Maintenance and construction outsourcing in a public-owned electricity network company

Euroopan sähkösektori on ollut viimeisen vuosikymmenen suurten mullistusten kourissa. Sähkömarkkinoiden avautumisen jälkeen monopoliliiketoimintaa harjoittavien sähköyhtiöiden on ollut pakko parantaa tuottavuuttaan. Ratkaisuksi tähän on etsitty apua huolto- ja rakennustoimintojen ulkoistamisella. Ulkoistaminen on kuitenkin uusi menetelmä tällä sektorilla. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää syyt, jotka tanskalaisella sähköverkkoyhtiöllä oli huolto- ja rakennustoimintojen ulkoistamiseen, sekä löytää siitä saatavat hyödyt ja siihen sisältyvät riskit. Tutkimus suoritetaan käyttäen apuna kirjallisuutta, saatavilla olevia due diligence-, sekä muita raportteja ja analyysejä, sekä tapausta koskettavien tahojen haastatteluja.Lisäksi sähköverkkoalan asiantuntijoiden kanssa käytyjä konsultointia käytetäänselvitykseen. Tutkimus osoittaa, että perimmäiset ajurit huolto- ja rakennustoimintojen ulkoistamiseen tulivat lainmuutosten ja vapautuneiden sähkömarkkinoiden asettamista paineista. Kunnallisessa organisaatiossa parantaa tehokkuutta ulkoistamalla jotain toimintoja yksityisomisteiselle palvelun tuottajalle. Muut ulkoistamisesta odotetut hyödyt olivat alentuneet kustannukset, virtaviivaisempi organisaation ja sähköverkkoyhtiön tehottomista osista eroon pääseminen ennen sen myymistä.

Transparent and secure remote network storage system using an untrusted server

Työssä kehitettin läpinäkyvä Internet Small Computer Systems Interface-verkkolevyä (iSCSI) käyttävä varmistusjärjestelmä. Verkkolevyn sisältö suojattiin asiakaspään salauskerroksella (dm-crypt). Järjestely mahdollisti sen, että verkkolevylle tallennetut varmuuskopiot pysyivät luottamuksellisina, vaikka levypalvelinta tarjoava taho oli joko epäluotettava tai suorastaan vihamielinen. Järjestelmän hyötykäyttöä varten kehitettiin helppokäyttöinen prototyyppisovellus. Järjestelmän riskit ja haavoittuvuudet käytiin läpi ja analysoitiin. Järjestelmälle tehtiin myös karkea kryptoanalyysi sen teknistenominaisuuksien pohjalta. Suorituskykymittaukset tehtiin sekä salatulle että salaamattomalle iSCSI-liikenteelle. Näistä todettiin, että salauksen vaikutus suorituskykyyn oli häviävän pieni jopa 100 megabittiä sekunnissa siirtävillä verkkonopeuksilla. Lisäksi pohdittiin teknologian muita sovelluskohteita ja tulevia tutkimusalueita.

Sidosryhmien odotukset voittoa tavoittelemattomalle kehitysyhtiölle. Case: Lappeenranta Innovation Oy

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, mitä sidosryhmät odottivat voittoa tavoittelemattomalta case-yritykseltä Lappeenranta Innovation Oy:ltä sen perustamisen yhteydessä ja reilun vuoden toiminnan jälkeen. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään myös niitä kehittämisehdotuksia, joita sidosryhmillä on yritykselle. Tutkimus on laadullinen tapaustutkimus jasen aineisto koostuu dokumenteista, mediateksteistä ja haastatteluista. Menetelminä on käytetty teemoittelua ja diskurssianalyysiä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena löytyi kuusi alkuvaiheen odotuskokonaisuutta: 1) yrittäjien auttaminen; 2) tutkimuksen ja liiketoiminnan yhdistäminen; 3) rahoituksen hakeminen; 4) public-private -yhteistyön kehittäminen; 5) Venäjä-yhteistyön kehittäminen ja6) verkostojen luominen. Reilun vuoden toiminnan jälkeen odotukset ovat muuttuneet jonkin verran: public-private-yhteistyön odotuksen merkitys on kasvanut ja uutena odotuksena on tullut IP-oikeuksien suojaaminen. Kehittämisehdotuksia tutkimuksessa löytyi 10 eri toiminta-alueelta: yritys-kehitys; rahoitus; Venäjä-yhteistyö; verkostot; maakunnallisuus; toiminnan laajuus; yhteistyö sidosryhmien kanssa; tiedottaminen, asioista kertominen, selkeys; fokusointi ja priorisointi; sisäisen toiminnan kehittäminen ja hallituksen rakenne.

