Toiminnan kehittäminen joukko-osastossa

Tutkimuksen päätavoite on tuottaa toiminnan kehittämismalli Kaartin Jääkärirykmentille, joka on yksi maavoimien joukko-osastoista. Tutkimuksen osatavoitteina on luoda yleinen malli joukko-osaston toiminnan kehittämisen osa-alueista, muodostaa luodun mallin perusteella kyselylomake kehityskohteiden kartoittamiseksi sekä laaditulla lomakkeella selvittää joukko-osaston toiminnan kehitystarpeita. Toiminnan kehittäminen nähdään tutkimuksessa toimintojen tai toimintatapojen kehittämisenä, ja sitä tarkastellaan laatujohtamisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen empiirinen tutkimus, jolla pyritään uuden mallin luomiseen. Tiedonkeruumenetelminä olivat kirjallisuuskatsaus, puolistrukturoidut haastattelut ja kyselytutkimus. Kirjallisuuskatsausta edusti perehtyminen laatujohtamisen teoriaan. Laatujohtamisen teoriaa täydennettiin kahdella asiantuntijahaastattelulla, joista toinen tehtiin laatujohtamisen teorian asiantuntijalle ja toinen käytännön asiantuntijalle. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa perehdyttiin puolustusvoimien laadunhallinnan ja toiminnan kehittämisen ohjeistukseen. Puolustusvoimien ohjeistusta edustivat Pääesikunnan ja Maavoimien Esikunnan ohjeasiakirjat sekä yhden esimerkkijoukko-osaston ohjeistus. Laatujohtamisen teorian ja puolustusvoimien ohjeistuksen perusteella muodostettiin yleinen malli joukko-osaston toiminnan kehittämisen osa-alueista. Malli oli samalla tutkimuksen ensimmäinen osatavoite. Mallin perusteella toiminnan kehittäminen koostuu: toiminnan vakioinnista, toiminnan arvioinnista, toiminnan jatkuvasta parantamisesta ja innovatiivisuudesta. Näiden neljän kokonaisuuden perusteella luotiin kyselylomake, siten, että samalla kyselylomakkeella pystyttiin kartoittamaan Kaartin Jääkärirykmentin nykyisen toiminnan mahdollisia kehitystarpeita ja myöhemmässä vaiheessa mittamaan toiminnan kehittymistä. Kyselylomakkeen muodostaminen oli samalla tutkimuksen toinen osatavoite. Kyselylomakkeen avulla toteutettiin kyselytutkimus kehitystarpeiden selvittämiseksi. Tämä oli tutkimuksen kolmas osatavoite. Kyselytutkimuksen tulosten perusteella eniten kehitettävää oli toiminnan jatkuvassa parantamisessa. Tulosten perusteella muodostettiin vuosisuunnittelurytmiin sidottu, itsearviointiin ja yhteen jatkuvan parantamisen malliin pohjautuva, toiminnan kehittämisen malli Kaartin Jääkärirykmentille.

Future prospects of short distance rail based passenger transport in Northern Europe

The worlds’ population is increasing and cities have become more crowded with people and vehicles. Communities in the fringe of metropolitans’ increase the traffic done with private cars, but also increase the need for public transportation. People have typically needs traveling to work located in city centers during the morning time, and return to suburbs in the afternoon or evening. Rail based passenger transport is environmentally friendly transport mode with high capacity to transport large volume of people. Railways have been regulated markets with national incumbent having monopoly position. Opening the market for competition is believed to have a positive effect by increasing the efficiency of the industry. National passenger railway market is opened for competition only in few countries, where as international traffic in EU countries was deregulated in 2010. The objective of this study is to examine the passenger railway market of three North European countries, Sweden, Denmark and Estonia. The interest was also to get an understanding of the current situation and how the deregulation has proceeded. Theory of deregulation is unfolded with literature analyses and empirical part of the study is constructed from two parts. Customer satisfaction survey was chosen as a method to collect real life experiences from the passengers and measure their knowledge of the market situation and possible changes appeared. Interviews of experts from the industry and labor unions give more insights and able better understanding for example of social consequences caused from opening the market for competition. Expert interviews were conducted by using semi-structured theme interview. Based on the results of this study, deregulation has proceeded quite differently in the three countries researched. Sweden is the most advanced country, where the passenger railway market is open for new entrants. Denmark and Estonia are lagging behind. Opening the market is considered positive among passengers and most of the experts interviewed. Common for the interviews were the labour unions negative perspective concerning deregulation. Despite the fact deregulation is considered positive among the respondents of the customer satisfaction survey, they could not name railway undertakings operating in their country. Generally respondents were satisfied with the commuter trains. Ticket price, punctuality of trains and itinerary affect the most to customer satisfaction.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY from theory into financial statement: UPM-Kymmene Oyj

