Costs and Benefits of a Shared Digital Long-Term Preservation System

Paper presented at the 40th Annual Conference of LIBER (Ligue des Bibliothèques Européennes de Recherche - Association of European Research Libraries) on July 1st, 2011; with the slides used at the presentation.

Kiinteistön elinkaarihankkeen rahoitus ja riskit

Julkisen sektorin kiinteistötuotannossa toteutetaan kasvavassa määrin julkisen ja yksityisen sektorin yhteistyötä, jossa yksityinen yritys ottaa vastuun kiinteistöön liittyvistä suunnittelu-, rakentamis- ja ylläpitotoimista pitkäksi ajanjaksoksi. Työn tavoitteena on arvioida elinkaarimallilla toteuttavien kiinteistöhankkeiden toteutusvaihtoehdot, sekä kartoittaa elinkaarihankkeen sisältämiä riskejä hankkeen suunnitteluvaiheessa. Tutkimus suoritetaan kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena, jota tuetaan tarvittavilla kvantitatiivista tietoa hyödyntävillä laskelmilla. Tutkimusaineistona käytetään aihepiiriin liittyviä akateemisia julkaisuja ja oppikirjoja. Työn toimeksiantajan YIT:n kautta tutkimukseen on saatu arvokasta asiantuntemusta ja materiaalia. Elinkaarihankkeiden hankintamenettelyksi suositellaan kilpailullista neuvottelumenettelyä. Kilpailullinen neuvottelumenettely mahdollistaa tilaajan ja palveluntuottajien välisen dialogin hankintamenettelyn aikana, jolloin osapuolet voivat yhteistyössä valita sopivimman toteutusmallin. Hankkeiden rahoitus voidaan toteuttaa tilaajan rahoituksella tai yksityisrahoituksella. Rahoituksen näkökulmasta tilaajan oma rahoitus on edullisin, mikä ei kuitenkaan vähennä elinkaarimallista saatavia etuja perinteiseen urakointiin verrattuna. Laskelman perusteella tilaajan rahoituksen ja yksityisrahoituksen keskimääräisessä korkotasossa (WACC) on eroa 2,8 %. Projektiyhtiön perustaminen tekee rahoituksesta entistä kalliimpaa, koska taseeseen kohdistuviin kustannuksiin lisätään projektiyhtiön oman pääoman tuottovaatimusta vastaava korko. Palveluntuottajan kannalta olennaiset riskit ovat rakennusvaiheen viivästyminen, kiinteistön käytettävyyden ja soveltuvuuden puutteista aiheutuvat muutostyöt. Palvelumaksun sitominen huonosti ylläpidon todellista kulurakennetta kuvaavaan elinkustannusindeksiin tulee pitkällä sopimuskaudella vähentämään palveluntuottajan toiminnan kannattavuutta. Kiinteistön ylläpidon kustannusindeksi on vuosina 2005–2011 noussut 2,3 % nopeammin vuodessa kuin elinkustannusindeksi.

Costs and Benefits of a Shared Digital Long-Term Preservation System

This paper describes the cost-benefit analysis of digital long-term preservation (LTP) that was carried out in the context of the Finnish National Digital Library Project (NDL) in 2010. The analysis was based on the assumption that as many as 200 archives, libraries, and museums will share an LTP system. The term ‘system’ shall be understood as encompassing not only information technology, but also human resources, organizational structures, policies and funding mechanisms. The cost analysis shows that an LTP system will incur, over the first 12 years, cumulative costs of €42 million, i.e. an average of €3.5 million per annum. Human resources and investments in information technology are the major cost factors. After the initial stages, the analysis predicts annual costs of circa €4 million. The analysis compared scenarios with and without a shared LTP system. The results indicate that a shared system will have remarkable benefits. At the development and implementation stages, a shared system shows an advantage of €30 million against the alternative scenario consisting of five independent LTP solutions. During the later stages, the advantage is estimated at €10 million per annum. The cumulative cost benefit over the first 12 years would amount to circa €100 million.

