Memristive Computing

Memristive computing refers to the utilization of the memristor, the fourth fundamental passive circuit element, in computational tasks. The existence of the memristor was theoretically predicted in 1971 by Leon O. Chua, but experimentally validated only in 2008 by HP Labs. A memristor is essentially a nonvolatile nanoscale programmable resistor — indeed, memory resistor — whose resistance, or memristance to be precise, is changed by applying a voltage across, or current through, the device. Memristive computing is a new area of research, and many of its fundamental questions still remain open. For example, it is yet unclear which applications would benefit the most from the inherent nonlinear dynamics of memristors. In any case, these dynamics should be exploited to allow memristors to perform computation in a natural way instead of attempting to emulate existing technologies such as CMOS logic. Examples of such methods of computation presented in this thesis are memristive stateful logic operations, memristive multiplication based on the translinear principle, and the exploitation of nonlinear dynamics to construct chaotic memristive circuits. This thesis considers memristive computing at various levels of abstraction. The first part of the thesis analyses the physical properties and the current-voltage behaviour of a single device. The middle part presents memristor programming methods, and describes microcircuits for logic and analog operations. The final chapters discuss memristive computing in largescale applications. In particular, cellular neural networks, and associative memory architectures are proposed as applications that significantly benefit from memristive implementation. The work presents several new results on memristor modeling and programming, memristive logic, analog arithmetic operations on memristors, and applications of memristors. The main conclusion of this thesis is that memristive computing will be advantageous in large-scale, highly parallel mixed-mode processing architectures. This can be justified by the following two arguments. First, since processing can be performed directly within memristive memory architectures, the required circuitry, processing time, and possibly also power consumption can be reduced compared to a conventional CMOS implementation. Second, intrachip communication can be naturally implemented by a memristive crossbar structure.

Soodakattiloiden ilmakanavien hyödyntäminen jäykistävänä rakenteena

Työssä tutkittiin soodakattiloiden ilmakanavien hyödyntämistä jäykistävänä rakenteena. Työssä käsiteltiin yksittäisiä jäykistämättömiä ja jäykistettyjä levykenttiä ja niiden lommahduskestävyyttä Eurokoodi standardin mukaisesti ja elementtimenetelmän avulla. Lisäksi käsiteltiin lommahduksen teoriaa ja levykenttien käyttäytymistä yleisellä tasolla erilaisilla kuormituksilla ja reunaehdoilla. Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää kuinka lommahdus tutkitaan Eurokoodin mukaisesti ja elementtimenetelmää hyödyntäen, kun levykentän kuormituksena on poikittainen kuormitus tason suuntaisen kuormituksen lisäksi. Työssä tutkittiin kahden eri elementtimenetelmään pohjautuvan ratkaisuvaihtoehdon käyttöä lommahduslaskennassa. Työssä kehitettiin Eurokoodin sovellettu yhteisvaikutuskaavan käyttö lineaarisen ominaisarvotehtävän ratkaisun lisänä, jossa otetaan huomioon painekuorman vaikutus levykentän lommahduksessa. Kehitettyä menetelmää sovellettiin ilmakanavan esimerkkirakenteen mitoituksessa.

Social tagging within task management

Social tagging evolved in response to a need to tag heterogeneous objects, the automated tagging of which is usually not feasible by current technological means. Social tagging can be used for more flexible competence management within organizations. The profiles of employees can be built in the form of groups of tags, as employees tag each other, based on their familiarity of each other’s expertise. This can serve as a replacement for the more traditional competence management approaches, which usually become outdated due to social and organizational hurdles, and obsolete data. These limitations can be overcome by people tagging, as the information revealed by such tags is usually based on most recent employee interaction and knowledge. Task management as part of personal information management aims at the support of users’ individual task handling. This can include collaborating with other individuals, sharing one’s knowledge, both functional and process-related, and distributing documents and web resources. In this context, Task patterns can be used as templates that collect information and experience around tasks associated to it during run time, facilitating agility. The effective collaboration among contributors necessitates the means to find the appropriate individuals to work with on the task, and this can be made possible by using social tagging to describe individual competencies. The goal of this study is to support finding and tagging people within task management, through the effective exploitation of the work/task context. This involves the utilization of knowledge of the workers’ expertise, nature of the task/task pattern and information available from the documents and web resources attached to the task. Vice versa, task management provides an excellent environment for social tagging due to the task context that already provides suitable tags. The study also aims at assisting users of the task management solution with the collaborative construction of light-weight ontology by inferring semantic relations between tags. The thesis project aims at an implementation of people finding & tagging within the java application for task management that consumes web services, which provide the required ontology for the organization.