For number of reasons social responsibility in corporations has become a more essential part of business operations than before. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is dealt with different means and aspects but the overall effects it has on organisations performance, communication and underline actions is indisputable. The thesis describes corporate social responsibility and the main objective was to observe how corporate social responsibility has developed in our case company with answering to main research question how CSR reporting has evolved in UPM-Kymmene Oyj? In addition following questions were also addressed: Is there a monetary value of CSR? What does proficient CSR report consist of? What does corporate social responsibility consist of? Qualitative research method, content analysis to be precise, was chosen and excessive literature study performed to find the theoretical back ground to perform the empirical part of the study. Data for the empirical part was collected from UPM-Kymmene Oyj financial data and annual reports. The study shows that UPM-Kymmene Oyj engagement to CSR and reporting of CSR matter have improved due time but still few managerial implications could be found. UPM-Kymmene Oyj economic key figures are only building shareholder value and stakeholders are identified in very general level. Also CSR data is scattered all over the annual report which causes problems to readers. The scientific importance of this thesis arises from the profound way CSR has been addressed in a holistic manner. Thus it is giving a good basis to understand the underlying reasons of CSR from society towards the organisation and vice versa.

Strategic Change Management Readiness Evaluation in Organizations

The objective of this study and paper was to find out how the strategic change management readiness in organizations can be evaluated. Based on theory and prior CMP model, the framework of strategic change management and issues related to it was constructed. Additionally a synthesis of the most important phases and interventions in strategic change process and project was created. These phases were starting point, planning, implementation and evaluation and securing phases. Qualitative approach was utilized in the empirical part of the study due to the need for in-depth information about the topics surveyed through semi-structured interview. There were 18 responders from the top management of large Finnish companies. In this study interventions, strengths and weaknesses during the various phases of strategic change projects were revealed. Additionally the interviewees’ opinion on the importance of each of the interventions in strategic change project success was asked. According to this study, the most important phases recognized through researching theoretical literature, prior CMP model and empirical information in starting point phase were analysis of current and desired state and need for change accompanied with guiding coalition formulation. In planning phase the most important interventions were project organization formulation, action plan creation, analysis of prior and current strategic change projects and organizational structure analysis. In the change project implementation phase the interventions of importance were launch, quick wins, sense of urgency creation, change resistance management and change communications. In the final evaluation and securing phase project evaluation was the most important intervention. Based on the results a tool for creating change management readiness profile was created.

Measuring the performance of corporate events : an empirical study of measuring practices in Finnish companies

