Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: clinical and immunological aspects

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects most commonly young women in their childbearing age. Previous studies have shown that MS relapse rate usually reduces during pregnancy and increases again after delivery. Patients with MS and their treating physicians are interested to know more about the risks the disease can cause to pregnancy and how pregnancy affects the disease. The reasons for increased relapse rate after delivery are not entirely clear, but loss of pregnancy related immune tolerance and changes in the hormonal status at the time of delivery seem to be of relevance. Aims and methods: The aims of this study were to follow the natural course of MS during and after pregnancy, evaluate pregnancy related risks among MS patients, follow the inflammatory response of MS patients during and after pregnancy and clarify the risk of relevant co-morbidities known to affect other autoimmune diseases after pregnancy and compare these results to healthy controls. This study was a part of a prospective nation-wide follow-up study of 60 Finnish MS patients. All eligible MS patients were enrolled in the study during the years 2003-2005. A prospective followup continued from early pregnancy until six months postpartum. MS relapses, EDSS scores and obstetric details were recorded. Blood samples were obtained from the patients at early, middle, and late pregnancy, after delivery and one month, three months and six months postpartum. Results: MS patients were no more likely to experience pregnancy or delivery complications than the Finnish mothers in general. The need of instrumental assistance, however, was higher among mothers with MS. Disease activity followed the course seen in previous studies. The majority of mothers (90.2%) breastfed their babies. Contrary to previous results, breastfeeding did not protect MS patients from disease worsening after delivery in present study. Mothers with active pre-pregnancy disease chose to breastfeed less frequently and started medication instead. MS patients presented with higher prevalence of elevated thyroid autoantibodies postpartum than healthy controls, but the rate of thyroid hormonal dysfunction was similar as that of healthy controls. The mode of delivery nor the higher rate of tissue damage assessed with C-reactive protein concentration were not predictive of postpartum relapses. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was slightly higher among mothers with MS compared to Finnish mothers in general, but postpartum depression was observed in similar rates. MS patients presented with significantly lower serum concentrations of vitamin D during pregnancy and postpartum than healthy controls. Conclusions: Childbearing can be regarded as safe for mothers with MS as it is for healthy mothers in general. Breastfeeding can be recommended, but it should be done only after careful evaluation of the individual risk for postpartum disease activation. Considering MS patients tend to develop thyroid antibody positivity after delivery more often than healthy controls and that certain treatments can predispose MS patients to thyroid hormonal dysfunction, we recommend MS mothers to be screened for thyroid abnormalities during pregnancy and after delivery. Increased risk for gestational diabetes should be kept in mind when following MS mothers and glucose tolerance test in early pregnancy should be considered. Adequate vitamin D supplementation is essential for MS mothers also during pregnancy and postpartum period.

Adaptiivisen hitsausvalokaaren hyödyntäminen MAG-kuumakaarihitsauksessa

Tässä kandidaatintyössä tutkitaan MIG/MAG-hitsauksessa käytettävien ohjelmistoratkaisujen kuumakaarihitsaukseen tuomia etuja perinteisiin menetelmiin verrattuna. Pääpaino on hitsausnopeuden, tunkeuman ja laadun tarkastelussa. Hitsauskokeissa käytettävät menetelmät ovat perinteinen 1-MIG-kuumakaarihitsaus ja 1-MIG-kuumakaarihitsaus Kemppi WiseFusion toiminnolla.

Post-processing and analysis of tracked hand trajectories

In this thesis, the suitability of different trackers for finger tracking in high-speed videos was studied. Tracked finger trajectories from the videos were post-processed and analysed using various filtering and smoothing methods. Position derivatives of the trajectories, speed and acceleration were extracted for the purposes of hand motion analysis. Overall, two methods, Kernelized Correlation Filters and Spatio-Temporal Context Learning tracking, performed better than the others in the tests. Both achieved high accuracy for the selected high-speed videos and also allowed real-time processing, being able to process over 500 frames per second. In addition, the results showed that different filtering methods can be applied to produce more appropriate velocity and acceleration curves calculated from the tracking data. Local Regression filtering and Unscented Kalman Smoother gave the best results in the tests. Furthermore, the results show that tracking and filtering methods are suitable for high-speed hand-tracking and trajectory-data post-processing.