Design Aspects of Megawatt-Range Direct-Driven Permanent MagnetWind Generators

Direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator is one of the most promising topologies for megawatt-range wind power applications. The rotational speed of the direct-driven generator is very low compared with the traditional electrical machines. The low rotational speed requires high torque to produce megawatt-range power. The special features of the direct-driven generators caused by the low speed and high torque are discussed in this doctoral thesis. Low speed and high torque set high demands on the torque quality. The cogging torque and the load torque ripple must be as low as possible to prevent mechanical failures. In this doctoral thesis, various methods to improve the torque quality are compared with each other. The rotor surface shaping, magnet skew, magnet shaping, and the asymmetrical placement of magnets and stator slots are studied not only by means of torque quality, but also the effects on the electromagnetic performance and manufacturability of the machine are discussed. The heat transfer of the direct-driven generator must be designed to handle the copper losses of the stator winding carrying high current density and to keep the temperature of the magnets low enough. The cooling system of the direct-driven generator applying the doubly radial air cooling with numerous radial cooling ducts was modeled with a lumped-parameter-based thermal network. The performance of the cooling system was discussed during the steady and transient states. The effect of the number and width of radial cooling ducts was explored. The large number of radial cooling ducts drastically increases the impact of the stack end area effects, because the stator stack consists of numerous substacks. The effects of the radial cooling ducts on the effective axial length of the machine were studied by analyzing the crosssection of the machine in the axial direction. The method to compensate the magnet end area leakage was considered. The effect of the cooling ducts and the stack end area effects on the no-load voltages and inductances of the machine were explored by using numerical analysis tools based on the three-dimensional finite element method. The electrical efficiency of the permanent magnet machine with different control methods was estimated analytically over the whole speed and torque range. The electrical efficiencies achieved with the most common control methods were compared with each other. The stator voltage increase caused by the armature reaction was analyzed. The effect of inductance saturation as a function of load current was implemented to the analytical efficiency calculation.

CFD Modelling of Direct Contact Condensation in Suppression Pools by Applying Condensation Models of Separated Flow

The condensation rate has to be high in the safety pressure suppression pool systems of Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) in order to fulfill their safety function. The phenomena due to such a high direct contact condensation (DCC) rate turn out to be very challenging to be analysed either with experiments or numerical simulations. In this thesis, the suppression pool experiments carried out in the POOLEX facility of Lappeenranta University of Technology were simulated. Two different condensation modes were modelled by using the 2-phase CFD codes NEPTUNE CFD and TransAT. The DCC models applied were the typical ones to be used for separated flows in channels, and their applicability to the rapidly condensing flow in the condensation pool context had not been tested earlier. A low Reynolds number case was the first to be simulated. The POOLEX experiment STB-31 was operated near the conditions between the ’quasi-steady oscillatory interface condensation’ mode and the ’condensation within the blowdown pipe’ mode. The condensation models of Lakehal et al. and Coste & Lavi´eville predicted the condensation rate quite accurately, while the other tested ones overestimated it. It was possible to get the direct phase change solution to settle near to the measured values, but a very high resolution of calculation grid was needed. Secondly, a high Reynolds number case corresponding to the ’chugging’ mode was simulated. The POOLEX experiment STB-28 was chosen, because various standard and highspeed video samples of bubbles were recorded during it. In order to extract numerical information from the video material, a pattern recognition procedure was programmed. The bubble size distributions and the frequencies of chugging were calculated with this procedure. With the statistical data of the bubble sizes and temporal data of the bubble/jet appearance, it was possible to compare the condensation rates between the experiment and the CFD simulations. In the chugging simulations, a spherically curvilinear calculation grid at the blowdown pipe exit improved the convergence and decreased the required cell count. The compressible flow solver with complete steam-tables was beneficial for the numerical success of the simulations. The Hughes-Duffey model and, to some extent, the Coste & Lavi´eville model produced realistic chugging behavior. The initial level of the steam/water interface was an important factor to determine the initiation of the chugging. If the interface was initialized with a water level high enough inside the blowdown pipe, the vigorous penetration of a water plug into the pool created a turbulent wake which invoked the chugging that was self-sustaining. A 3D simulation with a suitable DCC model produced qualitatively very realistic shapes of the chugging bubbles and jets. The comparative FFT analysis of the bubble size data and the pool bottom pressure data gave useful information to distinguish the eigenmodes of chugging, bubbling, and pool structure oscillations.

