an idea utilizing some elementary properties of injective MV-algebras and MV-homomorphisms, and is purely algebraic.

Describing innovative business models and evaluating their wealth potential – Cases Stora Enso and E-bay

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli analysoida liiketoimintamalleihin liittyviä teorioita ja erilaisten mallien pohjalta rakentaa selkeä teoria, jota yritykset voivat käyttää määritellessään ja analysoidessaan liiketoimintamalleja. Tutkimuksen kohteena olleet yritykset voitiin jaotella sisäisesti fokusoituneisiin ja ulkoisesti suuntautuneisiin. Jaottelun pohjalta oli mahdollista tehdä johtopäätöksiä koskien liiketoimintamallien potentiaalia. Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on liiketoimintamallien rakentamiseen ja analysointiin sopiva työkalu, jota voidaan käyttää yrityksen strategisessa suunnittelussa.

Market Orientation in Rapidly Internationalizing Small Companies — Evidence from the Software Industry

For more than a decade, researchers have been aware of the increased pace of small-firm internationalization and the greater effect of these rapidly growing small businesses on the wealth, international trade, and job-creation opportunities of countries. Due to the small size of the home market, Finnish companies have been generally considered highly interested in internationalization. One particular domain in which rapid internationalization has been considered feasible is the global software business, with its knowledge-intensive nature and high growth potential. However, over time the failure rate of small entrepreneurial firms has remained especially high in high-technology markets. One of the reasons for this seems to lie in the fact that these companies are often formed by people with a strong technological background but limited competences in other areas. Further, research on the marketing capabilities of rapidly internationalizing high-tech firms has been scarce thus far. In addition, while there is much research on the first years of operations of rapidly internationalizing companies, it is not well known what becomes of them later on. Therefore, there is a need for more investigation into the managerial mindset, competences and decision-making in these small companies, especially from the perspective of how they acquire and exploit market knowledge, and enhance their networking capabilities in order to promote international expansion. The present study focuses on market orientation in small software firms that internationalize their operations rapidly in global software markets. It builds on qualitative data to illustrate how these companies develop their market-oriented product-market strategies during the process of increasing international commitment. It also shows how they manage their network relationships in order to be able to offer better customer service and to thrive in the fierce global competition. The study was conducted in the empirical context of Finnish small software companies, and the main data consists of interviews with top managers in these businesses. The interviews were designed to cover a minimum period of five years of the company's international operations, thus offering a retrospective in-depth perspective on market orientation, internationalization and partnerships in the given context. One particular focus is on less successfully internationalized software companies, and the challenges they face when approaching international markets. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature on market orientation for several reasons. First, building on data from the software industry, it clarifies the existing theory in the context of rapid internationalization and network relationships. Secondly, it provides a good body of evidence on market orientation in both successfully and less successfully internationalized companies, and identifies the key related differences between the two company groups. Thirdly, it highlights the importance of inter-firm networks in the rapid internationalization of small software firms, providing companies with important market knowledge and, in some cases, management challenges. Fourthly, this investigation clarifies market orientation in the context of different software-product strategies, thus, combining the perspectives of market orientation in both manufacturing and services. In sum, the results of the study are significant for both small software firms and public-policy makers since they shed light on the market-oriented managerial mindset and the market-information gathering and sharing processes that are needed in successful rapid internationalization.