Graphene from Graphite by Chemical and Physical Techniques.

Graphene is a material with extraordinary properties. Its mechanical and electrical properties are unparalleled but the difficulties in its production are hindering its breakthrough in on applications. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made entirely of carbon atoms and it is only a single atom thick. In this work, properties of graphene and graphene based materials are described, together with their common preparation techniques and related challenges. This Thesis concentrates on the topdown techniques, in which natural graphite is used as a precursor for the graphene production. Graphite consists of graphene sheets, which are stacked together tightly. In the top-down techniques various physical or chemical routes are used to overcome the forces keeping the graphene sheets together, and many of them are described in the Thesis. The most common chemical method is the oxidisation of graphite with strong oxidants, which creates a water-soluble graphene oxide. The properties of graphene oxide differ significantly from pristine graphene and, therefore, graphene oxide is often reduced to form materials collectively known as reduced graphene oxide. In the experimental part, the main focus is on the chemical and electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide. A novel chemical route using vanadium is introduced and compared to other common chemical graphene oxide reduction methods. A strong emphasis is placed on electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide in various solvents. Raman and infrared spectroscopy are both used in in situ spectroelectrochemistry to closely monitor the spectral changes during the reduction process. These in situ techniques allow the precise control over the reduction process and even small changes in the material can be detected. Graphene and few layer graphene were also prepared using a physical force to separate these materials from graphite. Special adsorbate molecules in aqueous solutions, together with sonic treatment, produce stable dispersions of graphene and few layer graphene sheets in water. This mechanical exfoliation method damages the graphene sheets considerable less than the chemical methods, although it suffers from a lower yield.

Reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions in lime kiln

Different nitrogen oxide removal technologies for rotary lime kiln are studied in this thesis, the main focus being in commercial technologies. Post-combustion methods are investigated in more detail as potential possible NOx removal with combustion methods in rotary lime kiln is more limited or primary methods are already in use. However, secondary methods as NOx scrubber, SNCR or SCR technologies are not listed as the Best Available Technologies defined by European Union. BAT technologies for NOx removal in lime kiln are (1) Optimised combustion and combustion control, (2) Good mixing of fuel and air, (3) Low-NOx burner and (4) Fuel selection/low-N fuel. SNCR method is the most suitable technique for NOx removal in lime kiln when NOx removal from 50 % to 70 % is required in case primary methods are already in use or cannot be applied. In higher removal cases ammonia slip is an issue in SNCR. By using SCR better NOx reduction can be achieved but issues with catalyst materials are expected to arise because of the dust and sulphur dioxide which leads to catalyst poison formation in lower flue gas temperatures. NOx scrubbing has potential when simultaneous NOx and SO2 removal is required. The challenge is that NO cannot be scrubbed directly, but once it is oxidized to NO2 or further scrubbing can be performed as the solubility of NO2 is higher. Commercial installations have not been made regarding SNCR, SCR or NOx scrubbing regarding rotary lime kiln. For SNCR and SCR the closest references come from cement industry.

Bariatric and Post-Bariatric Surgery: from Metabolic Surgery to Plastic Surgery Indications

