Ammattiliittojen rakenteen sekä muiden instituutioiden vaikutus kansalliseen kilpailukykyyn

This thesis examines the impact of structural characteristics of wage bargaining and unemployment insurance system of trade and labour unions and governmental institutions on national competitiveness. In addition, the effect currency union has on these factors is evaluated. The analysis is conducted on 17 EU- and ETA-countries through panel data regression. The results indicate that able governmental institutions enhance national competitiveness significantly and without exceptions. The competitive benefits of wage bargaining peak when wages are negotiated decentralized, above all when the country is a member of the Eurozone. This can be explained with the reduced capability of Eurozone governments to conduct efficient income policies in coordinated wage bargaining structure, since it lacks the means to exploit monetary policies which are exercised by a politically independent central bank.

Surface Studies of Thiolate Adsorbates on Some Metals

The results and discussions in this thesis are based on my studies about selfassembled thiol layers on gold, platinum, silver and copper surfaces. These kinds of layers are two-dimensional, one molecule thick and covalently organized at the surface. They are an easy way to modify surface properties. Self-assembly is today an intensive research field because of the promise it holds for producing new technology at nanoscale, the scale of atoms and molecules. These kinds of films have applications for example, in the fields of physics, biology, engineering, chemistry and computer science. Compared to the extensive literature concerning self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold, little is known about the structure and properties of thiolbased SAMs on other metals. In this thesis I have focused on thiol layers on gold, platinum, silver and copper substrates. These studies can be regarded as a basic study of SAMs. Nevertheless, an understanding of the physical and chemical nature of SAMs allows the correlation between atomic structure and macroscopic properties. The results can be used as a starting point for many practical applications. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron radiation excited high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) together with time-offlight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were applied to investigate thin organic films formed by the spontaneous adsorption of molecules on metal surfaces. Photoelectron spectroscopy was the main method used in these studies. In photoelectron spectroscopy, the sample is irradiated with photons and emitted photoelectrons are energy-analyzed. The obtained spectra give information about the atomic composition of the surface and about the chemical state of the detected elements. It is widely used in the study of thin layers and is a very powerful tool for this purpose. Some XPS results were complemented with ToF-SIMS measurements. It provides information on the chemical composition and molecular structure of the samples. Thiol (1-Dodecanethiol, CH3(CH2)11SH) solution was used to create SAMs on metal substrates. Uniform layers were formed on most of the studied metal surfaces. On platinum, surface aligned molecules were also detected in investigations by XPS and ToF-SIMS. The influence of radiation on the layer structure was studied, leading to the conclusion that parts of the hydrocarbon chains break off due to radiation and the rest of the layer is deformed. The results obtained showed differences depending on the substrate material. The influence of oxygen on layer formation was also studied. Thiol molecules were found to replace some of the oxygen from the metal surfaces.

Analysis of testicular cell populations using flow cytometry

Studying testis is complex, because the tissue has a very heterogeneous cell composition and its structure changes dynamically during development. In reproductive field, the cell composition is traditionally studied by morphometric methods such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. These techniques provide accurate quantitative information about cell composition, cell-cell association and localization of the cells of interest. However, the sample preparation, processing, staining and data analysis are laborious and may take several working days. Flow cytometry protocols coupled with DNA stains have played an important role in providing quantitative information of testicular cells populations ex vivo and in vitro studies. Nevertheless, the addition of specific cells markers such as intracellular antibodies would allow the more specific identification of cells of crucial interest during spermatogenesis. For this study, adult rat Sprague-Dawley rats were used for optimization of the flow cytometry protocol. Specific steps within the protocol were optimized to obtain a singlecell suspension representative of the cell composition of the starting material. Fixation and permeabilization procedure were optimized to be compatible with DNA stains and fluorescent intracellular antibodies. Optimization was achieved by quantitative analysis of specific parameters such as recovery of meiotic cells, amount of debris and comparison of the proportions of the various cell populations with already published data. As a result, a new and fast flow cytometry method coupled with DNA stain and intracellular antigen detection was developed. This new technique is suitable for analysis of population behavior and specific cells during postnatal testis development and spermatogenesis in rodents. This rapid protocol recapitulated the known vimentin and γH2AX protein expression patterns during rodent testis ontogenesis. Moreover, the assay was applicable for phenotype characterization of SCRbKO and E2F1KO mouse models.

