De criterio veritatis

Invocatio: Q.B.V.D.

De viva cognitione boni & mali

Invocatio: Divina adsistente gratia.

Excellens orator

Invocatio: Q.F.F.Q.S.

De Josepho ex Arimathea

Invocatio: [hepreaa].

Tentamen philologicum circa prius hemistichium Psalmi LXXXV. vers. 9

Invocatio: [hepreaa].

De vulnere ventriculi lethali

Invocatio: D.D.

De comitiis Romanorum

Invocatio: A.D.

De luna

Invocatio: Auspice Jehova! - Ded.: Johannes Gezelius, Daniel Starman, Johannes Körning, Ericus Erling, Laurentius Erling, Christ. Pacchalenius, Ericus Erici Erling.

Sunnanmuutoksia. Luova, innovatiivinen ja hyvinvoiva Etelä-Karjala

Suunnanmuutoksia -raporttiin on koottu hankkeen tuloksia sekä aiemmissa Etelä-Karjala-instituutin hankkeissa syntynyttä tietoa. Raportti on tiivis lukupaketti, joka sisältää seitsemän artikkelia maakunnan kannalta keskeisistä aiheista. Jokaisen ytimekkään artikkelin lopussa on toimenpide-ehdotuksia, jotka on laadittu aluekehitystä silmälläpitäen. Raportissa pohditaan kestävän rakennemuutoksen mahdollisuuksia, maakunnan identiteetin ja median suhdetta, Saimaata ja veden merkitystä, yliopiston asemaa maakunnassa, venäläisten maahanmuuttoa ja monikulttuurisuutta, matkailun kehittämistä sekä kulttuurin merkitystä maakunnan hyvinvoinnille. Etelä-Karjalassa on tehty paljon työtä hyvinvoinnin eteen ja kirjoitettu runsaasti erilaisia strategioita. Strategioiden toteuttajia ei tunnu kuitenkaan olevan tarpeeksi. Maakunta on ikään kuin odottavassa tilassa ja toivoo, että jostakin löytyisi veturi, joka tulisi vetämään maakuntaa eteenpäin. Suunnanmuutoksia -raportin kirjoittajat esittävät, että Etelä-Karjalan on aika siirtyä veturin odottamisesta malliin, jossa kaikki toimijat ottavat vastuuta oma-aloitteisina toimijoina. Luovuus ei synny siitä, että yksi vetää muita perässään kohti tiettyä päämäärää, vaan siitä, että kukin toimija ottaa vastuun omasta hyvinvoinnistaan ja kulkee luovasti sitä kohti. Suunnanmuutoksia -raportti päättyy toivomukseen maakunnallisesta flow-ilmiöstä, keskittymisen, osaamisen ja onnistumisen kautta saavutetusta onnellisuuden tunteesta. Sen alkua ja suuntaa on mahdoton ennustaa, mutta aika on kypsä entistä radikaaleimmille innovaatioille. Näiden tekeminen vaatii flowta; halua ja rohkeutta tavoitella jotakin sellaista, joka on arkipäiväisyyden yläpuolella. Raportti on suunnattu kaikille Etelä-Karjalan tulevaisuudesta ja kehittämisestä kiinnostuneille. Raportin kirjoittaneet Etelä-Karjala-instituutin tutkijat toivovat etenkin kuntien päättäjien ja aluekehittäjien ottavan sen työkalukseen.

Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Beta-amyloid Pathology -Applicability of Positron Emission Tomography with the Amyloid Radioligand 11C-PIB

Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Beta-amyloid Pathology -Applicability of Positron Emission Tomography with the Amyloid Radioligand ¹¹C-PIB Accumulation of beta amyloid (Abeta) in the brain is characteristic for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Carbon-11 labeled 2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (¹¹C-PIB) is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid imaging agent that appears to be applicable for in vivo Abeta plaque detection and quantitation. The biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of ¹¹C-PIB were investigated in 16 healthy subjects. The reproducibility of a simplified ¹¹C-PIB quantitation method was evaluated with a test-retest study on 6 AD patients and 4 healthy control subjects. Brain ¹¹C-PIB uptake and its possible association with brain atrophy rates were studied over a two-year follow-up in 14 AD patients and 13 healthy controls. Nine monozygotic and 8 dizygotic twin pairs discordant for cognitive impairment and 9 unrelated controls were examined to determine whether brain Abeta accumulation could be detected with ¹¹C-PIB PET in cognitively intact persons who are at increased genetic risk for AD. The highest absorbed radiation dose was received by the gallbladder wall (41.5 mjuGy/MBq). About 20 % of the injected radioactivity was excreted into urine, and the effective whole-body radiation dose was 4.7 mjuSv/MBq. Such a dose allows repeated scans of individual subjects. The reproducibility of the simplified ¹¹C-PIB quantitation was good or excellent both at the regional level (VAR 0.9-5.5 %) and at the voxel level (VAR 4.2-6.4 %). ¹¹C-PIB uptake did not increase during 24 months’ follow-up of subjects with mild or moderate AD, even though brain atrophy and cognitive decline progressed. Baseline neocortical ¹¹C-PIB uptake predicted subsequent volumetric brain changes in healthy control subjects (r = 0.725, p = 0.005). Cognitively intact monozygotic co-twins – but not dizygotic co-twins – of memory-impaired subjects exhibited increased ¹¹C-PIB uptake (117-121 % of control mean) in their temporal and parietal cortices and the posterior cingulate (p<0.05), when compared with unrelated controls. This increased uptake may be representative of an early AD process, and genetic factors seem to play an important role in the development of AD-like Abeta plaque pathology. ¹¹C-PIB PET may be a useful method for patient selection and follow-up for early-phase intervention trials of novel therapeutic agents. AD might be detectable in high-risk individuals in its presymptomatic stage with ¹¹C-PIB PET, which would have important consequences both for future diagnostics and for research on disease-modifying treatments.

The relationship between a virtual leader’s communication practices and a virtual team’s performance

A lot of research has been carried out into virtual teams and virtual leadership, yet there is hardly any research available on the communication behaviour of virtual leaders within a real business context. This research assessed the communication practices of virtual leaders and analysed the relationship between these practices and the performance of virtual teams. The objective of this research was to examine the distinctions of virtual teams, to study the leader’s role in a virtual team and its performance, and to examine the leader’s communication practices within virtual teams. The research involves a case study in which interviews have been carried out within an international technology company headquartered in Finland. Qualitative research methods were applied in the research. Based on the results of the study it can be said that there is a strong relationship between a virtual leader’s communication practices and a virtual team member’s job satisfaction. Through their communication practices, activities and message contents, leaders can affect the job satisfaction of virtual team members. In virtual leadership the focus is not in virtual but in leadership. It does not matter if the context is virtual or face-to-face; similar communication practices are good in both cases. As the global economic crisis strongly affected the sales results of the between a leader’s communication practices and a virtual team’s objective performance cannot be made.

Imaging of Dopamine and Serotonin Transporters. Pre-clinical Studies with Radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography

The action of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) at synapses is terminated by their rapid reuptake into presynaptic nerve endings via plasma membrane dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporters. Alterations in the function of these transporters have been suggested as a feature of several neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression, and anxiety. A suitable clinical method for studying these transporters non-invasively in vivo is positron emission tomography (PET) utilizing radiopharmaceuticals (tracers) labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides. The aim of this study was to evaluate in rats two novel radiotracers, [¹⁸F]beta -CFT-FP and ¹⁸FFMe-McN, for imaging DAT and SERT, respectively, using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo methods. Substituting an N-methyl in [¹⁸F]beta-CFT, a well known DAT tracer, with a ¹⁸Ffluoropropyl group significantly changed the properties of the tracer. [¹⁸F]beta- CFT showed slow kinetics and metabolism, and a high specific uptake in the striatum, whereas [¹⁸F]beta-CFT-FP showed fast kinetics and metabolism, and a moderate specific uptake in the striatum. [¹⁸F]betaCFT-FP was selective for DAT; but [¹⁸F]beta-CFT also bound to the noradrenaline transporter. [¹⁸F]beta-CFT-FP may be a suitable PET tracer for imaging the striatal DAT sites, but a tracer with a higher affinity is needed for imaging extrastriatal DAT sites. In rats, ¹⁸FFMe-McN showed high target-to-non-target ratios, specificity and selectivity for SERT, but slow kinetics. However, ¹⁸FFMe-McN reveals potential for imaging SERT, at least in pre-clinical studies. In addition, the sensitivities of [¹⁸F]beta CFT and [¹⁸ F]FDOPA (a precursor of DA) for detecting mild nigrostriatal hypofunction were compared in an animal model of PD. The uptake of [¹⁸F]FDOPA was significantly affected by compensatory effects in dopaminergic cells, whereas [¹⁸F]beta-CFT was more sensitive and therefore more suitable for PET studies of mild dopaminergic symptoms. In conclusion, both novel tracers, [¹⁸F]-CFT-FP and ¹⁸FFMe-McN, have potential, but are not optimal PET tracers for DAT and SERT imaging in rats, respectively. [¹⁸F]beta-CFT is superior to [18F]FDOPA for imaging mild nigral lesions in rat brains.

Molecular modeling of asymmetric induction in heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation of the C=O bond

Modifiering av metallytor med starkt adsorberade kirala organiska molekyler är eventuellt den mest relevanta teknik man vet i dag för att skapa kirala ytor. Den kan utnyttjas i katalytisk produktion av enantiomeriskt rena kirala föreningar som behövs t.ex. som läkemedel och aromkemikalier. Trots många fördelar av asymmetrisk heterogen katalys jämfört med andra sätt för att få kirala föreningar, har den ändå inte blivit ett allmänt verktyg för storskaliga tillämpningar. Detta beror t.ex. på brist på djupare kunskaper i katalytiska reaktionsmekanismer och ursprunget för asymmetrisk induktion. I denna studie användes molekylmodelleringstekniker för att studera asymmetriska, heterogena katalytiska system, speciellt hydrering av prokirala karbonylföreningar till motsvarande kirala alkoholer på cinchona-alkaloidmodifierade Pt-katalysatorer. 1-Fenyl-1,2-propandion (PPD) och några andra föreningar, som innehåller en prokiral C=O-grupp, användes som reaktanter. Konformationer av reaktanter och cinchona-alkaloider (som kallas modifierare) samt vätebundna 1:1-komplex mellan dem studerades i gas- och lösningsfas med metoder som baserar sig på vågfunktionsteori och täthetsfunktionalteori (DFT). För beräkningen av protonaffiniteter användes också högst noggranna kombinationsmetoder såsom G2(MP2). Den relativa populationen av modifierarnas konformationer varierade som funktion av modifieraren, dess protonering och lösningsmedlet. Flera reaktant–modifierareinteraktionsgeometrier beaktades. Slutsatserna på riktning av stereoselektivitet baserade sig på den relativa termodynamiska stabiliteten av de diastereomeriska reaktant–modifierare-komplexen samt energierna hos π- och π*-orbitalerna i den reaktiva karbonylgruppen. Adsorption och reaktioner på Pt(111)-ytan betraktades med DFT. Regioselektivitet i hydreringen av PPD och 2,3-hexandion kunde förklaras med molekyl–yta-interaktioner. Storleken och formen av klustret använt för att beskriva Pt-ytan inverkade inte bara på adsorptionsenergierna utan också på de relativa stabiliteterna av olika adsorptionsstrukturer av en molekyl. Populationerna av modifierarnas konformationer i gas- och lösningsfas korrelerade inte med populationerna på Pt-ytan eller med enantioselektiviteten i hydreringen av PPD på Pt–cinchona-katalysatorer. Vissa modifierares konformationer och reaktant–modifierare-interaktionsgeometrier var stabila bara på metallytan. Teoretiskt beräknade potentialenergiprofiler för hydrering av kirala α-hydroxiketoner på Pt implicerade preferens för parvis additionsmekanism för väte och selektiviteter i harmoni med experimenten. De uppnådda resultaten ökar uppfattningen om kirala heterogena katalytiska system och kunde därför utnyttjas i utvecklingen av nya, mera aktiva och selektiva kirala katalysatorer.