Uutta tietoa Kainuun soista : Kainuun suoselvitys -projektin tulosraportti

Raportissa esitellään Kainuun suoselvitys -projektin keskeisimpiä tuloksia ja niistä vedettyjä johtopäätöksiä. Vuosina 2010–2012 toteutetun projektin tarkoituksena on ollut parantaa tietopohjaa Kainuun soista, ja sitä kautta luoda edellytyksiä soiden eri käyttömuotojen yhteensovittamiselle ja samalla nostaa esille Kainuun soihin liittyviä mahdollisuuksia. Soiden käyttö nähtiin projektissa laajasti, sisältäen paitsi erilaiset taloudellisen hyödyntämisen muodot myös soiden merkityksen ihmisten virkistykselle ja hyvinvoinnille sekä luonnon monimuotoisuudelle ja monille sääteleville toiminnoille. Taustana projektille on samaan aikaan laadittu kansallinen suostrategia. Sen mukaan soiden luonnontilaa muuttavien toimintojen, maa-, metsä- ja turvetalouden, tulisi jatkossa toimia jo ojitetuilla tai muuten merkittävästi muuttuneilla soilla. Näin soiden luonnontilaisuudesta hyötyville soiden käytön muodoille ja ekosysteemipalveluille jää paremmin tilaa toimia. Kainuu on Suomen kolmanneksi soisin maakunta. Suot ovat keskeinen osa sen luontoa ja maisemaa ja myös monipuolinen luonnonvara. Valtaosa Kainuun suopinta-alasta on ojitettu. Uutta tietoa on projektissa tuotettu paikkatietomenetelmin ja kohdennetuin maastoselvityksin. Raportin aihepiirejä ovat Kainuun soiden käyttö, jäljellä olevat ojittamattomat suot, suojeltujen soiden vesitaloudellinen eheys, metsätalouden käytöstä poistuvat ojitetut suot, soiden merkitys virkistyksen ja matkailun kannalta sekä maastossa tutkittujen 143 suon arviointi turpeennoston ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden kannalta. Raportissa esitetään, että kansallisen suostrategian tavoite soiden kestävästä ja vastuullisesta käytöstä ja suojelusta on mahdollista saavuttaa eri toimijoiden yhteistyön ja maankäytön ohjauksen avulla. Se edellyttää sitoutumista suostrategian linjauksiin sekä tietopohjan parantamista soista ja eri toimintojen vaikutuksista. Kainuun suoselvitys -projektissa on osaltaan tuotettu tätä tietoa ja myös kehitelty menetelmiä sen hankkimiseksi.

Strategic external deployment of intellectual assets

Globalization, pervasiveness of technology and ICT, and the buildup of information societies and policies have lead to a growing abundance of knowledge and highly educated labour supply that is distributed widely. These changes have shifted the foundation of competitiveness to valuable knowledge resources which are now distributed widely across the globe, across actors in the value chain and across educated individuals in multiple organizations. Against this backdrop, the paradigm of open innovation (OI) has emerged as a new response to managing the increased amount of boundary-spanning knowledge flows in and out of the innovation process. The outbound mode of open innovation, that is to say the external exploitation of knowledge assets outside of the firm’s own products and services, has been the less-researched aspect of the concept and so far typically seen as concerning the outlicensing of unused technological assets to generate additional revenue. Given that open innovation is essentially a framework for the holistic structuring and management of crossboundary knowledge flows to improve a firm’s innovative performance, a close integration to corporate strategy seems imperative in order to fully benefit from it. Integrating open innovation to strategy leads to elevating its role from a fringe activity to a central innovation management issue that needs to be systematically managed. Building a structure that allows effective management necessitates linking open innovation activities to each phase of the innovation process. Previously, the connection between outbound OI and the earlier stages of innovation has not been studied. The thesis finds that connecting outbound OI to the entire innovation process of the firm, including the fuzzy front end of innovation, is critical for attaining strategic objectives and to the successful implementation and management of the activity. The practical purpose for the research is to enable companies to fully utilize their potential for outbound open innovation and to be able to implement and manage it from a strategic standpoint.