Corporate events as an effective part of marketing communications strategy seem to be underestimated in Finnish companies. In the rest of the Europe and the USA, investments in events are increasing, and their share of the marketing budget is significant. The growth of the industry may be explained by the numerous advantages and opportunities that events provide for attendees, such as face-to-face marketing, enhancing corporate image, building relationships, increasing sales, and gathering information. In order to maximize these benefits and return on investment, specific measurement strategies are required, yet there seems to exist a lack of understanding of how event performance should be perceived or evaluated. To address this research gap, this research attempts to describe the perceptions of and strategies for evaluating corporate event performance in the Finnish events industry. First, corporate events are discussed in terms of definitions and characteristics, typologies, and their role in marketing communications. Second, different theories on evaluating corporate event performance are presented and analyzed. Third, a conceptual model is presented based on the literature review, which serves as a basis for the empirical research conducted as an online questionnaire. The empirical findings are to a great extent in line with the existing literature, suggesting that there remains a lack of understanding corporate event performance evaluation, and challenges arise in determining appropriate measurement procedures for it. Setting clear objectives for events is a significant aspect of the evaluation process, since the outcomes of events are usually evaluated against the preset objectives. The respondent companies utilize many of the individual techniques that were recognized in theory, such as calculating the number of sales leads and delegates. However, some of the measurement tools may require further investments and resources, thus restricting their application especially in smaller companies. In addition, there seems to be a lack of knowledge of the most appropriate methods in different contexts, which take into account the characteristics of the organizing party as well as the size and nature of the event. The lack of inhouse expertise enhances the need for third-party service-providers in solving problems of corporate event measurement.

Nettobudjetoinnin implementointi kunnallisessa yksikössä - Case: Helsingin kaupungin liikuntavirasto

Julkisen sektorin organisaatioita on kritisoitu niiden tehottomuudesta palveluiden tuottajina ja kritiikki on lisännyt keskustelua julkisen ja yksityisen sektorin sopivasta suhteesta. Julkisen sektorin organisaatioissa tilanteeseen on herätty ja toiminnan tehostamiseen on alettu etsiä keinoja. New Public Management:in ja tulosjohtamisen ajatusmaailma ovat ottaneet jalansijaa julkisen sektorin johtamisessa ja samalla tuoneet mukanaan entistä tulospainotteisempaa ajattelutapaa. Helsingin kaupungin liikuntavirastolla siirryttiin bruttobudjetoinnista nettobudjetointiin vuoden 2013 alusta. Budjetointimenetelmän muutoksen taustalla vaikuttaa tavoite viraston toiminnan tehostamisesta. Tutkimus keskittyy selvittämään liikuntaviraston muutosprosessia ja uuden budjetointimenetelmän implementointia. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on luoda työkalu helpottamaan nettobudjetoinnin implementointia. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoitujen haastattelujen avulla, jotka suoritettiin joulukuun 2012 ja huhtikuun 2013 välillä. Empiiriseen aineistoon ja muutosjohtamisen teoriaan nojaten tutkimuksessa onnistuttiin luomaan liikuntavirastolle muutosprosessin vaihemalli, joka sisältää toimenpide-ehdotuksia muutoksen ja uuden budjetointimenetelmän implementoinnin helpottamiseksi.

Empirical study on the adoption, use and effects of cloud-based testing

Cloud computing is a practically relevant paradigm in computing today. Testing is one of the distinct areas where cloud computing can be applied. This study addressed the applicability of cloud computing for testing within organizational and strategic contexts. The study focused on issues related to the adoption, use and effects of cloudbased testing. The study applied empirical research methods. The data was collected through interviews with practitioners from 30 organizations and was analysed using the grounded theory method. The research process consisted of four phases. The first phase studied the definitions and perceptions related to cloud-based testing. The second phase observed cloud-based testing in real-life practice. The third phase analysed quality in the context of cloud application development. The fourth phase studied the applicability of cloud computing in the gaming industry. The results showed that cloud computing is relevant and applicable for testing and application development, as well as other areas, e.g., game development. The research identified the benefits, challenges, requirements and effects of cloud-based testing; and formulated a roadmap and strategy for adopting cloud-based testing. The study also explored quality issues in cloud application development. As a special case, the research included a study on applicability of cloud computing in game development. The results can be used by companies to enhance the processes for managing cloudbased testing, evaluating practical cloud-based testing work and assessing the appropriateness of cloud-based testing for specific testing needs.