Background: Controversy exists concerning indications and outcomes of major bariatric surgery procedures. Massive weight loss after bariatric surgery leads to excess skin with functional and aesthetic impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate the major bariatric surgery procedures and their outcomes in two specific subgroups of morbidly obese patients, ≥55-year-olds and the superobese. Further aims were to evaluate whether the preoperative weight loss correlates with laparoscopic gastric bypass complications. The prevalence and impact of excess skin and the desire for body contouring after bariatric surgery were also studied. Patients and Methods: Data from patients who underwent Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) and Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB) at Vaasa Central Hospital were collected and postoperative outcomes were evaluated according to the BMI, age and preoperative weight loss. Patients who had undergone bariatric surgery procedures were asked to complete a questionnaire to estimate any impairment due to redundant skin and to analyse each patient’s desire for body contouring by area. Results: No significant difference was found in operative time, hospital stay, or overall early postoperative morbidity between LAGB and LRYGB. Mean excess weight loss percents (EWL%) at 6 and 12 months after LRYGB were significantly higher. A significant difference was found in operative time favouring patients <55 years. Intraoperative complications were significantly more frequent in the group aged >55 years. No significant difference was detected in overall postoperative morbidity rates. A significant difference was found in operative time and hospital stay favouring all patients who lost weight preoperatively. Most patients reported problems with redundant skin, especially on the abdomen, upper arms and rear/buttocks, which impaired daily physical activity in half of them. Excess skin was significantly associated with female gender, weight loss and ΔBMI. Patients with a WL >20 kg, ΔBMI ≥10 kg/m2 and an EWL % > 50 showed a significantly surplus skin discomfort (p < 0.001). Most patients desired body contouring surgery, with high or very high desire for waist/abdomen (62.2%), upper arm (37.6%), chest/breast (28.3%), and rear/buttock (35.6%) contouring. Conclusions: LRYGB is effective and safe in superobese (BMI >50) and elderly (>55 years) patients. A preoperative weight loss >5% is recommended to improve the outcomes and reduce complications. A WL >20 kg, ΔBMI ≥10 kg/m2 and an EWL % > 50 are associated with a higher functional discomfort due to redundant skin and to a stronger desire for body contouring plastic surgery.

Natiivin Android-pelin käyttöliittymän skaalautuminen ja suorituskyvyn optimointi

Tässä työssä esiteltiin Android laitteisto- ja sovellusalustana sekä kuvattiin, kuinka Android-pelisovelluksen käyttöliittymä voidaan pitää yhtenäisenä eri näyttölaitteilla skaalauskertoimien ja ankkuroinnin avulla. Toisena osiona työtä käsiteltiin yksinkertaisia tapoja, joilla pelisovelluksien suorituskykyä voidaan parantaa. Näistä tarkempiin mittauksiin valittiin matalatarkkuuksinen piirtopuskuri ja näkymättömissä olevien kappaleiden piilotus. Mittauksissa valitut menetelmät vaikuttivat demosovelluksen suorituskykyyn huomattavasti. Tässä työssä rajauduttiin Android-ohjelmointiin Java-kielellä ilman ulkoisia kirjastoja, jolloin työn tuloksia voi helposti hyödyntää mahdollisimman monessa eri käyttökohteessa.

Congenital upper limb defects in Finland 1993-2005

Background: Interest in limb defects has grown after the thalidomide tragedy in the 1960s. As a result, congenital malformation registries, monitoring changes in birthprevalence and defect patterns, have been established in several countries. However, there are only a few true population based studies on birth prevalence of upper limb defects. The burden of hospital care among these children, specifically in terms of the number of admissions and total time spent in hospital, is also unknown. Aims and Methods: This study is based on information gathered from the Finnish Register of Congenital malformations (FRM) and the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). A total of 417 children born between 1993 and 2005 with an upper limb defect were gathered from the FRM. The upper limb defects were classified using the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand -classification that enables comparison with previous and future studies. Birth and live birth prevalence, sex and side distribution, frequency of associated anomalies as well as the proportion of perinatal and infant deaths according to the different subtypes were calculated. The number of hospital admissions, days spent in hospital, number and type of surgical operations were collected from the FHDR. Special features of two subgroups, radial ray defects (RRD) and constriction band syndrome (CBS), were explored. Results: Upper limb defects were observed in 417 of 753 342 consecutive births and in 392 of 750 461 live births. Birth prevalence was 5.5 per 10 000 births and 5.2 per 10 000 live births. Multiple anomalies or a known syndrome was found in 250 cases (60%). Perinatal mortality was 139 per 1000 births and infant mortality 135 per 1000 live births (overall Finnish perinatal mortality <5 per 1000 births and infant mortality 3.7 per 1000 live births). Altogether, 138 infants had RRD and 120 (87%) of these had either a known syndrome or multiple major anomalies. The proportion of perinatal deaths in RRD group was 29% (40/138) and infant deaths 35% (43/123). Fifty-one children had CBS in upper limbs. Fifteen of these (29%) had other major anomalies associated with constriction rings. The number of hospital admissions per year of children with congenital upper limb defects was 11-fold and the time spent in hospital 13-fold as compared with the general paediatric population. Conclusions: Birth prevalence of congenital upper limb defects was 5.5 per 10 000 births and 5.2 per 10 000 live births. RRD was especially associated with other major anomalies and high mortality. Nearly one third of the children with CBS also had other major anomalies suggesting different aetiologies inside the group. The annual burden of hospital care of children with congenital upper limb defects was at least 11-fold as compared with the general paediatric population.

