Does speed matter? : the impact of the EU membership incentive on rule adoption in minority language rights protection

Denna avhandling tar sin utgångspunkt i ett ifrågasättande av effektiviteten i EU:s konditionalitetspolitik avseende minoritetsrättigheter. Baserat på den rationalistiska teoretiska modellen, External Incentives Model of Governance, syftar denna hypotesprövande avhandling till att förklara om tidsavståndet på det potentiella EU medlemskapet påverkar lagstiftningsnivån avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter. Mätningen av nivån på lagstiftningen avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter begränsas till att omfatta icke-diskriminering, användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang samt minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen. Metodologiskt används ett jämförande angreppssätt både avseende tidsramen för studien, som sträcker sig mellan 2003 och 2010, men även avseende urvalet av stater. På basis av det \"mest lika systemet\" kategoriseras staterna i tre grupper efter deras olika tidsavstånd från det potentiella EU medlemskapet. Hypotesen som prövas är följande: ju kortare tidsavstånd till det potentiella EU medlemskapet desto större sannolikhet att staternas lagstiftningsnivå inom de tre områden som studeras har utvecklats till en hög nivå. Studien visar att hypotesen endast bekräftas delvis. Resultaten avseende icke-diskriminering visar att sambandet mellan tidsavståndet och nivån på lagstiftningen har ökat markant under den undersökta tidsperioden. Detta samband har endast stärkts mellan kategorin av stater som ligger tidsmässigt längst bort ett potentiellt EU medlemskap och de två kategorier som ligger närmare respektive närmast ett potentiellt EU medlemskap. Resultaten avseende användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang och minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen visar inget respektive nästan inget samband mellan tidsavståndet och utvecklingen på lagstiftningen mellan 2003 och 2010.

Drivers and barriers of mobile travel and tourism service adoption : a study of individual perceptions and business model development in a travel and tourism context

The Travel and Tourism field is undergoing changes due to the rapid development of information technology and digital services. Online travel has profoundly changed the way travel and tourism organizations interact with their customers. Mobile technology such as mobile services for pocket devices (e.g. mobile phones) has the potential to take this development even further. Nevertheless, many issues have been highlighted since the early days of mobile services development (e.g. the lack of relevance, ease of use of many services). However, the wide adoption of smartphones and the mobile Internet in many countries as well as the formation of so-called ecosystems between vendors of mobile technology indicate that many of these issues have been overcome. Also when looking at the numbers of downloaded applications related to travel in application stores like Google Play, it seems obvious that mobile travel and tourism services are adopted and used by many individuals. However, as business is expected to start booming in the mobile era, many issues have a tendency to be overlooked. Travelers are generally on the go and thus services that work effectively in mobile settings (e.g. during a trip) are essential. Hence, the individuals’ perceived drivers and barriers to use mobile travel and tourism services in on-site or during trip settings seem particularly valuable to understand; thus this is one primary aim of the thesis. We are, however, also interested in understanding different types of mobile travel service users. Individuals may indeed be very different in their propensity to adopt and use technology based innovations (services). Research is also switching more from investigating issues of mobile service development to understanding individuals’ usage patterns of mobile services. But designing new mobile services may be a complex matter from a service provider perspective. Hence, our secondary aim is to provide insights into drivers and barriers of mobile travel and tourism service development from a holistic business model perspective. To accomplish the research objectives seven different studies have been conducted over a time period from 2002 – 2013. The studies are founded on and contribute to theories within diffusion of innovations, technology acceptance, value creation, user experience and business model development. Several different research methods are utilized: surveys, field and laboratory experiments and action research. The findings suggest that a successful mobile travel and tourism service is a service which supports one or several mobile motives (needs) of individuals such as spontaneous needs, time-critical arrangements, efficiency ambitions, mobility related needs (location features) and entertainment needs. The service could be customized to support travelers’ style of traveling (e.g. organized travel or independent travel) and should be easy to use, especially easy to take into use (access, install and learn) during a trip, without causing security concerns and/or financial risks for the user. In fact, the findings suggest that the most prominent barrier to the use of mobile travel and tourism services during a trip is an individual’s perceived financial cost (entry costs and usage costs). It should, however, be noted that regulations are put in place in the EU regarding data roaming prices between European countries and national telecom operators are starting to see ‘international data subscriptions’ as a sales advantage (e.g. Finnish Sonera provides a data subscription in the Baltic and Nordic region at the same price as in Finland), which will enhance the adoption of mobile travel and tourism services also in international contexts. In order to speed up the adoption rate travel service providers could consider e.g. more local initiatives of free Wi-Fi networks, development of services that can be used, at least to some extent, in an offline mode (do not require costly network access during a trip) and cooperation with telecom operators (e.g. lower usage costs for travelers who use specific mobile services or travel with specific vendors). Furthermore, based on a developed framework for user experience of mobile trip arrangements, the results show that a well-designed mobile site and/or native application, which preferably supports integration with other mobile services, is a must for true mobile presence. In fact, travel service providers who want to build a relationship with their customers need to consider a downloadable native application, but in order to be found through the mobile channel and make contact with potential new customers, a mobile website should be available. Moreover, we have made a first attempt with cluster analysis to identify user categories of mobile services in a travel and tourism context. The following four categories were identified: info-seekers, checkers, bookers and all-rounders. For example “all-rounders”, represented primarily by individuals who use their pocket device for almost any of the investigated mobile travel services, constituted primarily of 23 to 50 year old males with high travel frequency and great online experience. The results also indicate that travel service providers will increasingly become multi-channel providers. To manage multiple online channels, closely integrated and hybrid online platforms for different devices, supporting all steps in a traveler process should be considered. It could be useful for travel service providers to focus more on developing browser-based mobile services (HTML5-solutions) than native applications that work only with specific operating systems and for specific devices. Based on an action research study and utilizing a holistic business model framework called STOF we found that HTML5 as an emerging platform, at least for now, has some limitations regarding the development of the user experience and monetizing the application. In fact, a native application store (e.g. Google Play) may be a key mediator in the adoption of mobile travel and tourism services both from a traveler and a service provider perspective. Moreover, it must be remembered that many device and mobile operating system developers want service providers to specifically create services for their platforms and see native applications as a strategic advantage to sell more devices of a certain kind. The mobile telecom industry has moved into a battle of ecosystems where device makers, developers of operating systems and service developers are to some extent forced to choose their development platforms.

