Comprehensive Study of Crystal Growth from Solution

Crystal growth is an essential phase in crystallization kinetics. The rate of crystal growth provides significant information for the design and control of crystallization processes; nevertheless, obtaining accurate growth rate data is still challenging due to a number of factors that prevail in crystal growth. In industrial crystallization, crystals are generally grown from multi-componentand multi-particle solutions under complicated hydrodynamic conditions; thus, it is crucial to increase the general understanding of the growth kinetics in these systems. The aim of this work is to develop a model of the crystal growth rate from solution. An extensive literature review of crystal growth focuses on themodelling of growth kinetics and thermodynamics, and new measuring techniques that have been introduced in the field of crystallization. The growth of a singlecrystal is investigated in binary and ternary systems. The binary system consists of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP, crystallizing solute) and water (solvent), and the ternary system includes KDP, water and an organic admixture. The studied admixtures, urea, ethanol and 1-propanol, are employed at relatively highconcentrations (of up to 5.0 molal). The influence of the admixtures on the solution thermodynamics is studied using the Pitzer activity coefficient model. Theprediction method of the ternary solubility in the studied systems is introduced and verified. The growth rate of the KDP (101) face in the studied systems aremeasured in the growth cell as a function of supersaturation, the admixture concentration, the solution velocity over a crystal and temperature. In addition, the surface morphology of the KDP (101) face is studied using ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The crystal growth rate in the ternary systems is modelled on the basis of the two-step growth model that contains the Maxwell-Stefan (MS) equations and a surface-reaction model. This model is used together with measuredcrystal growth rate data to develop a new method for the evaluation of the model parameters. The validation of the model is justified with experiments. The crystal growth rate in an imperfectly mixed suspension crystallizer is investigatedusing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A solid-liquid suspension flow that includes multi-sized particles is described by the multi-fluid model as well as by a standard k-epsilon turbulence model and an interface momentum transfer model. The local crystal growth rate is determined from calculated flow information in a diffusion-controlled crystal growth regime. The calculated results are evaluated experimentally.

The Comprehensive Standardization of the Graphic Industry Production Chain in the Printing House

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate Job Definition Format (JDF) and how it could be used in printing house's systems. JDF is a very new information exchange standard, and it gives a lot of opportunities to the printing industry. JDF is the first standard, that has an ability to carry a print job from genesis through completion. Besides, JDF has an ability to bridge the communication gap between production and management information services. In the study of JDF we focused on examining how JDF will effect on printing industry .The thesis also examines printing houses's systems ability to work with JDF standard. The result of the study is a comprehensive picture, what is JDF. We also researched the system developers' visions, how JDF will effect on their products in the future.

Developing a Comprehensive Model for Marketing Planning — Combining the Major Approaches

Mix marketing and relationships marketing are two major approaches that often form a basis for organizational marketing planning. The superiority of these approaches has been debated for long without any rational conclusion. Lately there have been studies indicating that both of the major approaches are many times used side by side in marketing planning. There have been also studies suggesting that even combining the mix marketing and relationship marketing approaches might be possible. The aim of this thesis is to provide knowledge about the usage of mix marketing and relationship marketing approaches in organizations and possibilities in combining the approaches. Also a settlement of strengths, weaknesses and risks of combining is intended to provide. The objectives were met through the literature and a case study research. In the case study, interviews were conducted in order to gain a deeper knowledge about marketing planning in various organizations. Based on this study, the combining of the major marketing approaches will be possible and even recommended when keeping in mind few aspects which might cause some troubles in the combining process.

Considering Target Groups in the Creation of a Comprehensive City Branding Process

The aim of the research was to create a comprehensive city branding process. This was done by identifying the key target groups of the city and considering them in the city branding process. Also key stakeholders were identified and taken into consideration when creating the branding process. As an empirical study, three first stages of the city branding process were implemented for the city of Lappeenranta having "students" as the case target group. An interview with the city officials was conducted, as well as a student survey on the current city image of Lappeenranta. Quantitative research methods were used to analyze the results of the survey. A comprehensive city branding process with eight stages was created in the research. Target groups were considered in the process by identifying the target group dependent stages. The empirical study revealed that the current city image held by the students consists of six dimensions. These dimensions were analyzed from the viewpoint of Lappeenranta with the help of an importance performance analysis.

