Tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttaminen teknologisessa innovaatioprosessissa

Through the ages technological changes have created new challenges and possibilities to develop products, services, processes or organizations. Management of the technology concerns all of those activities from technical invention to commercial application. Management of the technologic innovation process is the more challenging the more technology is involved in a process. Researches of the technological innovations are seldom concern the implementation of early phases and especially in product manufacturing company. Still there are research and development activities. Therefore the purpose of this research is to develop the pattern for implementation of research and development phases in technological innovation process. This study focuses the main elements of the technological innovation management and main obstacles and drivers. This study also focuses decision making and the other influencing elements of the decision making. The research design of this explorative research applies a qualitative research strategy where a case study method is utilized to collect and analyze the data. The study consisted of a single case to utilize of technological ideas and possibilities. The selected case company was the product manufacturing company which didn’t have own technological research and development organization. The case was a process which was analyzed from two different perspectives. The main unit of analysis was the whole process. The data collecting method of this study included semi-structured and open interviews, participant-observations and experimental tests. Analyzing the case data relies on the theoretical propositions of the framework based on the previous research. Based on this research the key elements of the research and development phases in technological innovation process were technical expertise and preliminary investigation. The obstacles and drivers in the R&D phases by the case were management of the whole process and resources and knowing objectives of process and learning during the process. In addition to the result of the research was the feature of decision making to optimize used time. The findings of this study gave further insight implementation of the technological innovation in the product manufacturing company. The research was based a single case which means the results cannot be generalized to different companies or industry fields. Therefore the results generalizing require further research with multiple researchers.

Influence of Institutional Environment on Companies’ Innovation Activity

At the time of moving towards knowledge-based economy, countries pay much attention to innovations by making them a central issue in countries’ innovation policy development. Innovations are influenced much by the institutional environment, in which they are created. That is why exploration of National Innovation Systems, as an important part of such an environment, became central in works of different researchers all over the world.

The Digital Book as a Disruptive Innovation

Whether digital book will become the dominant design of books and be a widely accepted format for reading is a question that is currently asked by every e-publisher, publishing industry worker and many book consumers. This study is the first to holistically approach Christensen’s disruptive innovation theory for an instrument of measuring the phenomenon of the digital book. The disruptiveness of an innovation could be measured by it’s disruptive potential and the disruption process it passes. The empirical part of the thesis is designed so to investigate the digital book‘s features as an innovation for disruptive potential and then the current digital book market, monitoring it for disruption processes. Proving that the digital book is a disruptive innovation may allow understanding it’s prospects and even help in making a pattern of the innovation’s market infiltration in the future. The framework created for answering the research question could also be used in a similar way to analyze other E-publishing products (e.g. e-newspapers, emagazines).

Tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttaminen teknologisessa innovaatioprosessissa

Teknologiset muutokset ovat kautta aikojen luoneet uusia haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia tuotteiden, palveluiden, prosessien tai organisaatioiden kehittämiseen. Teknologian johtaminen tarkoittaa kaikki niitä toimia, joiden avulla teknologisesta keksinnöstä saadaan kaupallinen sovellus. Teknologisen innovaatioprosessin johtaminen on, sitä haasteellisempaa, mitä enemmän siinä on mukana teknologiaa. Harvoin teknologisten innovaatioiden tutkimukset ovat kohdistuneet prosessin varhaisen vaiheen toteutukseen ja erityisesti tuotannolliseen toimintaan keskittyvissä yrityksissä, vaikka kaikissa tuotteita valmistavissa teollisuuksissa tapahtuu tutkimus- ja kehitystyötä. Siksi tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kehittää toimintamalli teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttamiselle. Tutkimus keskittyy teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tärkeimpiin elementteihin johtamisen ja prosessin kannalta sekä sen estäviin ja edistäviin tekijöihin. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös päätöksentekoa ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkimus oli kartoittava ja sillä oli laadullinen tutkimusstrategia. Tarkempi tutkimusmenetelmä kerätä ja analysoida tutkimustietoa oli tapaustutkimus. Tämä tutkimus perustui yhteen tapaukseen teknologisten ideoiden ja mahdollisuuksien hyödyntämisestä. Valittu tapausyritys oli tuotteita valmistava yritys, jolla ei ollut varsinaista tutkimus- ja kehitysorganisaatiota teknologian kehittämistä varten. Itse tapaus oli prosessi, jota analysoitiin kahdesta eri näkökulmasta, mutta primääri analysointiyksikkö oli koko prosessi. Aineiston hankintamenetelmät olivat puolistrukturoidut ja avoimet haastattelut, osallistuva havainnointi ja kokeelliset tutkimukset. Aineiston analysointi perustui aikaisemmin tutkimuksen yhteydessä rakennettuun teoreettiseen viitekehykseen. Teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen tärkeimmät elementit tutkimuksen mukaan olivat oman teknologian asiantuntemus ja esitutkimusvaihe. Tekijät, jotka tutkimuksen mukaan estivät ja edistivät T&K -vaiheen onnistumista, olivat koko prosessin ja resurssien johtaminen sekä tietoisuus prosessin tavoitteista ja prosessin aikainen oppiminen. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin myös päätöksentekoon liittyvä ominaisuus optimoida siihen käytettävää aikaa. Tutkimuksen tulokset lisäsivät näkemystä teknologisten innovaatioiden toteuttamisesta tuotteita valmistavassa yrityksessä. Tutkimus perustui yhteen tapaukseen, minkä vuoksi tulokset eivät ole yleistettävissä muihin yrityksiin tai toimialoihin. Tulosten yleistämistä varten tutkimuksia tulisi suorittaa lisää ja käyttää useita tutkijoita.

