Using tools to help cost estimating and pricing: examination of costing model's and cost breakdown's workability and their capability to cooperative work

Tämä diplomityö käsittelee työkaluja, jotka on suunniteltu kustannusten ennakointiin ja hinnan asetantaan. Aluksi on käyty läpi perinteisen ja toimintoperusteisen kustannuslaskennan perusteita. Näiden menetelmien välisiä eroja on tarkasteltu ja toimintoperusteisen kustannuslaskennan paremmin sopivuus nykypäivän yrityksille on perusteltu. Toisena käsitellään hinnoittelu. Hinnan merkitys, hinnoittelumenetelmät ja päätös lopullisesta hinnasta on käyty läpi. Hinnoittelun jälkeen esitellään kustannusjärjestelmät ja kustannusten arviointi. Nämä asiat todistavat, että tarkat kustannusarviot ovat elintärkeitä yritykselle. Tuotteen kustannusarviointi, hinnan asetanta ja tarjoaminen ovat erittäin merkityksellisiä asioita ottaen huomioon koko projektin elinkaaren ja tulevat tuotot. Nykyään on yleistä käyttää työkaluja kustannusarvioinnissa ja joskus myös hinnoittelussa. Työkalujen luotettavuus on tiedettävä, ennenkuin työkalut otetaan käyttöön. Myös työkalujen käyttäjät täytyy perehdyttää hyvin. Muuten yritys todennäköisesti kohtaa odottamattomia ja epämiellyttäviä yllätyksiä.

Task Support in Scenario Process: Case LUT 2016

This thesis attempts to find whether scenario planning supports the organizational strategy as a method for addressing uncertainty. The main issues are why, what and how scenario planning fits in organizational strategy and how the process could be supported to make it more effective. The study follows the constructive approach. It starts with examination of competitive advantage and the way that an organization develops strategy and how it addresses the uncertainty in its operational environment. Based on the conducted literature review, scenario methods would seem to provide versatile platform for addressing future uncertainties. The construction is formed by examining the scenario methods and presenting suitable support methods, which results in forming of the theoretical proposition for supporter scenario process. The theoretical framework is tested in laboratory conditions, and the results from the test sessions are used a basis for scenario stories. The process of forming the scenarios and the results are illustrated and presented for scrutiny

Re-examination of Customer Satisfaction Measurement Results

Asiakastyytyväisyys on läheisesti yhteydessä yrityksen taloudelliseen menestykseen ja yrityksen yleisen laadun määrittämiseen. Asiakastyytyväisyyden mittaamista vaaditaan tällä hetkellä myös ISO 9001 laatujärjestelmästandardissa. Tämän vuoksi tarve tutkia ja mitata asiakastyytyväisyyttä on kasvanut yritysten ja yhteisöjen joukossa. Kokonaisvaltainen asiakastyytyväisyyden tutkiminen sisältää sekä asiakastyytyväisyyden mittaamista ja järjestelmällistä asiakaspalautteen tutkimista ja analysointia. Asiakastyytyväisyysmittaamisessa käytetään menettelytapoja ja tekniikoita, jotka ovat yleisesti käytössä markkinointitutkimuksessa. Menetelmiä on kuitenkin mukautettava, jotta ne sopivat asiakastyytyväisyyden mittaamiseksi. Asiakastyytyväisyysmittaustulosten perusanalyysit ovat helppo toteuttaa mutta tulokset voidaan helposti tulkita väärin ilman syvällisempiä tilastomatemaattisia analyysejä. Asiakastyytyväisyyden mittaaminen on helppo toteuttaa mutta tutkimussuunnitelma ja tulostenkeräysmenetelmä pitää suunnitella huolellisesti, jotta mittaustulosten luotettavuus ja validiteetti voidaan taata. Jotta asiakastyytyväisyyden tutkimisesta saataisiin maksimaalinen hyöty, pitäisi tutkimuksen myös tarkastella kuinka asiakastyytyväisyys, yrityksen sisäinen ja ulkoinen laatu sekä asiakaslojaalisuus ovat yhteydessä toisiinsa.