In pursuit of an intercultural dimension in EFL-teaching : exploring cognitions among Finland-Swedish comprehensive school teachers

This thesis is about the educational purpose of foreign language teaching (FLT) in an increasingly internationalised world.The past 20-30 years have witnessed a fundamental rethinking of the aims of FLT, entailing a shift in emphasis from linguistic competence over communicative competence to intercultural competence. The growing emphasis on cultural issues, called for by research and international curricular documents, places new demandson language teachers. The overall aim of this study is to deepen the knowledge about the attitudes of teachers at the upper level of the Finland-Swedish comprehensive school towards the treatment of culture in English foreign language (EFL) teaching. The questions in focus are: 1) How do teachers interpret the concept"culture" in EFL-teaching?, 2) How do they specify the cultural objectives of their teaching? and 3) What do they do to attain these objectives? The thesis strives to reveal whether or not language teaching today can be describedas intercultural, in the sense that culture is taught with the aim of promotingintercultural understanding, tolerance and empathy. This abductive and largely exploratory study is placed within a constructivist and sociocultural framework,and is inspired by both phenomenography and hermeneutics. It takes its starting-point in language didactics, and can also be regarded as a contribution to teacher cognition research. The empirical data consists of verbatim transcribed interviews with 13 Finland-Swedish teachers of English at grades 7-9. The findings are presented according to three orientations and reviewed with reference to the 2004 Finnish National Framework Curriculum. Within the cognitive orientation, "culture" is perceived as factual knowledge, and the teaching of cultureis defined in terms of the transmission of knowledge, especially about Britain and the USA (Pedagogy of Information). Within the action-related orientation, "culture" is seen as skills of a social and socio-linguistic nature, andthe teaching aims at preparing the students for contacts with people from the target language areas (Pedagogy of Preparation). Within the affective orientation, which takes a more holistic approach, "culture" is seen as a bi-directional perspective. Students are encouraged to look at their own familiar culture from another perspective, and learn to empathise with and show respect for otherness in general, not just concerning representatives of English-speaking countries (Pedagogy of Encounter). Very few of the interviewed teachers represent the third approach, which is the one that can be characterised as truly intercultural. The study indicates that many teachers feel unsure about how to teach culture in an appropriate and up-to-date manner. This is attributed to, among other things, lack of teacher insights as well as lack of time and adequate material. The thesis ends with a set of recommendations as to how EFL could be developed ina more intercultural direction.

Kansainvälisen kokonaisvaltaisen kriisinhallintastrategian (Comprehensive Approach) mahdollisuudet Suomen kokonaismaanpuolustuksen kansainvälisen ulottuvuuden kehittämiseen : voimakasta normipainetta vai pientä hienosäätöä?