Projektijohtamisen prosessit ja kriittiset menestystekijät, Case Lappeenranta Innovation Oy

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa case-yrityksen vakiintuneet projektijohtamiseen liittyvät prosessit ja selvittää miten projektipäälliköt ja -koordinaattorit näkevät projektijohtamisen menestystekijät. Projektijohtamiseen liittyvän kirjallisuuden perusteella koostettiin projektijohtamisen optimiprosessi ja prosessivaiheittain listattiin myös eri menestystekijöitä. Tätä kuvausta verrattiin case-yrityksen projektijohtamisen prosessiin ja koettuihin menestystekijöihin, ja näiden pohjalta pohdittiin case-yrityksen projektijohtamisen prosessin parantamista. Projektijohtamisen prosessin lähes kaikissa vaiheissa löytyi tekijöitä, jotka ovat osatekijöitä projektin menestyksen kannalta. Yksi keskeisimpiä havaintoja oli projektin tarvelähtöisyyden merkitys projektin onnistumisessa ja projektitiimin sitoutumisessa. Kumppaneiden sitoutuminen yhtenä tärkeänä tekijänä nousi myös esille. Tutkimuksen tuloksena syntyi myös mekanismi kohdennettujen projekti-ideoiden keräämiseen hajautetussa ympäristössä.

Välittäjäorganisaation rooli innovaatioverkostossa ja sen luottamuksen rakentumisessa

Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee välittäjäorganisaation roolia innovaatioverkos-tossa ja innovaatioverkoston luottamuksen rakentumisessa. Tavoitteena on etsiä, mitkä tekijät rakentavat luottamusta innovaatioverkoston ja välit-täjäorganisaation toiminnassa sekä selvittää innovaatioverkoston ja välittäjäorganisaation luottamuksen välistä suhdetta Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena, jonka teoriaosuus koostui luottamusta rakentavista tekijöistä ja innovaatioverkoston sekä välittäjäorganisaation luottamusta tutkineesta kirjallisuudesta. Empiirinen materiaali koostui kahdeksan vuotta toimineen innovaatioverkoston jäsenten ja asiakkaiden haastatteluista ja täydentävistä kyselyistä Tutkimuksen tuloksena voidaan todeta, että luottamus perustuu yhteistyöhön ja vuorovaikutukseen, joiden tulee olla avointa, rehellistä, tasapuolista ja keskustelevaa. Välittäjäorganisaation, joka edustaa innovaatioverkostoa sen ulkopuolella, luottamuksen rakentumiseen vaikuttaa, kuinka se onnistuu roolissaan verkoston johtajana ja orkesteroijana. Innovaatioverkoston sisäinen luottamus rakentuu sen jäsenten roolikäyttäytymisestä ja siitä kuinka koko verkosto käyttäytyy.