Etelä-Karjalan aluebarometri

Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli rakentaa Etelä-Karjalan maakunnan alueellinen suhdannebarometri. Aluebarometrilla kuvataan ja analysoidaan alueen toimialojen tuotannon ja työllisyyden kehitystä sekä nykytilannetta tuoreilla, havainnollisilla ja luotettavilla indikaattoreilla. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on konstruktiivinen tutkimus. Aluebarometri toteutettiin kyselytutkimuksena 454:ltä yritykseltä Etelä-Karjalan alueella keväällä 2002. Tulokset on raportoitu toimialoittain sisältäen kyselytutkimuksen 11 indikaattoria sekä kaksi tilastollista muuttujaa. Teoriaosassa tarkasteltiin aluetalouden rakentumista, aluekehitystä, yritysten sijaintiteorioita ja systeemidynamiikkaa. Barometrin konstruoinnin lisäksi empiirisessä osassa analysoitiin maakunnan yritystoiminnan ja toimialarakenteen tyypillisiä piirteitä sekä selvitettiin barometrin käyttäjäkunnan tietotarpeita. Tutkimustulosten mukaan Etelä-Karjalan yritykset odottavat aluebarometrin indikaattoreiden kehittyvän seuraavan kuuden kuukauden ajanjaksolla lievästi myönteiseen suuntaan. Myönteisintä kehitystä odotetaan myynnin ja Venäjän yleisen suhdannetilanteen suhteen. Toimialoista positiivisimmat odotukset ovat informaatioteknologian, liike-elämän palveluiden, muiden palveluiden sekä kaupan aloilla, heikoimmat puolestaan rakentamisen alalla.

Tutkielman nimi: Strategisten allianssien rakentaminen, johtaminen ja hallinnointi

Työn tavoitteet Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää strategisten allianssien rakentamiseen, johtamiseen ja hallinnointiin liittyviä ongelmia sekä toteutusmalleja. Tarkoituksena oli laatia case -yritykselle toimintaehdotus teorian ja tutkijan muodostaman näkemyksen pohjalta. Tutkimusmetodologia ja -menetelmät Tutkimusote on konstruktiivinen, vaikkakin se sisältää vahvasti käsiteanalyyttisiä piirteitä. Toimeksiantajana tutkimukselle oli Neste Markkinointi Oy, jonka kahden kumppanin kanssa muodostamia alliansseja tarkasteltiin erillisinä. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osa perustui teemahaastatteluihin. Tulokset ja päätelmät Strategisten allianssien muodostaminen vaatii yrityksiltä paljon työtä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena yritykselle esitettiin näkemys toiminnasta tulevaisuudessa sillä jo olevien kumppaneiden kanssa. Tehdyt havainnot liittyivät pääosin yhteistyön todelliseen aloittamiseen. Empiirinen osa vahvisti teoriassa muodostunutta näkemystä kumppanuuden rakentamisen vaikeudesta ja todellisen yhteistyön problematiikasta. Yleisesti teorian ja tutkimuksen pohjalta voidaan todeta strategisten allianssien olevan yksi mahdollinen avain yrityksen ylivoimaiseen kilpailukykyyn.

The development of credit management

The objective of the examination was to create development suggestions to intensify the credit management in the subject enterprise. The target of the theory part was to add understanding concerning the credit management and to define the process of credit management. The target of the empirical part was to get to know the present conditions of the credit management in the subject enterprise as well as to establish the problems in the process. The research methodology is constructive, but there are also characteristics of action research.The target of constructive methodology is to create a solutionmodel for the relevant research problem. The methods used in the empirical part were participating observation, literary material and interviews. Within the results of the research a number of development suggestions for the credit management were presented. It is possible to achieve considerable returns while shortening the chain of cash payments. In the suggestions the importance of cooperation between different functions as well as training were emphasized.