Verbal learning in mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer's disease : behavioural and neural approaches

The main focus of the present thesis was at verbal episodic memory processes that are particularly vulnerable to preclinical and clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here these processes were studied by a word learning paradigm, cutting across the domains of memory and language learning studies. Moreover, the differentiation between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD was studied by the cognitive screening test CERAD. In study I, the aim was to examine how patients with amnestic MCI differ from healthy controls in the different CERAD subtests. Also, the sensitivity and specificity of the CERAD screening test to MCI and AD was examined, as previous studies on the sensitivity and specificity of the CERAD have not included MCI patients. The results indicated that MCI is characterized by an encoding deficit, as shown by the overall worse performance on the CERAD Wordlist learning test compared with controls. As a screening test, CERAD was not very sensitive to MCI. In study II, verbal learning and forgetting in amnestic MCI, AD and healthy elderly controls was investigated with an experimental word learning paradigm, where names of 40 unfamiliar objects (mainly archaic tools) were trained with or without semantic support. The object names were trained during a 4-day long period and a follow-up was conducted one week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the training period. Manipulation of semantic support was included in the paradigm because it was hypothesized that semantic support might have some beneficial effects in the present learning task especially for the MCI group, as semantic memory is quite well preserved in MCI in contrast to episodic memory. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, indicating that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory abilities compensated for their impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks tapping incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that acquisition is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long13 term retention is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI. In studies III and IV, the neural correlates of naming newly learned objects were examined in healthy elderly subjects and in amnestic MCI patients by means of positron emission tomography (PET) right after the training period. The naming of newly learned objects by healthy elderly subjects recruited a left-lateralized network, including frontotemporal regions and the cerebellum, which was more extensive than the one related to the naming of familiar objects (study III). Semantic support showed no effects on the PET results for the healthy subjects. The observed activation increases may reflect lexicalsemantic and lexical-phonological retrieval, as well as more general associative memory mechanisms. In study IV, compared to the controls, the MCI patients showed increased anterior cingulate activation when naming newly learned objects that had been learned without semantic support. This suggests a recruitment of additional executive and attentional resources in the MCI group.

Svenskt, finskt och ryskt : nationens, språkets och historiens dimensioner hos E. G. Ehrström 1808–1835

Avhandlingen handlar om hur E.G. Ehrström (1791–1835) under tidsperioden 1808–35 förhöll sig till finskt, svenskt och ryskt. Då Finland år 1809 förvandlades från svensk riksdel till ryskt storfurstendöme tvingades finländarna att i den nya situationen reflektera över hur man skulle definiera nation, språk och historia. Det fanns inget givet svar på vad Finlands invånare hade blivit genom den geopolitiska omvälvningen. E.G. Ehrström var en individ som i ovanligt många sammanhang var tvungen att brottas med de nationella frågorna. Som ung student deltog han i finska kriget år 1808 och år 1812 studerade han som stipendiat i Moskva. År 1815 blev han lektor i ryska vid akademin i Åbo och som romantiker betonade han samtidigt det finska språkets roll som Finlands enda nationalspråk. Åren 1826–35 var han slutligen kyrkoherde i den svenska församlingen i S:t Petersburg. I alla de olika rollerna och kontexterna måste han anpassa sina nationella ställningstaganden till den specifika situation och roll i vilken han verkade. Avhandlingens syfte är att dra slutsatser om de faktorer som gör att en individ i olika sammanhang betonar olika aspekter av det nationella. I det allmänna medvetandet uppfattas nationella identiteter ofta som stabila och enhetliga, medan den teoretiska litteraturen i dag lyfter fram att de i själva verket är föränderliga och flytande. Finland strax efter 1809 är intressant att studera ur detta perspektiv. Eftersom det var oklart vad Finland och dess invånare hade blivit, var man tvungen att skapa ett innehåll för den nya enheten. En analys av hur man resonerade i sammanhanget kan lära oss något hur nationella identiteter skapas och fungerar också i dag.