Cyber warfare

A postgraduate seminar series with a title Cyber Warfare held at the Department of Military Technology of the National Defence University in the fall of 2012. This book is a collection of some of talks that were presented in the seminar. The papers address computer network defence in military cognitive networks, computer network exploitation, non-state actors in cyberspace operations, offensive cyber-capabilities against critical infrastructure and adapting the current national defence doctrine to cyber domain. This set of papers tries to give some insight to current issues of the cyber warfare. The seminar has always made a publication of the papers but this has been an internal publication of the Finnish Defence Forces and has not hindered publication of the papers in international conferences. Publication of these papers in peer reviewed conferences has indeed been always the goal of the seminar, since it teaches writing conference level papers. We still hope that an internal publication in the department series is useful to the Finnish Defence Forces by offering an easy access to these papers.

Tietoperusteinen päätöksenteon prosessi

Yhteiskunnan tietovaltaistumisen seurauksena ovat julkisten organisaati-oiden toimintaympäristöt monimutkaistuneet ja luoneet haasteita tiedon käyttämiselle päätöksenteon prosessissa sekä sen tukena. Tämän tutki-muksen aiheena oleva tietoon perustuva päätöksenteon prosessi sekä sen vaiheiden sujuvuus ovat strategisesti merkittäviä kaikessa päätöksen-teossa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena, jonka empiirinen osuus suoritettiin tapaustutkimuksena kunnallisessa organisaatiossa. Haastatteluaineisto kerättiin kunnallisen päätöksenteon ylintä päätäntävaltaa käyttäviltä kaupunginvaltuutetuilta. Tutkimuksen mukaan tietoperusteisen päätöksenteon prosessin vaiheita ovat tavoitteen ja päämäärän asettaminen, vaihtoehtojen asettaminen, vaihtoehtojen ja niiden vaikutuksien arvioiminen, päätöksen tekeminen sekä päätöksen vaikutuksien arvioiminen. Tiedon käyttäminen keskittyy vaihtoehtojen asettamiseen sekä vaihtoehtojen ja niiden vaikutuksien arvioimiseen tiedon hankkimisen ja hyödyntämisen kautta. Monitahoisuus ja -ulotteisuus sekä subjektiivisuus ja kontekstisidonnaisuus vaikuttavat merkittävästi tietoperusteisen päätöksenteon prosessin vaiheisiin.

Hydraulisen puomin avoimen piirin koordinaattiohjaus paine-ero-tilavuusvirta-approksimaation avulla

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli kehittää mahdollisimman hyvä koordinaattiohjaus. Sen tuli olla jälkiasennettavissa perinteisen ohjauksen rinnalle työkoneisiin, joissa on käytetty sähköohjattuja proportionaaliventtiileitä. Työssä keskityttiin tutkimaan suuntaventtiilin yli vallitsevasta paine-erosta saatavan tilavuusvirtatiedon hyödyntämistä ohjauksessa. Työn ensimmäisessä vaiheessa koordinaattiohjaus toteutettiin käyttäen 0-peittoisilla karoilla ja karan asematakaisinkytkennällä varustettuja suuntaventtiileitä. Hydrauliseen kuristukseen perustuen saatiin paine-erosta käyttökelpoista tilavuusvirtasignaalia ja koordinaattiohjauksen liikeradan seurannassa oli parhaimmillaan vain 3 cm:n virhe koenosturin työliikkeen pituudella. Toisessa vaiheessa käytettiin työkoneissa yleisesti esiintyvää positiivisin karapeitoin varustettua mobiiliventtiilistöä, jossa oli karakohtaiset painekompensaattorit. Painekompensaattoreiden takia ei paine-eron mittaaminen puhtaasti suuntaventtiilin karan yli ollut mahdollista, jonka takia tyydyttiin koordinaattiohjaus toteuttamaan ilman paineen mittausta luottaen painekompensaattoreiden toimintaan. Käytetyn venttiilistön kavitoinninestotoiminnon huomiointi ohjauksessa jäi ratkaisematta ja se ohitettiin vastusvastaventtiileiden avulla. Koordinaattiohjauksen tarkkuus mobiiliventtiileillä oli vaatimaton ja tulosten toistettavuus heikko. Tulosten perusteella todettiin avoimellakin koordinaattiohjauksella olevan mahdollista saavuttaa lupaava tarkkuus ammattikuljettajiin verrattuna. Mobiiliventtiilistöön liittyvät, työn aikana esiinnousseet epäkohdat olisi ratkaistava ennen käytettyjen menetelmien soveltamista käytännön kohteisiin.