Kansallisen kokonaismaanpuolustuksemme toimintaympäristö on kylmän sodan jälkeisellä ajalla ollut voimakkaassa muutoksessa. Globalisoituvassa maailmassa turvallisuushaasteet ja -uhat muodostavat keskinäisriippuvuuden verkoston, joiden vaikutuksiltaan laajat seuraukset iskevät lyhyillä varoitusajoilla yhä voimakkaammin, etäämmälle ja perinteisistä valtioiden rajoista välittämättä. Kansainvälisessä toiminnassa on vakiintumassa käsitteellisellä tasolla termi ”Comprehensive Approach”- kuvaamaan kokonaisvaltaista lähestymistapaa uusiin turvallisuushaasteisiin vastaamiseksi laajan turvallisuuden käsiteympäristössä. Miten tämä käsite ymmärretään Suomelle keskeisimpien toimijoiden, eli Euroopan Unionin, Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien, Naton, Yhdysvaltojen tai vaikkapa Pohjoismaiden osalta? Kansallisen varautumisemme päämäärä on kuitenkin säilynyt vuosien saatossa samana. Sen tehtävänä on ollut varmistaa ja ylläpitää yhteiskuntamme elintärkeät toiminnot kaikissa tilanteissa kansalaisten elinmahdollisuuksien turvaamiseksi sekä valtion toimintakyvyn säilyttämiseksi. Varautumisemme kulmakiveksi on vuosikymmenten kuluessa muotoutunut kokonaismaanpuolustuksen konsepti, jonka avulla kaikki tärkeimmät kansalliset voimavaramme on kyetty keskittämään kohti yhteistä päämäärää kriisitilanteesta selviämiseksi sekä on estetty pienen valtion rajallisten resurssien päällekkäinen kehittäminen tai käyttö. Suomen kriisivalmiuden nykytila ja tulevaisuus on kuitenkin yhä tiiviimmin sidoksissa kansainväliseen kehitykseen. Syrjäinen sijaintimme, riippuvuus ulkomaankaupasta pitkine kulje-tusyhteyksineen, talouden kasvava integraatio, sähköisen viestinnän kehitys, teknologinen kustannusten kasvu sekä erikoistumisen vaatimus lisäävät jatkuvasti alttiuttamme erilaisille häiriöille ja lisäävät varautumisen kokonaiskustannuksia. Myös luonnon ääri-ilmiöiden voimistuminen, energiariippuvuuden lisääntyminen sekä sotilaallisten kriisinhallintaoperaatioiden luonteen muutos edellyttävät kansallisen varautumisemme perusrakenteiden aktiivista ja kehittävää tarkastelua. Tämän diplomityön keskeisenä tarkoituksena on löytää ja tunnistaa konstruktivismin teorian viitekehyksessä niitä kansainvälisen kehityksen trendejä ja muutospaineita, jotka mahdollistavat oman kansallisen kokonaismaanpuolustuksen mallimme kehittämisen. Samalla Suomelle tarjoutuu mahdollisuus vaikuttaa aktiivisella omalla toiminnallaan ja osaamisellaan kansainväliseen kehitykseen sekä verkottumalla hyödyntää globaalia osaamispääomaa. Esimerkkeinä tästä onnistuneesta kaksisuuntaisesta vaikuttamisesta esitellään tässä tutkimustyössä Suomen toiminta monikansallisessa suorituskykyjen kehittämistoiminnassa (MNE- eksperimentaatiosarja) sekä merivalvonta-alalla toteutettu monenvälinen yhteistyö.

Towards conceptually comprehensive and integrated theory of entrepreneurial opportunity

Insufficient understanding of entrepreneurial opportunities characterizes entrepreneurship research (Companys & McMullen 2006, 302). Subsequently, the purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of entrepreneurial opportunity and to explore and synthetize the integrated theory of entrepreneurial opportunity. A theoretical and concept analytical approach was adapted. Findings of this study was that entrepreneurial opportunity concept was used for variety of different phenomena. No commonly accepted definition existed. Altogether 24 attributes that described the concept were found. The most frequently attached attributes were agent and action, new goods and services, market, value, new means ends or both, and future. Further, the results implied that opportunity could be best understood as a part of a process. Opportunity emerges out of intervened factors. Changes in the environment together with factors related to knowledge, cognition and social ties are the most important drivers of opportunity. Preventing factors that impeded the emergence of opportunity were typically related to cognitive and organizational factors. This study found a tendency towards more integrated theory of entrepreneurial opportunity. The integrated theory acknowledged the usefulness of both discovery and creation theories of opportunity in explaining opportunity. Yet three argument types of integrating two different opportunity theories were identified. These were process category, contextual category and complementing category. Opportunity is at the same time cognitive, social and linguistic construct, although it is shaped by the objective environment. Opportunity requires linguistic endeavors to become explicit. Materialization of opportunity occurs in a social context. Moreover, it is always characterized by some extent of subjectivity, as opportunities cannot appear without the agent and their action. Due to these the concept remains always to some extent ambiguous. Tolerating and harnessing change and investing in human and social capital create the preeminent environment for the entrepreneurial opportunity to be identified.

Integration of existing military capability models into the Comprehensive Capability Meta-model

Abstract—This paper discusses existing military capability models and proposes a comprehensive capability meta-model (CCMM) which unites the existing capability models into an integrated and hierarchical whole. The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture is used as a structure for the CCMM. The CCMM takes into account the abstraction level, the primary area of application, stakeholders, intrinsic process, and life cycle considerations of each existing capability model, and shows how the models relate to each other. The validity of the CCMM was verified through a survey of subject matter experts. The results suggest that the CCMM is of practical value to various capability stakeholders in many ways, such as helping to improve communication between the different capability communities.

Comprehensive digital preservation repositories: gaps, and what do we mean by “repository” anyway?

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014