From the Resource-Base to Firm Boundaries in the Electricity Network Business - Case Lappeenrannan Energia Oy

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittääcase -yrityksen resurssi- ja kyvykkyyspohjaa resurssiperustaisen näkemyksen mukaan, sekä yrityksen rajoja transaktiokustannusteorian mukaan. Tutkimusongelmia lähestyttiin kirjallisuuskatsauksella, puoli-strukturoiduilla teemahaastatteluilla, sekä kyselylomakkeilla. Tutkielman päätuloksiksi voidaan Tukea löydetty resurssikuilu, resurssien ja kyvykkyyksien tutkinta, sekä kyselylomakkeiden rakentaminen ja käyttö. Tutkielman paljastamasta kuilusta voidaan erottaa kolme päähaastetta; ikääntyvät sähköverkot, ikääntyvä henkilökunta ja liiketoimintaosaamisen puute. Lisäksi resurssien ja kyvykkyyksien tutkinta nosti esille organisaation rutiineja ja prosesseja, ja kyselylomakkeet osoittautuivat varsin toimiviksi tutkimuksen kontekstissa. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että sähköverkkoliiketoiminta ja case yritys ovat suuren rakennemuutoksen alla, joka tuo mukanaan suuria haasteita myös lähitulevaisuudessa.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chains. Smile. Part 1. eBusiness between global company and itslocal sme supplier network

VALOSADE (Value Added Logistics in Supply and Demand Chains) is the research project of Anita Lukka's VALORE (Value Added Logistics Research) research team inLappeenranta University of Technology. VALOSADE is included in ELO (Ebusiness logistics) technology program of Tekes (Finnish Technology Agency). SMILE (SME-sector, Internet applications and Logistical Efficiency) is one of four subprojects of VALOSADE. SMILE research focuses on case network that is composed of small and medium sized mechanical maintenance service providers and global wood processing customers. Basic principle of SMILE study is communication and ebusiness insupply and demand network. This first phase of research concentrates on creating backgrounds for SMILE study and for ebusiness solutions of maintenance case network. The focus is on general trends of ebusiness in supply chains and networksof different industries; total ebusiness system architecture of company networks; ebusiness strategy of company network; information value chain; different factors, which influence on ebusiness solution of company network; and the correlation between ebusiness and competitive advantage. Literature, interviews and benchmarking were used as research methods in this qualitative case study. Networks and end-to-end supply chains are the organizational structures, which can add value for end customer. Information is one of the key factors in these decentralized structures. Because of decentralization of business, information is produced and used in different companies and in different information systems. Information refinement services are needed to manage information flows in company networksbetween different systems. Furthermore, some new solutions like network information systems are utilised in optimising network performance and in standardizingnetwork common processes. Some cases have however indicated, that utilization of ebusiness in decentralized business model is not always a necessity, but value-add of ICT must be defined case-specifically. In the theory part of report, different ebusiness and architecture models are introduced. These models are compared to empirical case data in research results. The biggest difference between theory and empirical data is that models are mainly developed for large-scale companies - not for SMEs. This is due to that implemented network ebusiness solutions are mainly large company centered. Genuine SME network centred ebusiness models are quite rare, and the study in that area has been few in number. Business relationships between customer and their SME suppliers are nowadays concentrated more on collaborative tactical and strategic initiatives besides transaction based operational initiatives. However, ebusiness systems are further mainly based on exchange of operational transactional data. Collaborative ebusiness solutions are in planning or pilot phase in most case companies. Furthermore, many ebusiness solutions are nowadays between two participants, but network and end-to-end supply chain transparency and information systems are quite rare. Transaction volumes, data formats, the types of exchanged information, information criticality,type and duration of business relationship, internal information systems of partners, processes and operation models (e.g. different ordering models) differ among network companies, and furthermore companies are at different stages on networking and ebusiness readiness. Because of former factors, different customer-supplier combinations in network must utilise totally different ebusiness architectures, technologies, systems and standards.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chain. Smile. Part 2. eBusiness in a service business. Case: A maintenance and operations network in forest industry