Tilaus-toimitusprosessin johtaminen, suorituskyky, mittaaminen ja mittarit

Tämä tutkimus perustuu prosessijohtamiseen ja tilaus-toimitusprosessin suorituskyvyn mittaamiseen. Tutkimusongelmaa lähestytään toiminta-analyyttisen ja konstruktiivisen tutkimusotteen avulla. Toiminta-analyyttinen tutkimusote vaatii tutkimusongelmaan liittyvään teoriaan perehtymistä ja suosituksia toimenpiteistä. Tämän vuoksi tutkimuksessa on syvennytty aikaisempiin suorituskykyä sekä prosessijohtamista koskeviin teorioihin ja tutkimusraportteihin, jotta löydettäisiin case-yrityksen näkökulmasta vastauksia esitettyihin tutkimuskysymyksiin. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on analysoida case-yrityksen tilaus-toimitusprosessin johtamista ja prosessin suorituskykyyn vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tavoitteena on löytää sellaisia suorituskyvyn osa-alueita, joiden mittaaminen tuottaa helpoiten ja nopeasti tietoa päätöksenteon tueksi sekä tilaus-toimituksen johtamista varten. Toisena tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisilla mittareilla yrityksen suorituskykyä voidaan mitata. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään toiminta-analyyttistä ja konstruktiivista tutkimusotetta sekä otteisiin liittyviä eri tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa perustuu pk-yrityksen lähtökohtiin. Koska työssä tarkastellaan suorituskykyä sisäisen suorituskyvyn näkökulmasta, työssä esitellään sisäisen suorituskyvyn eri osa-alueita. Kansainvälisen tutkimuksen mukaan pk-yritykselle tärkeitä sisäisen suorituskyvyn osa-alueita ovat aika, joustavuus, laatu, talous, asiakastyytyväisyys sekä henkilöstön osaaminen ja innovatiivisuus. Tässä tutkimuksessa edellä mainitut suorituskyvyn osa-alueet todennettiin tärkeiksi, kun analysoitiin case-yrityksen tilaus-toimituksen kriittisiä menestystekijöitä. Tutkimustyön tuloksena rakennettiin yksinkertainen ja helppokäyttöinen mittaristo sekä analysointimenetelmä, jonka avulla on mahdollista seurata tilaus-toimitusprosessin suorituskykyä. Mittaristo rakennettiin SAKE-suorituskyvyn analysointijärjestelmän pohjalle.

Enabling constructive alignment in programming instruction

In this thesis, simple methods have been sought to lower the teacher’s threshold to start to apply constructive alignment in instruction. From the phases of the instructional process, aspects that can be improved with little effort by the teacher have been identified. Teachers have been interviewed in order to find out what students actually learn in computer science courses. A quantitative analysis of the structured interviews showed that in addition to subject specific skills and knowledge, students learn many other skills that should be mentioned in the learning outcomes of the course. The students’ background, such as their prior knowledge, learning style and culture, affects how they learn in a course. A survey was conducted to map the learning styles of computer science students and to see if their cultural background affected their learning style. A statistical analysis of the data indicated that computer science students are different learners than engineering students in general and that there is a connection between the student’s culture and learning style. In this thesis, a simple self-assessment scale that is based on Bloom’s revised taxonomy has been developed. A statistical analysis of the test results indicates that in general the scale is quite reliable, but single students still slightly overestimate or under-estimate their knowledge levels. For students, being able to follow their own progress is motivating, and for a teacher, self-assessment results give information about how the class is proceeding and what the level of the students’ knowledge is.

Predicting Market Crashes: An Examination of the Performance of Macroeconomic Indicators and Technical Analysis

The purpose of this study is to examine macroeconomic indicators‟ and technical analysis‟ ability to signal market crashes. Indicators examined were Yield Spread, The Purchasing Managers Index and the Consumer Confidence Index. Technical Analysis indicators were moving average, Moving Average Convergence-Divergence and Relative Strength Index. We studied if commonly used macroeconomic indicators can be used as a warning system for a stock market crashes as well. The hypothesis is that the signals of recession can be used as signals of stock market crash and that way a basis for a hedging strategy. The data is collected from the U.S. markets from the years 1983-2010. Empirical studies show that macroeconomic indicators have been able to explain the future GDP development in the U.S. in research period and they were statistically significant. A hedging strategy that combined the signals of yield spread and Consumer Confidence Index gave most useful results as a basis of a hedging strategy in selected time period. It was able to outperform buy-and-hold strategy as well as all of the technical indicator based hedging strategies.