On the effect of molecular structure and composition on the photofragmentation of biomolecules

The research on the interaction between radiation and biomolecules pro-vides valuable information for both radiobiology and molecular physics. While radiobiology is interested in the damage inflicted on the molecule upon irradiation, molecular physics exploits these studies to obtain infor-mation about the physical properties of the molecule and the quantum me-chanical processes involved in the interaction. This thesis work investigated how a small change in the structure or composition of a biomolecule changes the response of the molecule to ioniz-ing radiation. Altogether eight different biomolecules were studied: nucleo-sides uridine, 5-methyluridine and thymidine; amino acids alanine, cysteine and serine; and halogenated acetic acids chloro- and bromoacetic acids. The effect of ionizing radiation on these molecules was studied on molecular level, investigating the samples in gas phase. Synchrotron radiation of VUV or soft x-ray range was used to ionize sample molecules, and the subsequent fragmentation processes were investigated with ion mass spectroscopy and ion-ion-electron coincidence spectroscopy. The comparison between the three nucleosides revealed that adding or removing a single functional group can affect not only the bonds from which the molecule ruptures upon ionization but also the charge localiza-tion in the formed fragments. Studies on amino acids and halogenated acetic acids indicated that one simple substitution in the molecule can dramatical-ly change the extent of fragmentation. This thesis work also demonstrates that in order to steer the radiation-induced fragmentation of the molecules, it is not always necessary to alter the amount of energy deposited on the molecules but selecting a suitable substitution may suffice.

Effect of species composition on economic return in amixed stand of Norway spruce and Scots Pine

Summary

Effect of soil wetness on air composition and nitrous oxide emission in a loam soil

Selostus: Maan märkyyden vaikutus ilman koostumukseen ja dityppioksidiemissioon hiuemaassa

Effect of milk coagulation properties of herd bulk milks on yield and composition of Emmental cheese

Selostus: Tankkimaidon juoksettumisominaisuuksien vaikutus Emmental-juuston määrään ja koostumukseen

Quantum Hall effect in 2 dimensional GaInAs structure

Transport properties of GaAs / δ – Mn / GaAs / InxGa1-xAs / GaAs structure with Mn δ – layer, which is separated from InxGa1-xAs quantum well (QW) by 3 nm thick GaAs spacer was investigated. This structure with high mobility was characterized by X-ray difractometry and reflectometry. Transport and electrical properties of the structure were measured by using Pulsed Magnetic Field System (PMFS). During investigation of the Shubnikov – de Haas and the Hall effects the main parameters of QW structure such as cyclotron mass, Fermi level, g – factor, Dingle temperature and concentration of holes were estimated. Obtained results show high quality of the prepared structure. However, anomalous Hall effect at temperatures 2.09 K, 3 K, 4.2 K is not clearly observed. Attempts to identify magnetic moment were made. For this purpose the polarity of the filed was changed to the opposite at each shot. As a result hysteresis loop was not observed in the magnetic field dependences of the anomalous Hall resistivity.This can be attributed to the imperfection of the experimental setup.

The effect of cationic-anionic polyelectrolyte multilayer surface treatment on inkjet ink spreading and print quality

The focus of the work reported in this thesis was to study and to clarify the effect of polyelectrolyte multilayer surface treatment on inkjet ink spreading, absorption and print quality. Surface sizing with a size press, film press with a pilot scale coater, and spray coating, have been used to surface treat uncoated wood-free, experimental wood-free and pigmentcoated substrates. The role of the deposited cationic (polydiallydimethylammonium chloride, PDADMAC) and anionic (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, NaCMC) polyelectrolyte layers with and without nanosilica, on liquid absorption and spreading was studied in terms of their interaction with water-based pigmented and dye-based inkjet inks. Contact angle measurements were made in attempt to explain the ink spreading and wetting behavior on the substrate. First, it was noticed that multilayer surface treatment decreased the contact angle of water, giving a hydrophilic character to the surface. The results showed that the number of cationic-anionic polyelectrolyte layers or the order of deposition of the polyelectrolytes had a significant effect on the print quality. This was seen for example as a higher print density on layers with a cationic polyelectrolyte in the outermost layer. The number of layers had an influence on the print quality; the print density increased with increasing number of layers, although the increase was strongly dependent on ink formulation and chemistry. The use of nanosilica clearly affected the rate of absorption of polar liquids, which also was seen as a higher density of the black dye-based print. Slightly unexpected, the use of nanosilica increased the tendency for lateral spreading of both the pigmented and dye-based inks. It was shown that the wetting behavior and wicking of the inks on the polyelectrolyte coatings was strongly affected by the hydrophobicity of the substrate, as well as by the composition or structure of the polyelectrolyte layers. Coating only with a cationic polyelectrolyte was not sufficient to improve dye fixation, but it was demonstrated that a cationic-anionic-complex structure led to good water fastness. A threelayered structure gave the same water fastness values as a five-layered structure. Interestingly, the water fastness values were strongly dependent not only on the formed cation-anion polyelectrolyte complexes but also on the tendency of the coating to dissolve during immersion in water. Results showed that by optimizing the chemistry of the layers, the ink-substrate interaction can be optimized.