VVALOSADE is a research project of professor Anita Lukka's VALORE research team in the Lappeenranta University of Technology. The VALOSADE includes the ELO technology program of Tekes. SMILE is one of four subprojects of the VALOSADE. The SMILE study focuses on the case of the company network that is composed of small and micro-sized mechanical maintenance service providers and forest industry as large-scale customers. The basic principle of the SMILE study is the communication and ebusiness in supply and demand networks. The aim of the study is to develop ebusiness strategy, ebusiness model and e-processes among the SME local service providers, and onthe other hand, between the local service provider network and the forest industry customers in a maintenance and operations service business. A literature review, interviews and benchmarking are used as research methods in this qualitative case study. The first SMILE report, 'Ebusiness between Global Company and Its Local SME Supplier Network', concentrated on creating background for the SMILE study by studying general trends of ebusiness in supply chains and networks of different industries. This second phase of the study concentrates on case network background, such as business relationships, information systems and business objectives; core processes in maintenance and operations service network; development needs in communication among the network participants; and ICT solutions to respond needs in changing environment. In the theory part of the report, different ebusiness models and frameworks are introduced. Those models and frameworks are compared to empirical case data. From that analysis of the empirical data, therecommendations for the development of the network information system are derived. In process industry such as the forest industry, it is crucial to achieve a high level of operational efficiency and reliability, which sets up great requirements for maintenance and operations. Therefore, partnerships or strategic alliances are needed between the network participants. In partnerships and alliances, deep communication is important, and therefore the information systems in the network also are critical. Communication, coordination and collaboration will increase in the case network in the future, because network resources must be optimised to improve competitive capability of the forest industry customers and theefficiency of their service providers. At present, ebusiness systems are not usual in this maintenance network. A network information system among the forest industry customers and their local service providers actually is the only genuinenetwork information system in this total network. However, the utilisation of that system has been quite insignificant. The current system does not add value enough either to the customers or to the local service providers. At present, thenetwork information system is the infomediary that share static information forthe network partners. The network information system should be the transaction intermediary, which integrates internal processes of the network companies; the network information system, which provides common standardised processes for thelocal service providers; and the infomediary, which share static and dynamic information on right time, on right partner, on right costs, on right format and on right quality. This study provides recommendations how to develop this system in the future to add value to the network companies. Ebusiness scenarios, vision, objectives, strategies, application architecture, ebusiness model, core processes and development strategy must be considered when the network information system will be developed in the next development step. The core processes in the case network are demand/capacity management, customer/supplier relationship management, service delivery management, knowledge management and cash flow management. Most benefits from ebusiness solutions come from the electrifying of operational level processes, such as service delivery management and cash flow management.

Mobile Communications within the European Union: The Role of Location in the Evolution and Forecasting of the Diffusion Process

In the European Union, the importance of mobile communications was realized early on. The process of mobile communications becoming ubiquitous has taken time, as the innovation of mobile communications diffused into the society. The aim of this study is to find out how the evolution and spatial patterns of the diffusion of mobile communications within the European Union could be taken into account in forecasting the diffusion process. There is relatively lot of research of innovation diffusion on the individual (micro) andthe country (macro) level, if compared to the territorial level. Territorial orspatial diffusion refers either to the intra-country or inter-country diffusionof an innovation. In both settings, the dif- fusion of a technological innovation has gained scarce attention. This study adds knowledge of the diffusion between countries, focusing especially on the role of location in this process. The main findings of the study are the following: The penetration rates of the European Union member countries have become more even in the period of observation, from the year 1981 to 2000. The common digital GSM system seems to have hastened this process. As to the role of location in the diffusion process, neighboring countries have had similar diffusion processes. They can be grouped into three, the Nordic countries, the central and southern European countries, and the remote southern European countries. The neighborhood effect is also domi- nating in thegravity model which is used for modeling the adoption timing of the countries. The subsequent diffusion within a country, measured by the logistic model in Finland, is af- fected positively by its economic situation, and it seems to level off at some 92 %. Considering the launch of future mobile communications systemsusing a common standard should implicate an equal development between the countries. The launching time should be carefully selected as the diffusion is probably delayed in economic downturns. The location of a country, measured by distance, can be used in forecasting the adoption and diffusion. Fi- nally, the result of penetration rates becoming more even implies that in a relatively homoge- nous set of countries, such as the European Union member countries, the estimated final pene- tration of a single country can be used for approximating the penetration of the others. The estimated eventual penetration of Finland, some 92 %, should thus also be the eventual level for all the European Union countries and for the European Union as a whole.