Fosforin talteenotto eri saostus- ja kiteytysmenetelmillä

Fosfori on elintärkeä alkuaine ravinteena ja haasteena on, että fosforivarannot ovat yleismaailmallisesti ehtymässä. Sen kiertokulussa merkittävä osa päätyy vesistöihin aiheuttaen rehevöitymistä. Ongelmaan etsittiin ratkaisua fosforin saostus- ja kiteytysmenetelmistä. Kandityössä esitettiin eri periaatteet erottaa fosfori jätevedestä. Prosesseihin vaikuttavat tekijät määritettiin kiteytysteorian ja kirjallisuudesta löytyvien tutkimusten pohjalta, joiden avulla voitiin määrittää lupaavimmat menetelmät talteenottaa fosfori. Lupaavimmiksi yhdisteiksi saostaa fosfori osoittautuivat magnesiumammoniumfosfaatti- tai hydroksiapatiitti saostusprosessi.

Starting Insulin Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Initially type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired function of beta cells, leading progressively to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes is treated with diet and other lifestyle changes, and with medication modulating e.g. insulin resistance, liver glucose production and insulin secretion. Injectable insulin is added to the treatment when lifestyle changes and other medication are insufficient to maintain adequate control of hyperglycemia. The aim of the treatment is to remove the symptoms of diabetes and to prevent late complications of diabetes. Insulin was traditionally started at hospital wards, but from the early 1990’s also in outpatient care. The first substudy of this thesis examined retrospectively initiation practices and how successfully insulin treatment was introduced in 1990 – 1996 in Southwestern Finland. This study aimed also at identifying the best methods of controlling plasma glucose. It showed that in the 1990’s the incidence of insulin treatment increased and was initiated more often in outpatient care than previously. The use of combination treatment also increased, first with sulfonylureas and later with metformin as the oral drug. In combination therapy the insulin dose was smaller than with insulin monotherapy. HbA1c improved similarly in middle-aged and older age groups. Weight increase associated with insulin initiation was smaller when combined with oral agents. A prospective insulin initiation study (1994 – 1998) tested the hypothesis that hyperglycemia (fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia) may affect the outcome of insulin initiation. The type of hyperglycemia was determined by the relation of fasting plasma glucose to HbA1c. Treatment was initiated with insulin Lente or human NPH insulin. In patients treated with insulin monotherapy twice daily the decline in HbA1c was markedly greater for postprandial than fasting hyperglycemia patients suggesting that hyperglycemia type has significance in the selection of the insulin regimen. Another insulin initiation study showed that patients with fasting hyperglycemia starting on insulin (2004-2005) were significantly more prone to overweight than patients with postprandial hyperglycemia. Irrespective of the insulin preparation (insulin NPH or insulin glargine), patients with fasting hyperglycemia had a greater weight increase compared to patients with postprandial hyperglycemia. Special attention should be paid to prevention of weight increase in these patients.