Developing the measurement and management of knowledge: applying the constructive research approach in a knowledge intensive service environment

Intellectual assets have attained continuous attention in the academic field, as they are vital sources of competitive advantage and organizational performance in the contemporary knowledge intensive business environment. Intellectual capital measurement is quite thoroughly addressed in the accounting literature. However, the purpose of the measurement is to support the management of intellectual assets, but the reciprocal relationship between measurement and management has not been comprehensively considered in the literature. The theoretical motivation for this study rose from this paradox, as in order to maximise the effectiveness of knowledge management the two initiatives need to be closely integrated. The research approach of this interventionist case study is constructive. The objective is to develop the case organization’s knowledge management and intellectual capital measurement in a way that they would be closely integrated and the measurement would support the management of intellectual assets. The case analysis provides valuable practical considerations about the integration and related issues as the case company is a knowledge intensive organization in which the know-how of the employees is the central competitive asset and therefore, the management and measurement of knowledge are essential for its future success. The results suggest that the case organization is confronting challenges in managing knowledge. In order to appropriately manage knowledge processes and control the related risks, support from intellectual capital measurement is required. However, challenges in measuring intellectual capital, especially knowledge, could be recognized in the organization. By reflecting the knowledge management situation and the constructed strategy map, a new intellectual measurement system was developed for the case organization. The construction of the system as well as its indicators can be perceived to contribute to the literature, emphasizing of the importance of properly considering the organization’s knowledge situation in developing an intellectual capital measurement system.

The good and the successful - Examination of informal learning mechanisms

This thesis strived to find out which informal learning (IL) mechanisms are used the most by the respondents. Additionally, the goal was to know more about the respondents as informal learners and what could explain possible differences. The target was to resolve whether informal learning explains differences in individual performance or, do some other explanations for success exist. Informal learning was to be made more visible, since many are unaware of it. Relevant IL mechanisms that the interviewees could explain were selected for this thesis. The theory on informal learning was presented and some additional informal learning mechanisms were included: Underlying learning theories, internal and external learning resources, as well as some sport related informal learning mechanisms. Various scholars have explained these terms. The final results of this thesis relate to business context, but sport is at the scope of my research. The target group consisted of nine individuals in team sports that were considered as high performers (good/successful). Hence, also the concept of high performance was clarified with competence, expertise and talent literature. The study is qualitative and face-to-face interviews were chosen. The data was analyzed with Grounded Theory principles and theory elaboration. This thesis pointed out similarities and differences between the respondents´ answers (good/successful, inexperienced/experienced). Thus, the analysis clarified that there are different attitudes to learning and different learner profiles in sports context. Also, it became clear that some informal learning mechanisms are more used than others. Secondly, based on the most crucial differences, Typology of Talentum was formulated based on Le Deist & Winteron´s (2005, 39) Typology of holistic competence. Some variables of informal learning seemed to constitute the Meta-competence of Typology that ultimately causes the differences in individual performance and success. The results can be transferred to business context because meta-competence is transferable by nature.

A multimethod examination of contributors to successful on-the-job learning for vocational students