Fuzzy ontology for knowledge mobilisation and decision support

A growing concern for organisations is how they should deal with increasing amounts of collected data. With fierce competition and smaller margins, organisations that are able to fully realize the potential in the data they collect can gain an advantage over the competitors. It is almost impossible to avoid imprecision when processing large amounts of data. Still, many of the available information systems are not capable of handling imprecise data, even though it can offer various advantages. Expert knowledge stored as linguistic expressions is a good example of imprecise but valuable data, i.e. data that is hard to exactly pinpoint to a definitive value. There is an obvious concern among organisations on how this problem should be handled; finding new methods for processing and storing imprecise data are therefore a key issue. Additionally, it is equally important to show that tacit knowledge and imprecise data can be used with success, which encourages organisations to analyse their imprecise data. The objective of the research conducted was therefore to explore how fuzzy ontologies could facilitate the exploitation and mobilisation of tacit knowledge and imprecise data in organisational and operational decision making processes. The thesis introduces both practical and theoretical advances on how fuzzy logic, ontologies (fuzzy ontologies) and OWA operators can be utilized for different decision making problems. It is demonstrated how a fuzzy ontology can model tacit knowledge which was collected from wine connoisseurs. The approach can be generalised and applied also to other practically important problems, such as intrusion detection. Additionally, a fuzzy ontology is applied in a novel consensus model for group decision making. By combining the fuzzy ontology with Semantic Web affiliated techniques novel applications have been designed. These applications show how the mobilisation of knowledge can successfully utilize also imprecise data. An important part of decision making processes is undeniably aggregation, which in combination with a fuzzy ontology provides a promising basis for demonstrating the benefits that one can retrieve from handling imprecise data. The new aggregation operators defined in the thesis often provide new possibilities to handle imprecision and expert opinions. This is demonstrated through both theoretical examples and practical implementations. This thesis shows the benefits of utilizing all the available data one possess, including imprecise data. By combining the concept of fuzzy ontology with the Semantic Web movement, it aspires to show the corporate world and industry the benefits of embracing fuzzy ontologies and imprecision.

Geo-enabling repositories - techniques, tools, and challenges

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Cooperative strategy in emerging markets - analysis of interfirm r&d cooperation and performance in Russian manufacturing companies

Emerging markets have come to play a significant role in the world, not only due to their strong economic growth but because they have been able to foster an increasing number of innovative high technology oriented firms. However, as the markets continue to change and develop, there remain many companies in emerging markets that struggle with their competitiveness and innovativeness. To improve competitive capabilities, many scholars have come to favor interfirm cooperation, which is perceived to help companies access new knowledge and complementary resources and, by so doing, enables them to catch up quickly with Western competitors. Regardless of numerous attempts by strategic management scholars, the research field remains very fragmented and lacks understanding on how and when interfirm cooperation contributes to firm performance and competiveness in emerging markets. Furthermore, the reasons why interfirm R&D sometimes succeeds but fails at other times frequently remain unidentified. This thesis combines the extant literature on competitive and cooperative strategy, dynamic capabilities, and R&D cooperation while studying interfirm R&D relationships in and between Russian manufacturing companies. Employing primary survey data, the thesis presents numerous novel findings regarding the effect of R&D cooperation and different types of R&D partner on firms’ exploration and exploitation performance. Utilizing a competitive strategy framework enables these effects to be explained in more detail, and especially why interfirm cooperation, regardless of its potential, has had a modest effect on the general competitiveness of emerging market firms. This thesis contributes especially to the strategic management literature and presents a more holistic perspective on the usefulness of cooperative strategy in emerging markets. It provides a framework through which it is possible to assess the potential impacts of different R&D cooperation partners and to clarify the causal relationships between cooperation, performance, and long term competitiveness.