Improving distributed simulation in a workstation environment

Technological development brings more and more complex systems to the consumer markets. The time required for bringing a new product to market is crucial for the competitive edge of a company. Simulation is used as a tool to model these products and their operation before actual live systems are built. The complexity of these systems can easily require large amounts of memory and computing power. Distributed simulation can be used to meet these demands. Distributed simulation has its problems. Diworse, a distributed simulation environment, was used in this study to analyze the different factors that affect the time required for the simulation of a system. Examples of these factors are the simulation algorithm, communication protocols, partitioning of the problem, distributionof the problem, capabilities of the computing and communications equipment and the external load. Offices offer vast amounts of unused capabilities in the formof idle workstations. The use of this computing power for distributed simulation requires the simulation to adapt to a changing load situation. This requires all or part of the simulation work to be removed from a workstation when the owner wishes to use the workstation again. If load balancing is not performed, the simulation suffers from the workstation's reduced performance, which also hampers the owner's work. Operation of load balancing in Diworse is studied and it is shown to perform better than no load balancing, as well as which different approaches for load balancing are discussed.

Railcarrier in Intermodal Freight Transportation Network

The major objective of this thesis is to describe and analyse how a railcarrier is engaged in an intermodal freight transportation network through its role and position. Because of the fact that the role as a conceptualisation has a lot of parallels with the position, both these phenomena are evaluated theoretically and empirically. VR Cargo (a strategical business unitof the Finnish railway company VR Ltd.) was chosen to be the focal firm surrounded by the actors of the focal net. Because of the fact that networks are sets of relationships rather than sets of actors, it is essential to describe the dimensions of the relationships created through the time thus having a past, presentand future. The roles are created during long common history shared by the actors especially when IM networks are considered. The presence of roles is embeddedin the tasks, and the future is anchored to the expectations. Furthermore, in this study role refers to network dynamics, and to incremental and radical changes in the network, in a similar way as position refers to stability and to the influences of bonded structures. The main purpose of the first part of the study was to examine how the two distinctive views that have a dominant position in modern logistics ¿ the network view (particularly IMP-based network approach) and the managerial view (represented by Supply Chain Management) differ, especially when intermodalism is under consideration. In this study intermodalism was defined as a form of interorganisational behaviour characterized by the physical movement of unitized goods with Intermodal Transport Units, using more than one mode as performed by the net of operators. In this particular stage the study relies mainly on theoretical evaluation broadened by some discussions with the practitioners. This is essential, because the continuous dialogue between theory and practice is highly emphasized. Some managerial implications are discussed on the basis of the theoretical examination. A tentative model for empirical analysis in subsequent research is suggested. The empirical investigation, which relies on the interviews among the members in the focal net, shows that the major role of the focal company in the network is the common carrier. This role has some behavioural and functional characteristics, such as an executive's disclosure expressing strategic will attached with stable and predictable managerial and organisational behaviour. Most important is the notion that the focal company is neutral for all the other operators, and willing to enhance and strengthen the collaboration with all the members in the IM network. This also means that all the accounts are aimed at being equal in terms of customer satisfaction. Besides, the adjustments intensify the adopted role. However, the focal company is also obliged tosustain its role as it still has a government-erected right to maintain solely the railway operations on domestic tracks. In addition, the roles of a dominator, principal, partner, subcontractor, and integrator were present appearing either in a dyadic relationship or in net(work) context. In order to reveal differentroles, a dualistic interpretation of the concept of role/position was employed.