Pk-yritysten tilinpäätösraportoinnin tulevaisuus – onko pk-IFRS varteenotettava vaihtoehto?

Pk-yritykset ovat osoittaneet viimeisten vuosikymmenien aikana yhä enemmän huolestuneisuutta siitä, että laskentastandardit muuttuvat raskaammiksi ja työläämmiksi. Vuosia kestäneen valmistelun jälkeen IASB julkaisi vuonna 2009 pk-yrityksille tarkoitetut standardin, IFRS for SMEs. Se on kirjoitettu nimenomaan pienten, ei-listattujen yritysten tarpeet huomioiden ja sen tavoitteena on tarjota entistä vertailukelpoisempaa informaatiota pk-yritysten tilinpäätöstietojen käyttäjille. Pk-IFRS-standardia ei ole vielä otettu Euroopassa sen laajemmin käyttöön, koska tällä hetkellä EU:ssa on meneillään laaja uudistamistyö koskien pk-yrityksien tilinpäätössääntelyä. Näin ollen EU:lta ei ole vielä tullut lopullista päätöstä koskien pk-IFRS:n käyttöä. Myös Suomi odottaa EU:n päätöstä, eikä tällä hetkellä ole tiettävästi yhtään suomalaista yritystä, joka käyttäisi pk-standardia vapaaehtoisesti. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää miten hyvin pk-IFRS-standardi soveltuu suomalaisille pk-yrityksille. Tutkimuksessa käytetään toiminta-analyyttistä tutkimusotetta ja empiirinen aineisto on kerätty haastattelemalla kahta pk-yrityksen taloushenkilöä sekä yhtä pk-IFRS-standardin asiantuntijaa. Pk-yritykset ovat valittu niin, että ne raportoivat IFRS:n mukaan joko vapaaehtoisesti tai osana konserniraportointia, mutta ne eivät ole listattuja. Molemmat pk-yritykset olivat hieman epäileväisiä pk-standardin toimivuudesta, mutta eivät kuitenkaan pitäneet sitä mahdottomana ajatuksena. He kokivat, että pk-IFRS:ään tehdyt huojennukset verrattuna laajaan IFRS:ään on positiivinen suuntaus laskentastandardien kehittämisessä. Tilinpäätösraportoinnin tulevaisuus riippuu paljon siitä, mihin suuntaan Euroopan Unioni aikoo kehittää tilinpäätösdirektiivit. Positiivista on, että EU kehittää nykyisiä tilinpäätösdirektiivejä, koska ne eivät enää vastaa nykypäivän tarpeita. Oman vaikutuksensa tähän prosessiin on varmasti antanut viime vuosien taloudelliset kriisit. Kun lisäksi pk-yritykset muodostavat huomattavan osan minkä tahansa maan kokonaiskansantaloudesta, niin olisi järkevää, että pk-yrityksiäkin säädeltäisiin tarkasti. Tästä syystä pk-IFRS olisi ensimmäinen askel parempaan suuntaan tällä sektorilla ja järkevä vaihtoehto pk-yrityksien tilinpäätösraportointistandardiksi.