PK-yrityksen omistajanvaihdos tietojohtamisen näkökulmasta – tiedon jakaminen ja absorptiivinen kapasiteetti

PK-yritysten omistajanvaihdokset koskettavat vuoteen 2020 mennessä Suomessa noin 250000 ihmistä. Yhteiskunnan kannalta on tärkeää, että vaihdokset onnistuvat ja yritykset säilyttävät kilpailukykynsä, pystyvät kehittymään, kasvamaan kannattavasti ja työllistämään lisää henkilökuntaa. Työn tavoitteena on ymmärtää ja selittää PK-yrityksen omistajanvaihdosta tietojohtamisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin vertailevana tapaustutkimuksena. Aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoiduilla teemahaastatteluilla. Luopujan hiljaisen tiedon ja jatkajan yritykseen tuoman uuden tiedon onnistunut hyödyntäminen on oleellista PK-yritysten omistajanvaihdosten onnistumisessa. Luopujan hiljaisen tiedon siirtäminen jatkajalle ylläpitää yrityksen kilpailukykyä. Jatkajan yritykseen tuoma uusi tieto puolestaan voi laukaista tiedon hankinnan, sulattamisen, muokkaamisen ja hyödyntämisen prosessin, jonka kautta yrityksen kilpailukykyä voidaan parantaa tehostamalla prosesseja tai parantamalla tuotteita ja palveluita. Yksilöiden välinen tiedon jakaminen, siirtäminen ja rakentaminen ovat prosesseja, jotka kasvattavat yrityksen absorptiivistä kapasiteettiä tehostamalla tiedon sulattamista ja muuntamista. Tätä kautta voidaan osaltaan selittää omistajanvaihdokseen liittyviä riskejä ja mahdollisuuksia.

From emerging opportunities to successful business networks – evidence from bioenergy

Increasing renewable energy utilization is a challenge that is tried to be solved in different ways. One of the most promising options for renewable energy is different biomasses, and the bioenergy field offers numerous emerging business opportunities. The actors in the field have rarely all the needed know-how and resources for exploiting these opportunities, and thus it is reasonable to seize them in cooperation. Networking is not an easy task to carry out, however, and in addition to its advantages for the firms engaged, it sets numerous challenges as well. The development of a network is a result of several steps firms need to take. In order to gain optimal advantage of their networks, firms need to weigh out with whom, why and how they should cooperate. In addition, everything does not depend on the firms themselves, as several factors in the external environment set their own enablers and barriers for cooperation. The formation of a network around a business opportunity is thus a multiphase process. The objective of this thesis is to depict this process via a step-by-step analysis and thus increase understanding on the whole development path from an entrepreneurial opportunity to a successful business network. The empirical evidence has been gathered by discussing the opportunities of animal manure refinement to biogas and forest biomass utilization for heating in Finland. The thesis comprises two parts. The first part provides an overview of the study, and the second part includes five research publications. The results reveal that it is essential to identify and analyze all the steps in the development process of a network, and several frameworks are used in the thesis to analyze these steps. The frameworks combine the views of theory and practical experiences of empirical study, and thus give new multifaceted views for the discussion on SME networking. The results indicate that the ground for cooperation should be investigated adequately by taking account of the preconditions in all the three contexts in which the actors operate: the social context, the region and the institutional environment. In case the project advances to exploitation, the assets and objectives of the actors should be paired off, which sets a need for relationships and sub-networks differing in breadth and depth. Different relationships and networks require different kinds of maintenance and management. Moreover, the actors should have the capability to change the formality or strategy of the relationships if needed. The drivers for these changes come along with the changing environment, which causes changes in the objectives of the actors and this way in the whole network. Bioenergy as the empirical field of the study represents well an industrial field with many emerging opportunities, a motley group of actors, and sensitivity for fast changes.