WCDMA HSPA performance counters for monitoring 3G-radio access network

The objective of this project was to gather all the counters which are used on HSPA performance monitoring. The main purpose was to create a compact packet of HSPA performance counters and radio network monitoring which Ericsson's employees can then use in their daily work. The study includes a short introduction to the architecture of the 3G-radio access network. The HSPA technology and HSPA performance are presented including a functional description of performance counters and KPIs, which are used for performance management and monitoring. The theory part of the study also covers an overview of performance management in OSS-RC. The final part of the study covers an overview of the performance management tools, in-troducing how the counters are represented in these interfaces. MOShell and OSS-RC are tools used in this study. Tools were selected because the MOShell is Ericsson's inter-nal management tool and OSS-RC is a tool designed for customers.

Digitaalinen osaamisen kehittäminen osana henkilöstökoulutusta

Tieto- ja viestintätekniikan kehittyminen on muuttanut työn luonnetta monella tavalla ja työelämän jatkuva muutos ja joustavuuteen pyrkiminen edellyttävät uusien tietojen ja taitojen hankkimista. Verkko-opetus, verkko-opiskelu ja verkko-oppiminen näyttävät tarjoavat uusia ulottuvuuksia henkilöstökoulutukseen. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on tutkia voidaanko digitaalisella osaamisen kehittämisellä tukea yrityksen henkilöstökoulutusta ja henkilöstöä opiskelussa ja oppimisessa? Osaaminen on strateginen kysymys ja sen kehittämisessä pyritään yrityksissä aiempaa pitkäjänteisempään ja kokonaisvaltaisempaan toimintatapaan. Digitaalinen osaamisen kehittäminen oikein toteutettuna näyttää vahvistavan henkilöstön osaamistasoa. Tekniset apuvälineet eivät ehkä koskaan tule korvaamaan kokemusta ja työssä oppimista, silti ne näyttävät helpottavat tiedonkulkua ja ovat apuna osaamisen kehittämisessä. Kuvitelma verkko-opintojen helppoudesta, täysin ajasta ja paikasta riippumattomana, sekä itsenäisestä opiskelusta on harhaa. Verkkokoulutuksen suurena haasteena on sen soveltaminen järkevällä tavalla organisaation toimintakulttuuriin ja toimintatapoihin. Ajanoloon verkko-opiskelu saattaa muuttua osaksi työtä, mutta asenteiden muokkaamisessa on vielä paljon tekemistä. Yritysten johdon tulee näyttää tietä ja toimia esimerkkinä uusien toimintatapojen käyttöönotossa.

Implementation of Signaling Gateway between Telephone Network and the Internet

Tässä diplomityössä perehdytään verkkoelementiltä, joka yhdistää H.323, MEGACO- ja ISUP-protokollia käyttävät tietoliikenneverkot toisiinsa, vaadittaviin ominaisuuksiin ja toiminnallisuuksiin. Tyypillisesti tällaista toiminnallisuutta tarvitaan IP- ja PSTN-verkkojen yhdistämisessä. Tarkastelu aloitetaan kuvaamalla PSTN-verkon signalointi ja rakenne, jatketaan kuvaamalla internet-protokollia käyttävä verkkoympäristö ja lopuksi perehdytään verkkoelementiltä vaadittaviin toiminnallisuuksiin, jotta PSTN ja MEGACO-pohjaiset verkot toimivat yhteen. Työn käytännöllisenä osuutena kuvataan osa viestisekvenssikaavioista, joita verkkoelementti toteuttaa puuttumatta kuitenkaan eri protokollien toimintaan viestien parametrien tasolla.

Service Architecture in Mobile IP Telephony Network

Uudet palvelut ovat tarkeinta, mita asiakkaat odottavat uudelta teknologialta.Se on paaasiallinen syy siihen, etta asiakkaat ovat valmiita maksamaan uudesta teknologiasta ja kayttamaan sita. Sen vuoksi uuden verkon tuoma uusi palveluarkkitehtuuri on tarkea koko projektin onnistumiselle. Tama dokumentti keskittyy kolmannen sukupolven matkapuhelinverkkojen palveluarkkitehtuuriin, jonka viitemallista annetaan kuvaus. Verkon palvelut esitellaan ja kuvaillaan. Toteutukseen liittyvia asioita selostetaan. USA:n markkinoilla tarvittava WIN konsepti kuvataan ja sen toteutuksesta annetaan myos kuvaus. Lopussa kuvataan Pre-Paid tilaajien laskutustietojen kasittelya WIN konseptissa elvytystilanteessa.