Käsityön osaamisen jäljillä. Tutkimus käsityön oppiaineen osaamisen ja oppilaan käsityönopetuksellisen taustan yhteydestä neljän yläkoulun 7.luokilla Satakunnan ja Varsinais-Suomen alueella

Käsityön oppiaineen tulevaisuus on viimeaikoina puhuttanut niin opetusalan kehittäjiä, opetushenkilöstöä, opettajankouluttajia kuin opettajaopiskelijoitakin. Käsityön oppiainetta toteutetaan edelleen valtakunnallisesti kahteen eri sisältöön painottuneena tai enemmän molemmat käsityön sisällöt, tekninen työ ja tekstiilityö, huomioiden. Tulevat Perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteet (2016) eivät enää mahdollista oppilaalle painottumiseen perustuvaa valintaa teknisen työn tai tekstiilityön sisältöjen välillä, mikä on lisännyt keskustelua entisestään. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää onko käsityön oppiaineen toteuttamistavalla samansisältöisenä tai painottuneena yhteyttä oppilaan käsityön osaamiseen. Lisäksi selvitettiin onko oppilaan sukupuolella tai harrastuneisuudella yhteyttä oppilaan osaamiseen. Osaamista tutkittiin myös käsityön eri osa-alueilla, joita olivat työvälineet ja materiaalit, tuotteen suunnittelu, tuotteen valmistus ja menetelmät, kestävä kehitys, työturvallisuus ja teknologia. Tutkimus toteutettiin Opetushallituksen (Koulutuksen seurantaraportti 2011:1) käsityön osaamista arvioivan tutkimuksen syventävän tehtäväsarjan mittaria käyttäen. Tutkimus suoritettiin neljässä yläkoulussa Satakunnan ja Varsinais-Suomen alueella huhti- ja toukokuun 2014 aikana. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 229 7. luokan oppilasta. Tutkimusaineisto analysoitiin vertailemalla keskeisiä tunnuslukuja, keskihajontoja ja korrelaatioita. Analysoinnissa käytettiin epäparametrisiä menetelmiä ja päätestit tehtiin käyttäen Mann Withneyn U- ja Kruskal-Wallisin testiä. Tuloksista voidaan tulkita, että käsityön oppiaineen toteuttaminen monipuolisesti, molemmat käsityön sisällöt huomioivana opetuksena, ei heikennä oppilaiden käsityön osaamista. Heikoiten mittauksessa menestyivät erittäin painottuneessa käsityönopetuksessa olleet oppilaat. Tuloksista voitiin tulkita, että sukupuolella on tilastollisesti merkittävä yhteys käsityön osaamiseen. Tytöt menestyivät poikia paremmin käsityön osaamisen kokonaisarvioinnissa sekä tekstiilityön kysymyksissä. Pojat menestyivät paremmin vain teknisen työn kysymyksissä. Harrastuneisuudella ei ollut tilastollisesti merkittävää yhteyttä osaamiseen, mutta harrastajat menestyivät keskiarvovertailussa ei-harrastajia paremmin. Eri osa-alueiden keskiarvovertailuissa neljällä osa-alueella parhaiten menestyivät oppilaat, jotka olivat osallistuneet molempisisältöiseen käsityönopetukseen koko tähänastisen käsityönopetuksensa ajan.

Balancing the quotation process by LEAN methods

This thesis studies the possibility to use lean tools and methods in a quotation process which is carried out in an office environment. The aim of the study was to find out and test the relevant lean tools and methods which can help to balance and standardize the quotation process, and reduce the variance in quotation lead times and in quality. Seminal works, researches and guide books related to the topic were used as the basis for the theory development. Based on the literature review and the case company’s own lean experience, the applicable lean tools and methods were selected to be tested by a sales support team. Leveling production, by product categorization and value stream mapping, was a key method to be used to balance the quotation process. 5S method was started concurrently for standardizing the work. Results of the testing period showed that lean tools and methods are applicable in office process and selected tools and methods helped to balance and standardize the quotation process. Case company’s sales support team decided to implement new lean based quotation process model.