Targeted measures bring the greatest benefits for environmental protection in agriculture final report of the TEHO Plus project (2011–2014)

Targeted measures bring the greatest benefits for environmental protection in agriculture final report of the TEHO Plus project (2011–2014). Particular priority areas of the project activities included creating a training package for agri-environment advisers and testing it, farm-specific advisory services and exploitation of experiences of advice provision, putting together an information package of agri-environment issues, farm-level experiments, and development of water quality monitoring. The recommendations issued by advisers on targeting environmental measures were based on utilising geographical information material and nutrient balances. The project was implemented in cooperation by Southwest Finland Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, MTK-Satakunta and MTK-Varsinais-Suomi. The project received funding from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of the Environment. Participating farmers, with whom environmental advice was developed and experiments were carried out, were important partners for the project. The operating area of the project was Satakunta and Varsinais-Suomi in Southwest Finland, but its outcomes can be exploited nationally. A national perspective was ensured by close cooperation with actors in different provinces. This final report describes project experiences and outcomes including environmental advisory services, training of agri-environmental advisers, farm visits and the feedback received from farmers on agri-environmental advice, development of water quality monitoring, experiments and project work.

Deinking sludge utilization possibilities: technical, economic, and environmental assessments

This report introduces the ENPI project called “EMIR - Exploitation of Municipal and Industrial Residues” which was executed in a co-operation between Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), Saint Petersburg State University of Economics (SPbSUE), Saint Petersburg State Technical University of Plant Polymers (SPbSTUPP) and industrial partners from both Leningrad Region (LR), Russia and Finland. The main targets of the research were to identify the possibilities for deinking sludge management scenarios in co-operation with partner companies, to compare the sustainability of the alternatives, and to provide recommendations for the companies in the Leningrad Region on how to best manage deinking sludge. During the literature review, 24 deinking sludge utilization possibilities were identified, the majority falling under material recovery. Furthermore, 11 potential utilizers of deinking sludge were found within the search area determined by the transportation cost. Each potential utilizer was directly contacted in order to establish cooperation for deinking sludge utilization. Finally, four companies, namely, “Finnsementti” – a cement plant in Finland (S1), “St.Gobian Weber” – a light-weight aggregate plant in Finland (S2), “LSR-Cement” – a cement plant in LR (S3), and “Rockwool” – a stone wool plant in LR (S4) were seen as the most promising partners and were included in the economic and environmental assessments. Economic assessment using cost-benefit analysis (CBA) indicated that substitution of heavy fuel oil with dry deinking sludge in S2 was the most feasible option with a benefit/cost ratio (BCR) of 3.6 when all the sludge was utilized. At the same time, the use of 15% of the total sludge amount (the amount that could potentially be treated in the scenario) resulted in a BCR of only 0.16. The use of dry deinking sludge in the production of cement (S3) is a slightly more feasible option with a BCR of 1.1. The use of sludge in stone wool production is feasible only when all the deinking sludge is used and burned in an existing incineration plant. The least economically feasible utilization possibility is the use of sludge in cement production in Finland (S1) due to the high gate fee charged. Environmental assessment was performed applying internationally recognized life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The results of a consequential LCA stated that only S1 and S2 lead to a reduction of all environmental impacts within the impact categories chosen compared to the baseline scenario where deinking sludge is landfilled. Considering S1, the largest reduction of 13% was achieved for the global warming potential (GWP), whereas for S2, the largest decrease of abiotic depletion potential (ADP) was by 1.7%, the eutrophication potential (EP) by 1.8%, and a GWP of 2.1% was documented. In S3, the most notable increase of ADP and acidification potential (AP) by 2.6 and 1.5% was indicated, while the GWP was reduced by 12%, the largest out of all the impact categories. In S4, ADP and AP increased by 2.3 and 2.1% respectively, whereas ODP was reduced by 25%. During LCA, it was noticed that substitution of fuels causes a greater reduction of environmental impact (S1 and S2) than substitution of raw materials (S3 and S4). Despite a number of economically and environmentally acceptable deinking sludge utilization methods being assessed in the research, evaluation of bottlenecks and communications with companies’ representatives uncovered the fact that the availability of the raw materials consumed, and the risks associated with technological problems resulting from the sludge utilization, limited the willingness of industrial partners to start deinking sludge utilization. The research results are of high value for decision-makers at already existing paper mills since the result provide insights regarding alternatives to the deinking sludge utilization possibilities already applied. Thus, the research results support the maximum economic and environmental value recovery from waste paper utilization.