Mitigating uncertainty in logistics outsourcing with ERP systems

Outsourcing is a common strategy for companies looking for cost savings and improvements in performance. This has been especially prevalent in logistics, where warehousing and transporting are typical targets for outsourcing. However, while the benefits from logistics outsourcing are clear on paper, there are several cases companies fail to reach these benefits. The most commonly cited reasons for this are poor information flow between the company and the third party logistics partner, and a lack of integration between the two partners. Uncertainty stems from lack of information, and it can cripple the whole outsourcing operation. This is where enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems step in, as they can have a significant role in improving the flow of information, and integration, which consequently mitigates uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to examine if ERP systems have an effect on a company's decision to outsource logistics operations. Along the rapid advancements in technology during the past decades, ERP systems have also evolved. Therefore, empirical research on the subject needs constant revision as it can quickly become outdated due to ERP systems having more advanced capabilities every year. The research was conducted using a qualitative single-case study of a Finnish manufacturing firm that had outsourced warehousing and transportation operations in the Swedish market. The empirical data was gathered with use of semi-structured interviews with three employees from the case company that were closely related to the outsourcing operation. The theoretical framework that was used to analyze the empirical data was based on Transaction Cost Economics theory. The results of the study were align with the theoretical framework, in that the ERP system of the case company was seen as an enabler for their logistics outsourcing operation. However, the full theoretical benefits from ERP systems concerning extended enterprise functionality and flexibility were not attained due to the case company having an older version of their ERP system. This emphasizes the importance of having up-to-date technology if you want to overcome the shortcomings of ERP systems in outsourcing situations.

Finnish SMEs and Russian Business Environment: Challenges and Support Activities

The purpose of this study is based on the need of finding what kind of problems Finnish SMEs face in Russian market and how they could be supported. Used support activities in certain levels of internationalization and internationalization patterns are evaluated, international experience of entrepreneur is compared to used support activities and the most challenging pillars in Russia from the Institutional Theory are defined. The empirical part of the study is a semi structured qualitative analysis of ten case companies that represent different industry fields. All of them are SMEs and they represent different levels of internationalization and internationalization patterns. The results of this study indicated that usefulness of support activities have to be evaluated case by case. All the companies are individual organizations and usefulness of support activities have to be evaluated according to the actual situation of the company. International experience of manager has effect on the use of support activities. SMEs identified many problems related to pillars of Institutional theory and regulative environment seems to be the most challenging one.

Challenges in managing large-scale agile software development transformation

Adapting and scaling up agile concepts, which are characterized by iterative, self-directed, customer value focused methods, may not be a simple endeavor. This thesis concentrates on studying challenges in a large-scale agile software development transformation in order to enhance understanding and bring insight into the underlying factors for such emerging challenges. This topic is approached through understanding the concepts of agility and different methods compared to traditional plan-driven processes, complex adaptive theory and the impact of organizational culture on agile transformational efforts. The empirical part was conducted by a qualitative case study approach. The internationally operating software development case organization had a year of experience of an agile transformation effort during it had also undergone organizational realignment efforts. The primary data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews supported by participatory observation. As a result the identified challenges were categorized under four broad themes: organizational, management, team dynamics and process related. The identified challenges indicate that agility is a multifaceted concept. Agile practices may bring visibility in issues of which many are embedded in the organizational culture or in the management style. Viewing software development as a complex adaptive system could facilitate understanding of the underpinning philosophy and eventually solving the issues: interactions are more important than processes and solving a complex problem, such a novel software development, requires constant feedback and adaptation to changing requirements. Furthermore, an agile implementation seems to be unique in nature, and agents engaged in the interaction are the pivotal part of the success of achieving agility. In case agility is not a strategic choice for whole organization, it seems additional issues may arise due to different ways of working in different parts of an organization. Lastly, detailed suggestions to mitigate the challenges of the case organization are provided.