Hevonen irtaimen kaupan tapauksena - laatuvirhe ja siihen varautuminen

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan hevoskauppaa ja sen erityispiirteitä suhtees-sa irtaimen kauppaa säätelevään lainsäädäntöön. Tavoitteena on tuoda esiin hevosesta johtuvia erityispiirteitä ja pohtia sovellettavan lainsäädän-nön soveltuvuutta hevosen kauppaan. Tarkastelu kohdentuu erityisesti hevoselle ominaisiin laatuvirheen muotoihin, kuten sairauksiin ja fyysisiin vikoihin. Lisäksi tarkastellaan, miten esiin nostettuihin erityispiirteisiin on varauduttu hevoskauppaan tarkoitetuissa kauppasopimusmalleissa. Hevoskauppaan pätee sama lainsäädäntö kuin minkä tahansa muun ir-taimen tavaran kauppaan. Virheeseen varautuminen yksityiskohtaisesti sopimalla korostuu hevoskaupassa, koska täydellistä ja virheetöntä hevosta ei ole olemassakaan. Myyjän näkökulmasta onnistuneessa kauppaprosessissa neuvotellaan virheen mahdollisuus niin pieneksi kuin se on mahdollista. Tähän instrumentit antavat lainsäädäntö ja erityisesti sopimusoikeudelliset keinot. Ostajan näkökulmasta onnistuneessa kaupassa hän on kyennyt asiantuntijoihin tukeutuen tunnistamaan ennalta hevosen viat ja muut epämieluisat ominaisuudet. Nämä tiedostaen ostaja määrittää, mitä virheitä on valmis hyväksymään. Hevoskaupassa riidan välittömät ja välilliset kustannukset suhteessa maksettuun kauppahintaan voivat nousta korkeiksi. Hevoskaupassa usein ainoa kirjallinen dokumentti on omistajanvaihdosilmoitus, eikä kauppasopimuksen laatiminen kirjallisena ole itsestäänselvyys. Yksinomaan hevoskauppaan liittyvien juridisten kysymysten tekeminen näkyväksi on tärkeää. Irtaimen kauppaa säätelevä lainsäädäntö ei kuitenkaan tunnista riittävällä tarkkuudella hevosen erityispiirteitä persoonaesineenä, vaan väliin tarvi-taan vakiosopimusten kaltaisia apuvälineitä kaupan osapuolten tueksi.

Marketing-Sales Cooperation and its Relation on Direct Sales Performance: an Example of a Medium-sized Oil Company

The study touches upon marketing-sales departments’ cooperation and investigates marketing-sales cooperative model within the case company. So that research increases understanding of linkages between Marketing and Sales departments with an illustrative example of Russian medium-sized oil company (LLC Neste St. Petersburg), the subsidiary of Finnish-based Neste Oil. The empirical study is done from marketing and sales perspectives. And for sales main attention was brought to direct sales, both B2B and B2C. Research considers all five domains of cooperation, and among others, study reveals the attitude towards external (market) and internal (product) knowledge, and its mutual use by marketing and sales managers. A qualitative research method, participant observations, and in-depth interviews with upper-management made it possible to explore all facets of joint work. Moreover, research responses the changes in a model of cooperation between marketing and sales when moving from medium size to large company.