The Role of Preannouncing In Innovation Launch Strategy

The objective of this master’s thesis was to examine the role of preannouncing in innovation launch strategy. Preannouncing was studied from three different angles that were preannouncement usage, preannouncement timing and preannouncement goals and from two different perspectives that were the firm’s internal strategy and the external circumstances. The firm’s internal strategy encompassed the product strategy the firm had chosen. The external circumstances consisted of the industry, the nature of competition and the nature of market. Additionally, the product’s performance in the short term was studied in order to be able to speak out whether it is advantageous to preannounce. The empirical study was conducted as a partial replication study. The data for the empirical part was collected with a wide mailing and Internet enquiry in October 2008 – June 2009. Sample (N = 713) consisted of Finnish firms representing different industries and innovation activities. The data collection produced 272 answers and thus, the final response rate of the study was 38.15 %. The data was analyzed by using Microsoft Excel and statistical analysis program SAS Enterprise Guide. As a conclusion, the major results indicate that even if the firms use preannouncing quite often (54.8 % of the respondents), preannouncing behavior cannot be explained by industry. However, out of other external circumstances, the customer related turbulence affects on preannouncing usage. It was also revealed that the product type has an effect on preannouncing behavior. Additionally, preannouncement timing was noticed to differ according to audiences (distributors and end users).

Curriculum innovation in teacher education : exploring conceptions among Tanzanian teacher educators

The focus of the study is to understand curriculum innovation from the perspective of Tanzanian teacher educators. It is argued that the deterioration of quality of education in schools is partly to be attributed to the way in which teachers are educated. Curriculum innovation is considered as an essential strategy for bringing about improvement in teacher education. Therefore, in 2000 a new curriculum was introduced; however, right from the inception the curriculum was criticised by teacher educators. The overall aim of the study is to investigate teacher educators’ conceptions of curriculum innovation. In the theoretical framework the main focus is on discussion about different curriculum approaches for teacher education and innovation. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a phenomenographic approach is employed. This approach is used in order to identify similarities and variation in educators’ conceptions of curriculum innovation. The empirical basis of the study consists of interviews with thirty teacher educators working in eight teachers’ colleges situated in various parts of Tanzania. The findings, in brief, reveal variation in teacher educators’ conceptions of the dominant domains of innovation. Two broad conceptions of teaching with six aspects are identified. Conceptions of educational studies are presented in four broad categories of description with four aspects. Similarly, in methodology subjects two conceptions are described with four aspects. On the integration of subject matter studies and subject methods, two broad conceptions are presented with six aspects. Conceptions of textbook prescription policy are characterised in two broad categories of description with four aspects. With the use of modules two broad conceptions are identified with six aspects. In addition, the study identifies four broad conceptions of future curriculum approaches with eight aspects. Looking across the categories of description, the results indicate that educators cope with innovation individually. Three character types of teacher educators are presented: loyal, creative and critical. Furthermore, four types of phenomena suggesting critical areas about teacher educators’ conceptions of innovation are described: educators’ prior educational background, technical factors, student teachers’ factors and shifting from teaching to learning. On the whole, educators express a number of frame factors in the process of change towards the aim of curriculum innovation. This indicates that the new curriculum (2000) is not implemented as intended by curriculum developers. Constraints to the implementation are presented and discussed in detail. From these findings, two models of educators’ stance towards curriculum innovation are presented and can be used as a framework for planning successful curriculum innovations and analysing practice in teachers’ colleges.

Innovations of ageing and societal transition : Dynamics of change of the socio-technical regime of ageing