Interpersonal understanding and theory of mind

En populär idé inom dagens filosofiska och psykologiska forskning om interpersonlig förståelse, är idén att vi använder en kognitiv funktion (eller metod) för att förstå andra människor, en så kallad ”theory of mind” funktion. Denna idé förekommer inom ett brett vetenskapligt fält så som inom evolutionspsykologi, inom teorier om barns utveckling, inom teorier om autism, samt inom emotionsfilosofi och moralfilosofi. Avsikten i denna studie är att se närmare på vissa inflytelserika filosofiska och psykologiska teorier om interpersonlig förståelse, teorier som också har en stark koppling till empirisk forskning. I arbetet hävdar Gustafsson att teorierna ifråga avspeglar vissa klassiska, filosofiskt problematiska, antaganden. Dessa antaganden präglar teorierna ifråga samt påverkar hur de empiriska undersökningarna byggs upp och hur resultat tolkas.

Design and evaluation of web interface signs to improve web usability : a semiotic framework

Technological innovations, the development of the internet, and globalization have increased the number and complexity of web applications. As a result, keeping web user interfaces understandable and usable (in terms of ease-of-use, effectiveness, and satisfaction) is a challenge. As part of this, designing userintuitive interface signs (i.e., the small elements of web user interface, e.g., navigational link, command buttons, icons, small images, thumbnails, etc.) is an issue for designers. Interface signs are key elements of web user interfaces because ‘interface signs’ act as a communication artefact to convey web content and system functionality, and because users interact with systems by means of interface signs. In the light of the above, applying semiotic (i.e., the study of signs) concepts on web interface signs will contribute to discover new and important perspectives on web user interface design and evaluation. The thesis mainly focuses on web interface signs and uses the theory of semiotic as a background theory. The underlying aim of this thesis is to provide valuable insights to design and evaluate web user interfaces from a semiotic perspective in order to improve overall web usability. The fundamental research question is formulated as What do practitioners and researchers need to be aware of from a semiotic perspective when designing or evaluating web user interfaces to improve web usability? From a methodological perspective, the thesis follows a design science research (DSR) approach. A systematic literature review and six empirical studies are carried out in this thesis. The empirical studies are carried out with a total of 74 participants in Finland. The steps of a design science research process are followed while the studies were designed and conducted; that includes (a) problem identification and motivation, (b) definition of objectives of a solution, (c) design and development, (d) demonstration, (e) evaluation, and (f) communication. The data is collected using observations in a usability testing lab, by analytical (expert) inspection, with questionnaires, and in structured and semi-structured interviews. User behaviour analysis, qualitative analysis and statistics are used to analyze the study data. The results are summarized as follows and have lead to the following contributions. Firstly, the results present the current status of semiotic research in UI design and evaluation and highlight the importance of considering semiotic concepts in UI design and evaluation. Secondly, the thesis explores interface sign ontologies (i.e., sets of concepts and skills that a user should know to interpret the meaning of interface signs) by providing a set of ontologies used to interpret the meaning of interface signs, and by providing a set of features related to ontology mapping in interpreting the meaning of interface signs. Thirdly, the thesis explores the value of integrating semiotic concepts in usability testing. Fourthly, the thesis proposes a semiotic framework (Semiotic Interface sign Design and Evaluation – SIDE) for interface sign design and evaluation in order to make them intuitive for end users and to improve web usability. The SIDE framework includes a set of determinants and attributes of user-intuitive interface signs, and a set of semiotic heuristics to design and evaluate interface signs. Finally, the thesis assesses (a) the quality of the SIDE framework in terms of performance metrics (e.g., thoroughness, validity, effectiveness, reliability, etc.) and (b) the contributions of the SIDE framework from the evaluators’ perspective.

The Effect of Plant Closures on Market Value: Empirical Evidence from Pulp and Paper Industry 2004-2012

The aim of this study was to research how plant closure announcements affect the market value of the largest pulp and paper industry companies in the world. Also the effect of announcements on competitors was researched and whether the location of plants, timing, reasons for the closures, and characteristics of the closing firms and competitors have an impact on the results. The overall sample included 57 events in the years 2004-2012 and event study was used as a research method. Main theories were signaling theory and spillover effect. According to empirical results, investors consider plant closure announcements as a positive signal for market value. The spillover effect on competitors was, on average, positive and characteristics of the firms and closures had an effect on the results. Furthermore, the market generally predicted the closures and overreacted to them on the announcement day and after it. It is possible for corporate management and investors to learn from the results and use them as support for their decision making.