Effect of Shielding Gases in Laser Welding of Aluminium Alloys

High reflectivity to laser light, alloying element evaporation during high power laser welding makes aluminium alloys highly susceptibility to weld defects such as porosity, cracking and undercutting. The dynamic behaviour of the keyhole, due to fluctuating plasma above the keyhole and the vaporization ofthe alloying elements with in the keyhole, is the key problem to be solved for the improvement of the weld quality and stabilization of the keyhole dynamics isperhaps the single most important development that can broaden the application of laser welding of aluminium alloys. In laser welding, the shielding gas is commonly used to stabilize the welding process, to improve the welded joint features and to protect the welded seam from oxidation. The chemicalcomposition of the shielding gas is a key factor in achieving the final qualityof the welded joints. Wide range of shielding gases varying from the pure gasesto complex mixtures based on helium, argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are commercially available. These gas mixtures should be considered in terms of their suitability during laser welding of aluminium alloys to produce quality welds. The main objective of the present work is to study the effect of the shielding gascomposition during laser welding of aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloy A15754 was welded using 3kW Nd-YAG laser (continuous wave mode). The alloy samples were butt welded with different shielding gases (pure and mixture of gases) so that high quality welds with high joint efficiencies could be produced. It was observed that the chemical composition of the gases influenced the final weld quality and properties. In general, the mixture gases, in correct proportions, enabled better utilisation of the properties of the mixing gases, stabilized the welding process and produced better weld quality compared to the pure shielding gases.

Poisoning effect of s on pd surfaces

In this study we observe the poisoning effect of S to the adsorption and dissociation of 02 molecule on Pd surfaces. To perform this study we used Viennaab initio Simulation Package (VASP) and Spanish Initiative for Electronic structure with thousands of Atoms (SIESTA) ab initio softwares. To describe all Pd surfaces we selected the (100), and (211) surfaces, because we need very reactive and simple surfaces. Before studying the poison¬ing effect of S we had to study the dissociation of 02 on the surfaces. We discovered that on the (100) surface the hollow site is the most reactive site, but at room temperature the steric hinderace effect occurs very easily. If the molecule has enough vibrational energyit will dissociate. On the (211) surface the (100) micro facet's hollow site is the most reactive site and the molecule dissociates in the site without any barrier, and the molecule drifts from the terrace to this site. An S atom sticks on the Pd (100) surface in the hollow site. It affects the d-band density of states of the nearests Pd atoms; It moves the center of the d-band downin energy, when the bond between the Pd atom and the 0 atom is more antibonding. In the hollow site the S atom also blocks the dissociation site of the molecule. On the Pd(211) surface the energetically favourable site of the S atom is the(100) microfacet's hollow site. There it blocks the most reactive site, but its effect to the Pd atoms next to it is not significant.

Granulation tissue formation -The effect of hydroxyapatite coating of cellulose on cellular differentiation

Haavan jyväiskudoksen muodostuminen – Hydroksiapatiittipinnoi-tetun selluloosasienen vaikutus solujen erilaistumiseen paranemisprosessin aikana Etsittäessä uusia luun bioyhteensopivia täytemateriaaleja selluloosasieni päällystettiin luun koostumusta muistuttavalla runsaasti piitä sisältävällä hydroksiapatiittikerroksella. Vastoin odotuksia hydroksiapatiittipinnoitettu selluloosa ei parantanut luun kasvua, vaan päinvastoin ylläpiti tulehdusta ja sidekudossolujen hakeutumista vamma-alueelle. Ihon alle implantoituna sama sienimateriaali edisti merkittävästi haavan verekkään jyväiskudoksen kasvua. Tämän löydöksen perusteella hydroksiapatiittipinnoitetun selluloosasienen vaikutusta haavan soluihin paranemisprosessin aikana tutkittiin tarkemmin ja havaittiin, että tulehdussolujen lisäksi sieniin kertyi tavallista enemmän sekä hematopoieettisia että mesenkymaalisia kantasoluja. Hematopoieettiset kantasolut sijaitsevat luuytimessä lähellä luun sisäpintaa. Luun hydroksiapatiitista vapautuu kalsiumioneja luun jatkuvan fysiologisen uudismuodostuksen ja hajottamisen yhteydessä. Kantasolut etsiytyvät luuytimeen kalsiumia aistivien reseptorien välityksellä. Koska luun pintakerrosta muistuttavasta hydroksiapatiittipinnoitteesta vapautuu kalsiumia, tämän ajateltiin toimivan selityksenä sille, että hematopoieettiset kantasolut hakeutuvat runsaslukuisesti juuri hydroksiapatiittipinnoitettuihin selluloosasieniin. Tämän hypoteesin mukaisesti hydroksiapatiittipinnoitettujen selluloosapalkkien läheisyydestä löydettiin suuria määriä kalsiumreseptoreja sisältäviä soluja. Jatkotutkimuksissa todettiin lisäksi, että hematopoieettiset kantasolut pystyivät sienissä erilaistumaan hemoglobiinia tuottaviksi soluiksi. Havaittujen punasolulinjan merkkiaineiden perusteella näyttäisikin siltä, että haavan paranemiskudoksessa tapahtuu paranemisen aikana ekstramedullaarista erytropoieesia. Nämä soluja ohjaavat vaikutukset saattavat olla hyödyllisiä vaikeasti paranevien haavojen hoidossa.