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the dynamics of the socio-technical system in the field of ageing. The study stems from the notion that the ageing of the population as a powerful megatrend has wide societal effects, and is not just a matter for the social and health sector. The central topic in the study is change: not only the age structures and structures of society are changing, but also at the same time there is constant development, for instance, in technologies, infrastructures and cultural perceptions. The changing concept of innovation has widened the understanding of innovations related to ageing from medical and assistive technological innovations to service and social innovations, as well as systemic innovations at different levels, which means the intertwined and co-evolutionary change in technologies, structures, services and thinking models. By the same token, the perceptions of older people and old age are becoming more multi-faceted: old age is no longer equated to illnesses and decline, but visions of active ageing and a third age have emerged, which are framed by choices, opportunities, resources and consumption in later life. The research task in this study is to open up the processes and mechanisms of change in the field of ageing, which are studied as a complex, multi-level and interrelated socio-technical system. The question is about co-effective elements consisting of macro-level landscape changes, the existing socio-technical regime (the rule system, practices and structures) and bottom-up niche-innovations. Societal transitions do not account for the things inside the regime alone, or for the long-term changes in the landscape, nor for the radical innovations, but for the interplay between all these levels. The research problem is studied through five research articles, which offer micro-level case studies to macro-level phenomenon. Each of the articles focus on different aspects related to ageing and change, and utilise various datasets. The framework of this study leans on the studies of socio-technical systems and multi-level perspective on transitions mainly developed by Frank Geels. Essential factors in transition from one socio-technological regime to another are the co-evolutionary processes between landscape changes, regime level and experimental niches. Landscape level changes, like the ageing of the population, destabilise the regime in the forms of coming pressures. This destabilization offers windows for opportunity to niche-innovations outside or at fringe of the regime, which, through their breakthrough, accelerate the transition process. However, the change is not easy because of various kinds of lock-ins and inertia, which tend to maintain the stability of the regime. In this dissertation, a constructionist approach of society is applied leaning mainly to the ideas of Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration, with the dual nature of structures. The change is taking place in the interplay between actors and structures: structures shape people’s practices, but at the same time these practices constitute and reproduce social systems. Technology and other material aspects, as part of socio-technical systems, and the use of them, also take part in the structuration process. The findings of the study point out that co-evolutionary and co-effective relationships between economic, cultural, technological and institutional fields, as well as relationships between landscape changes, changes in the local and regime-level practices and rule systems, are a very complex and multi-level dynamic socio-technical phenomenon. At the landscape level of ageing, which creates the pressures and triggers to the regime change, there are three remarkable megatrends: demographic change, changes in the global economy and the development of technologies. These exert pressures to the socio-technical regime, which as a rule system is experiencing changes in the form of new markets and consumer habits, new ways of perceiving ageing, new models of organising the health care and other services and as new ways of considering innovation and innovativeness. There are also inner dynamics in the relationships between these aspects within the regime. These are interrelated and coconstructed: the prevailing perceptions of ageing and innovation, for instance, reflect the ageing policies, innovation policies, societal structures, organising models, technology and scientific discussion, and vice versa. Technology is part of the inner dynamics of the sociotechnological regime. Physical properties of the artefacts set limitations and opportunities with regard to their functions and uses. The use of and discussion about technology, contributes producing and reproducing the perceptions of old age. For societal transition, micro-level changes are also needed, in form of niche-innovations, for instance new services, organisational models or new technologies, Regimes, as stabilitystriven systems, tend to generate incremental innovations, but radically new innovations are generated in experimental niches protected from ‘normal’ market selection. The windows of opportunity for radical novelties may be opened if the circumstances are favourable for instance by tensions in the socio-technical regime affected by landscape level changes. This dissertation indicates that a change is taking place, firstly, in the dynamic interactionbetween levels, as a result of purposive action and governance to some extent. Breaking the inertia and using the window of opportunity for change and innovation offered by dynamics between levels, presupposes the actors’ special capabilities and actions such as dynamic capabilities and distance management. Secondly, the change is taking place the socio-technological negotiations inside the regime: interaction between technological and social, which is embodied in the use of technology. The use of technology includes small-level contextual scripts that also participate in forming broader societal scripts (for instance defining old age at the society level), which in their turn affect the formation of policies for innovation and ageing. Thirdly, the change is taking place by the means of active formation of the multi-actor innovation networks, where the role of distance management is crucial to facilitate the communication between actors coming from different backgrounds as well as to help the niches born outside the regime to utilise the window of opportunity offered by regime destabilisation. This dissertation has both theoretical and practical contributions. This study participates in the discussion of action-oriented view on transition by opening up of the socio-technological, coevolutionary processes of the multi-faceted phenomenon of ageing, which has lacked systematic analyses. The focus of this study, however, is not on the large-scale coordination and governance, but rather on opening up the incremental elements and structuration processes, which contribute to the transition little by little, and which can be affected to. This increases the practical importance of this dissertation, by highlighting the importance of very tiny, everyday elements in the change processes in the long run.

Accessing Research Results in the Open Information Environment

Presentation at the "Tutkimus vapaaksi verkkoon!" seminar in Helsinki, January 25, 2011

UCL Discovery: raising the Open Access profile at the institution

Presentation at the "Tutkimus vapaaksi verkkoon!" seminar in Helsinki, January 25, 2011