Older Consumers’ Adoption of Online Shopping

The thesis is concerned with the online shopping behavior of older adults, who in this study are at least 60 years old. At the moment, the population is ageing and consumers are buying more and more via the Internet. The objective of the thesis is to understand the large group of older adults in Finland as online customers.The study explores older consumers’ adoption of online shopping with a qualitative research, and it is situated in the research tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology. Phenomenology focuses on the life-world of people. The empirical data was collected by three focus groups with 13 participants altogether. The focus group conversations brought forth that there is not tremendous difference in the motives of older consumers to shop online compared to other age groups. The study strengthened the previous conception of a change toward more ageless market. However, online stores should be designed to accommodate some special needs of older consumers as they occasionally struggle with the logic of websites. Finnish older consumers have adopted online shopping because of perceived convenience and because of tolerable perceived risk during first online shopping experience. Positive experiences strengthen positive attitude toward electronic channel.

Sijoituskiinteistöjen arvostaminen suomalaisten pörssiyritysten IFRS-konsernitilinpäätöksissä : IFRS 13 -standardin voimaantulon vaikutus tilinpäätösraportointiin

Yritysten ja sijoitustoiminnan kansainvälistyminen ovat luoneet tarpeen vertailla eri maissakin toimivien yritysten tilinpäätöksiä keskenään. IFRS-standardit täyttävät tämän tarpeen määrittämällä viitekehyksen tilinpäätösten yhdenmukaiseen ja vertailukelpoiseen laatimiseen. IFRS-tilinpäätöksen ensisijaisena tehtävänä on esittää yrityksen taloudellinen asema ja vasta toissijaisena tehtävänä on tuloksen kuvaaminen. Siten IFRS-tilinpäätökset suosivat omaisuus- ja velkaerien määrittämistä tilinpäätöspäivän mukaiseen käypään arvoon. Realisoitumattomat käyvän arvon muutokset kirjataan tuloslaskelmaan joko tilikauden voitoksi tai tappioksi. Erityisesti sijoituskiinteistöjen käyvän arvon muutokset voivat vaikuttaa merkittävästi tilikauden tulokseen. Sijoituskiinteistöjen esittämistä IFRS-tilinpäätöksessä sääntelee sijoituskiinteistöjä koskeva IAS 40 -standardi ja vuoden 2013 tilinpäätöksiin voimaantuleva käyvän arvon laskentaa koskeva IFRS 13 -standardi. Sijoituskiinteistöt voidaan arvostaa taseessa joko hankintamenomallin mukaisesti tai käypään arvoon. Sijoituskiinteistöjen käypä arvo tulee kuitenkin esittää liitetiedoissa vaikka sovellettaisiin hankintamenoon perustuvaa mallia. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan sijoituskiinteistöjen esittämistä IAS 40 -standardin vaatimalla tavalla ja IFRS 13 -standardin vaikutuksia tilinpäätösraportointiin. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuudessa tutkitaan sijoituskiinteistöjen tilinpäätösraportointia ja arvostamista säänteleviä standardeja. Lisäksi tutkitaan kiinteistöjen arvostusmenetelmiä ja käyvän arvon laskennan kohtaamaa kritiikkiä. Tutkimuksessa käytetään empiirisenä aineistona suomalaisten pörssiyritysten vuoden 2012 konsernitilinpäätöksiä. Tutkimus on laadullinen ja tarkoituksena on kuvailla kokonaisvaltaisesti sijoituskiinteistöjen arvostamista sekä tilinpäätösraportointia. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että kiinteistösijoitusalan yhtiöt noudattavat standardien vaatimuksia muiden toimialojen yhtiöitä paremmin. IFRS 13 - standardi tulee lisäämään käyvän arvon tilinpäätösraportointia esimerkiksi vaatimalla käypien arvojen hierarkiatasojen esittämistä. Suomalaiset pörssiyhtiöt suosivat sijoituskiinteistöjen arvostuksessa tuottoarvomenetelmää. Tutkijan mielestä on tulkinnanvaraista, mille hierarkiatasolle kassavirtalaskennalla arvostetut sijoituskiinteistöt luokitellaan. IFRS 13 -standardin myötä yritysjohto joutuu tarkoin harkitsemaan, mitä liitetietoja tilinpäätöksessä tulee esittää, jotta siitä saa riittävän kuvan sijoituskiinteistöjen arvostukseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä.