Qualitative Characteristics and Quantitative Measures of Solution's Reliability in Discrete Optimization: Traditional Analytical Approaches, Innovative Computational Methods and Applicability

The purpose of this thesis is twofold. The first and major part is devoted to sensitivity analysis of various discrete optimization problems while the second part addresses methods applied for calculating measures of solution stability and solving multicriteria discrete optimization problems. Despite numerous approaches to stability analysis of discrete optimization problems two major directions can be single out: quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative sensitivity analysis is conducted for multicriteria discrete optimization problems with minisum, minimax and minimin partial criteria. The main results obtained here are necessary and sufficient conditions for different stability types of optimal solutions (or a set of optimal solutions) of the considered problems. Within the framework of quantitative direction various measures of solution stability are investigated. A formula for a quantitative characteristic called stability radius is obtained for the generalized equilibrium situation invariant to changes of game parameters in the case of the H¨older metric. Quality of the problem solution can also be described in terms of robustness analysis. In this work the concepts of accuracy and robustness tolerances are presented for a strategic game with a finite number of players where initial coefficients (costs) of linear payoff functions are subject to perturbations. Investigation of stability radius also aims to devise methods for its calculation. A new metaheuristic approach is derived for calculation of stability radius of an optimal solution to the shortest path problem. The main advantage of the developed method is that it can be potentially applicable for calculating stability radii of NP-hard problems. The last chapter of the thesis focuses on deriving innovative methods based on interactive optimization approach for solving multicriteria combinatorial optimization problems. The key idea of the proposed approach is to utilize a parameterized achievement scalarizing function for solution calculation and to direct interactive procedure by changing weighting coefficients of this function. In order to illustrate the introduced ideas a decision making process is simulated for three objective median location problem. The concepts, models, and ideas collected and analyzed in this thesis create a good and relevant grounds for developing more complicated and integrated models of postoptimal analysis and solving the most computationally challenging problems related to it.

Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Detection Technology in Screening for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Control of the world-wide spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been unsuccessful in most developed countries. A few countries have been able to maintain a low MRSA prevalence, plausibly due to their strict MRSA control policies. Such policies require wide-scale screening of patients with suspected MRSA colonization, in order to nurse the MRSA-positive patients in contact isolation. The aim of this study was to develop and introduce a 2-photon excited fluorescence detection (TPX) technique for screening of MRSA directly from clinical samples. The assay principle involves specific online immunometric monitoring of S. aureus growth under selective antibiotic pressure. After the novel TPX approach had been set up, its applicability for the detection of MRSA was evaluated using a large MRSA collection including practically all epidemic MRSA strains identified in Finland between 1991 and 2009. The TPX assay was found both sensitive (97.9%) and specific (94.1%) in this epidemiological setting, illustrating that the method is tolerant to wide biological variation as well as to environments with rapidly emerging MRSA strains. When MRSA was screened directly from colonization samples, all patients positive for MRSA by conventional methods were positive also by the TPX assay. The assay capacity was 48 samples per a test run, and the median time required for confirmation of a true-positive screening test result was 3 h 26 min. Collectively, the findings presented in this thesis suggest that the TPX MRSA screening assay could be applicable for direct screening of MRSA colonization samples without any prior steps of isolation. This can potentially mean that contact isolation of suspected carriers testing negative could be discontinued earlier, thereby reducing the costs and burden associated with the containment of MRSA. In case of infection, a positive test result would ensure an early onset of effective therapy.

Effects of a Financial Transaction Tax - Do Transaction Costs Lower Volatility?: A Literature Review

In this literature review the theorethical framework of Financial transaction taxes and their assumed effect on market volatility is assessed. The empirical evidence from various studies is compared against the theory and a simple empirical review of the Finnish stock market is conducted. The findings implicate that financial transaction taxes can not reduce volatility and their actual effect on markets is dependend by many other factors as well. Some evidence even suggests that transactions taxes may actually raise volatility.