Strategisten reaalioptioiden tunnistamiskyky suomalaisissa pk-yrityksissä. Merkitys, haasteet, käytäntö.

Tämän Pro Gradu –tutkielman aiheena on strategisten reaalioptioiden tunnistamiskyky suomalaisissa pk-yrityksissä. Tunnistamiskykyä tutkitaan kolmen alakysymyksen kautta ja näiden myötä voidaan muodostaa näkemys tunnistamiskyvyn merkityksestä, haasteista ja käytännöstä. Tutkimusstrategiana on kvalitatiivinen tutkimus ja tutkimusmetodina puolistrukturoimaton haastattelu. Tutkimus suoritetaan ilman selkeitä ennakkohypoteeseja. Laajan viitekehyksen tutkimukselle antaa reaalioptioajattelun teoria. Tutkimuksessa johdetaan strategisten reaalioptioiden tunnistamiskyvyn määritelmä taustateoriaan pohjautuen. Empiiristen tutkimustulosten mukaan strategisten reaalioptioiden tunnistamiskyvyn käytäntö ja haasteet nivoutuvat kolmen laajan teeman sisään. Näitä teemoja ovat yritysjohdon jatkuva valppaus mielentilana, tunnistamiskyky asiakas-, verkosto- ja kumppanuussuhteissa sekä henkilöstön kompetenssien rakentaminen. Tutkimuksen myötä vahvistuu näkemys, jonka mukaan reaalioptioajattelun omaksuminen voi kehittää merkittävästi yritysjohdon strategista ajattelukykyä sekä koko yrityksessä vallitsevaa toimeenpanokykyä. Strategisten reaalioptioiden tunnistamiskyky on puolestaan reaalioptioajattelun yksi tärkeä osa-alue, koska sillä mitä päädymme tunnistamaan, on tyypillisesti kauaskantoiset seuraukset.

Pk-yrityksen uudistumiskyvyn ja innovaatiokyvykkyyden mittaaminen

Uudistumiskyky ja innovaatiokyvykkyys edistävät uusien innovaatioiden syntymistä, mikä mahdollistaa kestävän kilpailuedun saavuttamisen. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään uudistumiskykyä yhtenä merkittävänä innovaatiokyvykkyyden taustatekijänä. Pk-yritysten innovaatiokyvykkyyden mittaamisen on havaittu parantavan innovaatiokyvykkyyttä. Näin myös pk-yritysten uudistumiskyvyn sekä innovaatiokyvykkyyden mittaamisen merkitys korostuu kilpailun koventuessa markkinoilla ja sitä tulisi käyttää osana suorituskyvyn johtamista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten uudistumiskykyä ja innovaatiokyvykkyyttä mitataan pk-yrityksissä. Tutkimusongelmaa lähdettiin ratkaisemaan aihealueen teorian pohjalta, jota myöhemmin sovellettiin empiriaosuudessa. Empiriassa käytettiin kvalitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää, missä haettiin vastauksia tutkimuskysymyksiin puolistrukturoidun haastattelumallin avulla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena selvisi, mihin innovaatiokyvykkyyden osa-alueisiin pk-yritykset keskittyvät mittaamisessa. Esimerkiksi pk-yritysten innovaatiokyvykkyyden mittaamisessa tulisi kiinnittää enemmän huomiota erityisesti osallistuvan johtamisen sekä ulkopuolisen tiedon merkitykseen. Kaiken kaikkiaan innovaatiokyvykkyyden mittaamisen merkitystä ja mittariston rakentamista tulisi opettaa pk-yrityksille laajemmin.