Empirical study on the adoption, use and effects of cloud-based testing

Cloud computing is a practically relevant paradigm in computing today. Testing is one of the distinct areas where cloud computing can be applied. This study addressed the applicability of cloud computing for testing within organizational and strategic contexts. The study focused on issues related to the adoption, use and effects of cloudbased testing. The study applied empirical research methods. The data was collected through interviews with practitioners from 30 organizations and was analysed using the grounded theory method. The research process consisted of four phases. The first phase studied the definitions and perceptions related to cloud-based testing. The second phase observed cloud-based testing in real-life practice. The third phase analysed quality in the context of cloud application development. The fourth phase studied the applicability of cloud computing in the gaming industry. The results showed that cloud computing is relevant and applicable for testing and application development, as well as other areas, e.g., game development. The research identified the benefits, challenges, requirements and effects of cloud-based testing; and formulated a roadmap and strategy for adopting cloud-based testing. The study also explored quality issues in cloud application development. As a special case, the research included a study on applicability of cloud computing in game development. The results can be used by companies to enhance the processes for managing cloudbased testing, evaluating practical cloud-based testing work and assessing the appropriateness of cloud-based testing for specific testing needs.

Understanding Online Game Players' Post-adoption Behavior: an Investigation of Social Network Games in China

Retaining players and re-attracting switching players has long been a central topic for SNG providers with regard to the post-adoption stage of playing an online game. However, there has not been much research which has explored players’ post-adoption behavior by incorporating the continuance intention and the switching intention. In addition, traditional IS continuance theories were mainly developed to investigate users’ continued use of utilitarian IS, and thus they may fall short when trying to explain the continued use of hedonic IS. Furthermore, compared to the richer literature on IS continuance, far too little attention has been paid to IS switching, leading to a dearth of knowledge on the subject, despite the increased incidence of the switching phenomenon in the IS field. By addressing the limitations of prior literature, this study seeks to examine the determinants of SNG players’ two different post-adoption behaviors, including the continuance intention and the switching intention. This study takes a positivist approach and uses survey research method to test five proposed research models based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2; Use and Gratification Theory; Push-Pull-Mooring model; Cognitive Dissonance Theory; and a self-developed model respectively with empirical data collected from the SNG players of one of the biggest SNG providers in China. A total of 3919 valid responses and 541 valid responses were used to examine the continuance intention and the switching intention, respectively. SEM is utilized as the data analysis method. The proposed research models are supported by the empirical data. The continuance intention is determined by enjoyment, fantasy, escapism, social interaction, social presence, social influence, achievement and habit. The switching intention is determined by enjoyment, satisfaction, subjective norms, descriptive norms, alternative attractiveness, the need for variety, change experience, and adaptation cost. This study contributes to IS theories in three important ways. Firstly, it shows IS switching should be included in IS post-adoption research together with IS continuance. Secondly, a modern IS is usually multi-functional and SNG players have multiple reasons for using a SNG, thus a player’s beliefs about the hedonic, social and utilitarian perceptions of their continued use of the SNG exert significant effects on the continuance intention. Thirdly, the determinants of the switch ing intention mainly exert push, pull, and mooring effects. Players’ beliefs about their current SNG and the available alternatives, as well as their individual characteristics are all significant determinants of the switching intention. SNG players combine these effects in order to formulate the switching intention. Finally, this study presents limitations and suggestions for future research.

IFRS -standardien mukainen vuokrien kirjanpito - Empiirinen analyysi IAS 17 -vuokrastandardin muutoksen vaikutuksista ja niiden merkittävyydestä

Tutkielmassa selvitetään IAS 17 -standardin mahdollisen muutoksen vaikutuksia pörssiyhtiöiden kirjanpitoon. IAS 17 on vuokrien kirjanpitoa koskeva standardi.

Successful IFRS standard change implementation process after the initial IFRS implementation

The main objective of the study was to form a strategic process model and project management tool to help IFRS change implementation projects in the future. These research results were designed based on the theoretical framework of Total Quality Management and leaning on the facts that were collected during the empirical case study of IAS 17 change. The us-age of the process oriented approach in IFRS standard change implementation after the initial IFRS implementation is rationalized with the following arguments: 1) well designed process tools lead to optimization of resources 2) With the help of process stages and related tasks it is easy to ensure the efficient way of working and managing the project as well as make sure to include all necessary stakeholders to the change process. This research is following the qualitative approach and the analysis is in describing format. The first part of the study is a literature review and the latter part has been conducted as a case study. The data has been col-lected in the case company with interviews and observation. The main findings are a process model for IFRS standard change process and a check-list formatted management tool for up-coming IFRS standard change projects. The process flow follows the main cornerstones in IASB’s standard setting process and the management tool has been divided to stages accordingly.