Development of porous glass-fiber reinforced composite for bone implants. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect and implant fixation

Cranial bone reconstructions are necessary for correcting large skull bone defects due to trauma, tumors, infections and craniotomies. Traditional synthetic implant materials include solid or mesh titanium, various plastics and ceramics. Recently, biostable glass-fiber reinforced composites (FRC), which are based on bifunctional methacrylate resin, were introduced as novel implant solution. FRCs were originally developed and clinically used in dental applications. As a result of further in vitro and in vivo testing, these composites were also approved for clinical use in cranial surgery. To date, reconstructions of large bone defects were performed in 35 patients. This thesis is dedicated to the development of a novel FRC-based implant for cranial reconstructions. The proposed multi-component implant consists of three main parts: (i) porous FRC structure; (ii) bioactive glass granules embedded between FRC layers and (iii) a silver-polysaccharide nanocomposite coating. The porosity of the FRC structure should allow bone ingrowth. Bioactive glass as an osteopromotive material is expected to stimulate the formation of new bone. The polysaccharide coating is expected to prevent bacterial colonization of the implant. The FRC implants developed in this study are based on the porous network of randomly-oriented E-glass fibers bound together by non-resorbable photopolymerizable methacrylate resin. These structures had a total porosity of 10–70 volume %, of which > 70% were open pores. The pore sizes > 100 μm were in the biologically-relevant range (50-400 μm), which is essential for vascularization and bone ingrowth. Bone ingrowth into these structures was simulated by imbedding of porous FRC specimens in gypsum. Results of push-out tests indicated the increase in the shear strength and fracture toughness of the interface with the increase in the total porosity of FRC specimens. The osteopromotive effect of bioactive glass is based on its dissolution in the physiological environment. Here, calcium and phosphate ions, released from the glass, precipitated on the glass surface and its proximity (the FRC) and formed bone-like apatite. The biomineralization of the FRC structure, due to the bioactive glass reactions, was studied in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) in static and dynamic conditions. An antimicrobial, non-cytotoxic polysaccharide coating, containing silver nanoparticles, was obtained through strong electrostatic interactions with the surface of FRC. In in vitro conditions the lactose-modified chitosan (chitlac) coating showed no signs of degradation within seven days of exposure to lysozyme or one day to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The antimicrobial efficacy of the coating was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The contact-active coating had an excellent short time antimicrobial effect. The coating neither affected the initial adhesion of microorganisms to the implant surface nor the biofilm formation after 24 h and 72 h of incubation. Silver ions released to the aqueous environment led to a reduction of bacterial growth in the culture medium.

Simulation of new p-type pixel strip detector with enhanced multiplication effect

This Master’s Thesis is dedicated to the simulation of new p-type pixel strip detector with enhanced multiplication effect. It is done for high-energy physics experiments upgrade such as Super Large Hadron Collider especially for Compact Muon Solenoid particle track silicon detectors. These detectors are used in very harsh radiation environment and should have good radiation hardness. The device engineering technology for developing more radiation hard particle detectors is used for minimizing the radiation degradation. New detector structure with enhanced multiplication effect is proposed in this work. There are studies of electric field and electric charge distribution of conventional and new p-type detector under reverse voltage bias and irradiation. Finally, the dependence of the anode current from the applied cathode reverse voltage bias under irradiation is obtained in this Thesis. For simulation Silvaco Technology Computer Aided Design software was used. Athena was used for creation of doping profiles and device structures and Atlas was used for getting electrical characteristics of the studied devices. The program codes for this software are represented in Appendixes.