Combination of catalyst development and chemical reaction engineering : a key aspect to improve the hydrogen peroxide direct synthesis

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Safety study of hydrogen peroxide direct synthesis

Kandidaatintyön johdantokappaleessa esitellään vetyperoksidi ja mihin sitä käytetään teollisuudessa. Työssä vertaillaan antrakinoniprosessia ja suoraa prosessia sekä selvitetään nykyisin enemmän vetyperoksidituotantoon käytetyn antrakinoniprosessin ongelmakohdat ja osoitetaan, miksi suora synteesi vetyperoksidin tuotannossa olisi parempi vaihtoehto. Kandidaatintyön käsittelee suurilta osin turvallisuusongelmia, joita esiintyy suoran synteesin yhteydessä. Kirjallisuudesta on etsitty ratkaisuja näihin ongelmiin, kuten membraaniprosessin käyttöä räjähdysvaaran välttämiseksi. Pienemmän reaktorin eli ns. mikroreaktorin käyttö tuo mukanaan monia etuja vetyperoksidin tuotantoon. Tällöin prosessi on turvallisempi ja sitä on helpompi hallita. Mikroreaktorissa voidaan käyttää korkeampia lämpötiloja ja paineita kuin makroreaktorilla ilman, että räjähdysvaara prosessissa kasvaisi. Mikroreaktorin sisällä olevat mikrokanavat luovat turvallisen ympäristön synteesille. Aspen plus – simulointiohjelmalla mallinnettiin ja simulointiin suoran prosessin kriittisiä virtoja mikroreaktorissa. Tarkoituksena oli löytää virrat, joissa kulkee mahdollisesti räjähtävä kaasuseos. Kaasumaiset prosessivirrat ovat kriittisimmät vetyperoksidin suorassa synteesissä, koska ne aiheuttavat todennäköisemmin räjähdyksen kuin nestemäiset prosessivirrat. Kaikkein eniten prosessiturvallisuutta uhkaavat ainevirrat ennen ja jälkeen mikroreaktoria.

Vieraslajien torjunta Lounais-Suomessa : Hyvät käytännöt

Puutarhoista karanneet jättiputket, jättipalsami ja kurtturuusu ovat levinneet laajalti luontoon koko Suomessa. Nämä lajit ovat luonnon monimuotoisuutta ja elinympäristöjen viihtyisyyttä uhkaavia vieraslajeja. Jättiputket uhkaavat myös suoraan ihmisen terveyttä. Lounais-Suomessa aloitettiin näiden lajien järjestelmällinen kartoitus ja käytännön torjunta jo vuodesta 2008 alkaen. Aiemmista vieraslajihankkeista vuosina 2008-2010 on saatu merkittävästi tietoa jättiputkien, jättipalsamin ja kurtturuusun torjunnasta. Hankkeissa testattiin erilaisia torjuntamenetelmiä, kuten kasvien kitkentää, kaivamista juurineen, peittämistä pressuilla ja kemiallista käsittelyä. Hankkeissa seurattiin eri torjuntatapojen tehokkuutta ja laskettiin niiden kustannuksia. Myös torjuntatyön järjestämisen eri tapoja, kuten urakointi, torjuntatiimi ja talkoot, on seurattu ja niiden kustannuksia arvioitu. Tämä raportti esittää Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen toiminta-alueella saatuja kokemuksia ja paikallisesti hyväksi havaittuja toimia jättiputkien, jättipalsamin ja kurtturuusun leviämisen estämisessä, myös vieraslajien torjunnasta aiheutuneita kustannuksia. Toivomme, että raportti antaa eväitä vieraskasvilajien torjunnan suunnitteluun muilla alueilla ja auttaa arvioimaan toimintaan liittyviä kustannuksia. Raportti on osa Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa ja useamman organisaation yhteistyönä toteuttamaa Havina-hanketta (Haitallisten vieraslajien hallinta ja tietoisuuden lisääminen).