Innovation Process and Organizational Adoption of Disruptive Innovation: Empirical Evidence from Finnish Bio-Economy Companies.

The thesis aims to build a coherent view and understanding of the innovation process and organizational technology adoption in Finnish bio-economy companies with a focus on innovations of a disruptive nature. Disruptive innovations are exceptional hence in order to create generalizations and a unified view of the subject the perspective is also on less radical innovations. Other interests of the thesis are how ideas are discovered and generated and how the nature of the innovation and size of the company affect the technology adoption and innovation process. The data was collected by interviewing six small and six large Finnish bio-economy companies. The results suggest companies regardless of size consider innovation as a core asset in the competitive markets. Organizations want to be considered innovators and early adopters yet these qualities are limited by certain, mainly resource-based factors. In addition the industry, scalability and Finland’s geographical location when seeking funding provide certain challenges. The innovation process may be considered relatively similar whether the idea or technology stems from an internal or external source suggesting the technology adoption process can in fact be linked to the innovation process theories. Thus the thesis introduces a new theoretical model which based on the results of the study and the theories of technology adoption and innovation process aims on characterizing how ideas and technology from both external and internal sources generate into innovations. The innovation process is in large bio-economy companies most often similar to or a modified version of the stage-gate model, while small companies generally have less structured processes. Nevertheless the more disruptive the innovation, the less it fits in the structured processes. This implies disruptive innovation cannot be put in a certain mould but it is rather processed case-by-case.

International adoption: Symptoms of attachment disorders and their associations with the child’s background and developmental outcome

Many internationally adopted children have lived their first years of life in an environment with limited opportunities for primary caregiving. The lack of consistent care increases the prevalence of attachment disorders among them. Less is known about the influences of attachment disorders on a child’s later course of life. This study is part of the Finnish Adoption Study. Parents of all Finnish children who had been internationally adopted by legal adoption organisations between 1985 and 2007 were sent questionnaires (N=1450). Parental evaluations of the children’s symptoms of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) at the time of adoption, their later learning or language problems using a screening scale, and children’s self-reported school bullying experiences were evaluated. Each child’s attachment-related behavioural problems were requested in a follow-up survey 1.9 and 3.8 years after adoption and compared with a Finnish reference group. This study indicated that Finnish internationally adopted children have at least three-fold prevalence of learning and language problems compared with their age-mates. A child’s symptoms of attachment disorders were associated with learning or language problems at school age as well as with his/her school bullying experiences. The adopted children had more attachment-related behavioural problems two years after adoption than their age-mates, but the difference was no longer evident four years after adoption. In conclusion, this study showed that the symptoms of attachment disorder indicate a risk for an adopted child’s later developmental outcome. The findings demonstrate the need for comprehensive clinical examinations and planning of treatment strategies for children with symptoms of RAD.

IFRS 9 – standardiuudistus Big Four -tilintarkastusyhteisöjen näkökulmasta – kommenttikirjeiden empiirinen analyysi

Since 2008, One of the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) objective has been to replace the old IAS 39 – Financial Instruments standard. IASB achieved this objective in July 2014 when they published the new IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments after many phases. In this study, the main purpose was to find out how the Big Four – audit entities have welcomed the different reforms which IFRS 9 brings to the treatment of financial instruments in the financial statements. Alongside with this, the study presents a short overview to the common attitude towards the new standard. The study proceeds so that the most siginificant reforms have been divided into three main categories and inside of these more precisely to single reforms. This study is based on the qualitative research method. The empirical data of the study consists of comment letters by the Big Four – entities, which have been sent to the IASB regarding Exposure Drafts (ED) of IFRS 9. In total IASB received 757 comment letters regarding to the specific EDs. In this study the population were restricted to 16 comment letters sent by the Big Four – entities. The data is available at IFRS Foundation’s website. According to the research results Big Four – entities think that the reforms which IFRS 9 brings are mainly welcome. In its entirety Big Four – entities consider IFRS 9 better than its predecessor IAS 39. There were differnces in opinions towards IFRS 9 and specific reforms among the Big Four - entities. According to the findings the best reforms were related to the efficiency demands of hedge accounting and to impairments and the valuation of credit losses. The least popular reforms were the reforms regarding the measurement of financial assets and liabilities; more specifically fair value option and the reforms concerning equity instruments were viewed as most challenging.