Rapid changes in working life and competence requirements of different professions have increased interest in workplace learning. It is considered an effective way to learn and update professional skills by performing daily tasks in an authentic environment. Especially, ensuring a supply of skilled future workers is a crucial issue for firms facing tight competition and a shortage of competent employees due to the retirement of current professionals. In order to develop and make the most of workplace learning, it is important to focus on workplace learning environments and the individual characteristics of those participating in workplace learning. The literature has suggested various factors that influence adults' and professionals’ workplace learning of profession-related skills, but lacks empirical studies on contextual and individual-related factors that positively affect students' workplace learning. Workers with vocational education form a large group in modern firms. Therefore, elements of vocational students’ successful workplace learning during their studies, before starting their career paths, need to be examined. To fill this gap in the literature, this dissertation examines contributors to vocational students’ workplace learning in Finland, where students’ workplace learning is included in the vocational education and training system. The study is divided into two parts: the introduction, comprised of the overview of the relevant literature and the conclusion of the entire study, and five separate articles. Three of the articles utilize quantitative methods and two use qualitative methods to examine factors that contribute to vocational students’ workplace learning. The results show that, from the students’ perspective, attitudinal, motivational, and organizationrelated factors enhance the student’s development of professionalism during the on-the-job learning period. Specifically, the organization-related factors such as innovative climate, guidance, and interactions with seniors have a strong positive impact on the students’ perceived development of professional skills because, for example, the seniors’ guidance and provision of new viewpoints for the tasks helps the vocational students to gain autonomy at work performance. A multilevel analysis shows that of those factors enhancing workplace learning from the student perspective, innovative climate, knowledge transfer accuracy, and the students’ performance orientation were significantly related to the workplace instructors’ assessment regarding the students’ professional performance. Furthermore, support from senior colleagues and the students’ self-efficacy were both significantly associated with the formal grades measuring how well the students managed to learn necessary professional skills. In addition, the results suggest that the students’ on-the-job learning can be divided into three main phases, of which two require efforts from both the student and the on-the-job learning organization. The first phase includes the student’s application of basic professional skills, demonstration of potential in performing daily tasks, and orientation provided by the organization at the beginning of the on-the-job learning period. In the second phase, the student actively develops profession-related skills by performing daily tasks, thus learning a fluent working style while observing the seniors’ performance. The organization offers relevant tasks and follows the student’s development. The third level indicates a student who has reached the professional level described as a full occupation. The results suggest that constructing the vocational students’ successful on-the-job learning period requires feedback from seniors, opportunities to learn to manage entire work processes, self-efficacy on the part of the students, proactive behavior, and initiative in learning. The study contributes to research on workplace learning in three ways: firstly, it identifies the key individual- and organization-based factors that influence the vocational students’ successful on-the-job learning from their perspective and examines mutual relationships between these factors. Second, the study provides knowledge of how the factors related to the students’ view of successful workplace learning are associated with the workplace instructors’ perspective and the formal grades. Third, the present study finds elements needed to construct a successful on-the-job learning for the students.

An examination of factors influencing ERP key-user satisfaction: A qualitative case study

Several companies are trying to improve their operation efficiency by implementing an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that makes it possible to control the resources of the company in real time. However, the success of the implementation project is not a foregone conclusion; a significant part of these projects end in a failure, one way or another. Therefore it is important to investigate ERP system implementation more closely in order to increase understanding about factors influencing ERP system success and to improve the probability of a successful ERP implementation project. Consequently, this study was initiated because a manufacturing case company wanted to review the success of their ERP implementation project. To be exact, the case company hoped to gain both information about the success of the project and insight for future implementation improvement. This study investigated ERP success specifically by examining factors that influence ERP key-user satisfaction. User satisfaction is one of the most commonly applied indicators of information system success. The research data was mainly collected by conducting theme interviews. The subjects of the interviews were six key-users of the newly implemented ERP system. The interviewees were closely involved in the implementation project. Furthermore, they act as representative users that utilize the new system in everyday business processes. The collected data was analyzed by thematizing. Both data collection and analysis were guided by a theoretical frame of reference. This frame was based on previous research on the subject. The results of the study aligned with the theoretical framework to large extent. The four principal factors influencing key-user satisfaction were change management, contractor service, key-user’s system knowledge and characteristics of the ERP product itself. One of the most significant contributions of the research is that it confirmed the existence of a connection between change management and ERP key-user satisfaction. Furthermore, it discovered two new sub-factors influencing contractor service related key-user satisfaction. In addition, the research findings indicated that in order to improve the current level of key-user satisfaction, the case company should pay special attention to system functionality improvement and enhancement of the key-users’ knowledge. During similar implementation projects in the future, it would be important to assure the success of change management and contractor service related processes.