Analysis on firm innovation boundaries

Innovation has been widely recognized as an important driver of firm competitiveness, and the firm’s internal research and development (R&D) activities are often considered to have a critical role in innovation activities. Internal R&D is, however, not the source of innovation as firms may tap into knowledge necessary for innovation also through various types of sourcing agreements or by collaborating with other organizations. The objective of this study is to analyze the way firms go about organizing efficiently their innovation boundaries. Within this context, the analysis is focused, firstly, on the relation between innovation boundaries and firm innovation performance and, secondly, on the factors explaining innovation boundary organization. The innovation literature recognizes that the sources of innovation depend on the nature of technology but does not offer a sufficient tool for analyzing innovation boundary options and their efficiency. Thus, this study suggests incorporating insights from transaction cost economics (TCE) complemented with dynamic governance costs and benefits into the analysis. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part introduces the background of the study, research objectives, an overview of the empirical studies, and the general conclusions of the study. The second part is formed of five publications. The overall results firstly indicate that although the relation between firm innovation boundary options is partly industry sector-specific, the firm level search strategies and knowledge transfer capabilities are important for innovation performance independently of the sector. Secondly, the results show that the attributes suggested by TCE alone do not offer a sufficient explanation of innovation boundary selection, especially under conditions of high levels of (radical) uncertainty. Based on the results, the dynamic governance cost and benefit framework complements the static TCE when firm innovation boundaries are scrutinized.

Integrating eco-innovation principles into regional strategy and policy: case of Päijät-Häme region, Finland

This study focuses on the integration of eco-innovation principles into strategy and policy at the regional level. The importance of regions as a level for integrating eco-innovative programs and activities served as the point of interest for this study. Eco-innovative activities and technologies are seen as means to meet sustainable development objective of improving regions’ quality of life. This study is conducted to get an in-depth understanding and learning about eco-innovation at regional level, and to know the basic concepts that are important in integrating eco-innovation principles into regional policy. Other specific objectives of this study are to know how eco-innovation are developed and practiced in the regions of the EU, and to analyze the main characteristic features of an eco-innovation model that is specifically developed at Päijät-Häme Region in Finland. Paijät-Häme Region is noted for its successful eco-innovation strategies and programs, hence, taken as casework in this study. Both primary (interviews) and secondary data (publicly available documents) are utilized in this study. The study shows that eco-innovation plays an important role in regional strategy as reviewed based on the experience of other regions in the EU. This is because of its localized nature which makes it easier to facilitate in a regional setting. Since regional authorities and policy-makers are normally focused on solving its localized environmental problems, eco-innovation principles can easily be integrated into regional strategy. The case study highlights Päijät-Häme Region’s eco-innovation strategies and projects which are characterized by strong connection of knowledge-producing institutions. Policy instruments supporting eco-innovation (e.g. environmental technologies) are very much focused on clean technologies, hence, justifying the formation of cleantech clusters and business parks in Päijät-Häme Region. A newly conceptualized SAMPO model of eco-innovation has been developed in Päijät-Häme Region to better capture the region’s characteristics and to eventually replace the current model employed by the Päijät-Häme Regional Authority. The SAMPO model is still under construction, however, review of its principles points to some of its three important spearheads – practice-based innovation, design (eco-design) and clean technology or environmental technology (environment).

Regional innovation strategies and sustainability in selected EU countries

This study focuses on regional innovation strategy (RIS) and sustainability aspects in selected regions of European Union (EU) countries. It is known that RIS helps a region to innovate locally and to compete globally and it is considered as one of the main policy tools of the EU for innovation support at a regional level. This study is conducted to explore the existence and adoption of RIS in different regions of selected EU countries, and to highlight and compare regional RIS characteristics. The study is also aimed at identifying the factors that characterise the formulation and implementation of RIS as well as the problems associated thereof. In this study, six regions of EU countries are considered: Päijät-Häme Region (Finland); London Region (United Kingdom); Mid-West Region (Ireland); Veneto Region (Italy); Eastern Region (Poland); and West Region (Romania). Data and information are collected by sending questionnaires to the respective regional authorities of these selected regions. Based on the gathered information and analysis, RIS or equivalent strategy document serves as a blueprint for forwarding innovative programmes towards regional sustainability. The objectives of RIS in these regions are found to be dependent on the priority sectors and state of the region’s development. The current environmental sustainability aspects are focused on eco-design, eco-products, and eco-innovation, although each region also has its own specific aspects supported by RIS. Likewise, regional policies typically follow the RIS yet translated in various sectoral focus or priority areas. The main enhancing factors supporting RIS among selected regions have some similarities and variations; among others, some regions are strongly supported by EU while others have support from own regional agencies, organisations and professional networks. RIS implementation is not without challenges and despite the differences in challenges, almost all of reviewed regions consider financial resource as a common problem. Generally, it is learned from this study that RIS and regional sustainability are reinforcing each other mutually. In this study, the strong focus is given towards environmental sustainability in the regions although regional sustainability also includes economic and social aspects. A well-focused and prioritised RIS is beneficial for regional sustainable development.