Improvements in the Assessment of Bacterial Viability and Killing

It is axiomatic that our planet is extensively inhabited by diverse micro-organisms such as bacteria, yet the absolute diversity of different bacterial species is widely held to be unknown. Different bacteria can be found from the depths of the oceans to the top of the mountains; even the air is more or less colonized by bacteria. Most bacteria are either harmless or even advantageous to human beings but there are also bacteria, which can cause severe infectious diseases or spoil the supplies intended for human consumption. Therefore, it is vitally important not only to be able to detect and enumerate bacteria but also to assess their viability and possible harmfulness. Whilst the growth of bacteria is remarkably fast under optimum conditions and easy to detect by cultural methods, most bacteria are believed to lie in stationary phase of growth in which the actual growth is ceased and thus bacteria may simply be undetectable by cultural techniques. Additionally, several injurious factors such as low and high temperature or deficiency of nutrients can turn bacteria into a viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) that cannot be detected by cultural methods. Thereby, various noncultural techniques developed for the assessment of bacterial viability and killing have widely been exploited in modern microbiology. However, only a few methods are suitable for kinetic measurements, which enable the real-time detection of bacterial growth and viability. The present study describes alternative methods for measuring bacterial viability and killing as well as detecting the effects of various antimicrobial agents on bacteria on a real-time basis. The suitability of bacterial (lux) and beetle (luc) luciferases as well as green fluorescent protein (GFP) to act as a marker of bacterial viability and cell growth was tested. In particular, a multiparameter microplate assay based on GFP-luciferase combination as well as a flow cytometric measurement based on GFP-PI combination were developed to perform divergent viability analyses. The results obtained suggest that the antimicrobial activities of various drugs against bacteria could be successfully measured using both of these methods. Specifically, the data reliability of flow cytometric viability analysis was notably improved as GFP was utilized in the assay. A fluoro-luminometric microplate assay enabled kinetic measurements, which significantly improved and accelerated the assessment of bacterial viability compared to more conventional viability assays such as plate counting. Moreover, the multiparameter assay made simultaneous detection of GFP fluorescence and luciferase bioluminescence possible and provided extensive information about multiple cellular parameters in single assay, thereby increasing the accuracy of the assessment of the kinetics of antimicrobial activities on target bacteria.

Strategisen johtamisen omistajalähtöinen näkökulma

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli analysoida strategisen johtamisen omistajalähtöistä johtamismallia kirjallisuuden valossa. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin olemassa olevaan tekstiaineistoon perustuvaa tulkitsevaa käsitetutkimusta, jolle on ominaista, ettei tutkija ole vuorovaikutuksessa aineiston tuottajan kanssa. Työ oli luonteeltaan teoreettinen, kuvaileva ja laadullinen Tutkimuksen aineistona toimi neljä omistajalähtöistä johtamista käsittelevää teosta, joista kahdessa annettiin kokonaiskuva omistajalähtöisestä johtamisesta, yhdessä aihetta lähestyttiin arvonmäärityksen näkökulmasta ja yhdessä riskien-hallinnan näkökulmasta. Strategiaviitekehys muodostettiin käyttäen hyväksi Chaffeen kolmea, Mintzbergin yhdeksää sekä Volberda ja Elfringin kolmea koulukuntaa. Koulukuntajakoa hyödynnettiin strategisen johtamisen historiallisiin taustoihin tutustumisessa. Yrityksen arvonmääritykselle muodostettiin viitekehys strategia-kirjallisuuden määrittelemistä arvostrategioista. Kasvustrategian viiitekehys muodostui monialaistumisesta ja kansainvälistymisstrategiasta. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että omistajalähtöisesti johdetun yrityksen kaiken toiminnan lähtökohtana on omistajien varallisuuden kasvattaminen. Omistajien yritykseen kohdistuvat odotukset ovat yrityksen markkina-arvossa. Hallituksen merkitys johdon ja omistajien rajapintana lisääntyy. Johdon palkkiot on kytketty osakekurssiin. Osakkeenomistajat voidaan jakaa kahteen ryhmään: pääomasijoittajiin ja pörssisijoittajiin. Pääomasijoittajat odottavat yritykseltä tasaista kasvua, maltillista osinkopolitiikkaa, kannattavaa liiketoimintaa sekä riskienhallintaa pitkällä aikavälillä. Pörssisijoittajien odotukset ovat yrityksen markkina-arvossa ja pikaisissa voitoissa.

Fuzzy subgroups, algebraic and topological points of view and complex analysis

Fuzzy subsets and fuzzy subgroups are basic concepts in fuzzy mathematics. We shall concentrate on fuzzy subgroups dealing with some of their algebraic, topological and complex analytical properties. Explorations are theoretical belonging to pure mathematics. One of our ideas is to show how widely fuzzy subgroups can be used in mathematics, which brings out the wealth of this concept. In complex analysis we focus on Möbius transformations, combining them with fuzzy subgroups in the algebraic and topological sense. We also survey MV spaces with or without a link to fuzzy subgroups. Spectral space is known in MV algebra. We are interested in its topological properties in MV-semilinear space. Later on, we shall study MV algebras in connection with Riemann surfaces. In fact, the Riemann surface as a concept belongs to complex analysis. On the other hand, Möbius transformations form a part of the theory of Riemann surfaces. In general, this work gives a good understanding how it is possible to fit together different fields of mathematics.