Cardiovascular health from childhood to adulthood – with special reference to early vascular changes. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Background: Recent recommendations aim to improve cardiovascular health (CVH) by encouraging the general population to meet positive and modifiable ideal CVH metrics: not smoking, being physically active, and maintaining normal weight, blood pressure, blood glucose and total cholesterol levels and a healthy diet. Aims: The aim of the present study was to report the prevalence of ideal CVH in children and young adults and study the associations of CVH metrics with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. Participants and methods: The present thesis is part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (Young Finns Study). Data on associations of CVH metrics and subclinical atherosclerosis were available from 1,898 Young Finns Study participants. In addition, joint analyses were performed combining data from the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium member studies from Australia and the USA. Results: None of the participants met all 7 CVH metrics and thus had ideal CVH in childhood and only 1% had ideal CVH as young adults. The number of CVH metrics present in childhood and adulthood predicted lower carotid artery intima-media thickness, improved carotid artery distensibility and lower risk of coronary artery calcification. Those who improved their CVH status from childhood to adulthood had a comparable risk of subclinical atherosclerosis to participants who had always had a high CVH status. Conclusions: Ideal CVH proved to be rare among children and young adults. A higher number of ideal CVH metrics and improvement of CVH status between childhood and adulthood predicted a lower risk of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Ilmasota kansainvälisissä valtiosopimuksissa

Ilmasodankäynti on nykypäivän aseellisissa selkkauksissa hyvin merkittävässä roolissa. Ilmasodalle aselajina ei kuitenkaan ole osoitettu samanlaista oikeudellisesti pätevää kansainvälistä sopimuskokoelmaa kuten maa- ja merisodankäynnille. Tämä ei kuitenkaan tarkoita sitä, että ilmasota olisi ilman oikeudellisesti toimintaa rajoittavaa normistoa. Ilmasotaa koskevia artikloita on sisällytetty useisiin kansainvälisiin valtiosopimuksiin. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia ilmasodan oikeussääntöjä ilmapommituksissa. Tutkimuksen menetelmät liittyivät kansainvälisoikeudellisen oikeuspositivistiseen sääntöjen sisällön selvittämiseen ja soveltamiseen. Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin löytämään sopimusteksteistä merkityksiä, jotka vaikuttavat nykypäivän ilmasodankäyntiin. Tarkoituksena oli selkeän ja yhtenäisen informaation luominen hajanaisesta aineistosta. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi, että vaikka ilmasotaa koskevia välittömiä artikloita on vähän, niin kaikkia puolustushaaroja koskevien yleisten artikloiden ja periaatteiden sekä tapaoikeuden pohjalta on mahdollista rajoittaa ilmasodankäyntiä. Ilmasodankäynnissä tulee varmistua kohteen laillisuudesta ja määrittää mahdollisten siviiliuhrien määrä suhteessa saatavaan sotilaalliseen hyötyyn. Voimankäyttöön ryhtymisen kieltämiseksi, ehkäisemiseksi ja vastustamiseksi laadittujen normien lisäksi tulee huomioida sotatoimien, varsinaisen sodankäynnin, sääntelemiseksi laaditut normit. Taktiikan ja mahdollisten keinojen käytön tulee olla laillisia ja suojella siviilejä sekä siviilikohteita, jotta ilmasodan harjoittamista voidaan pitää laillisena.

Behavioristinen investointitutkimus ja investointilaskentamenetelmien opetus Suomessa

Tämän Pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisia menetelmiä Suomen kauppatieteellisissä yksiköissä opetetaan laskentatoimen opiskelijoille investointien kannattavuuden arvioimiseen, ja onko sillä havaittavaa vaikutusta yritysten tosiasialliseen investointikäyttäytymiseen pitkällä aikavälillä. Tutkimusmuotona käytetään laadullista tutkimusmenetelmää. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuudessa esitellään kirjallisuuskatsaus behavioristiseen investointi-tutkimukseen ja empiirinen aineisto puolestaan kerättiin kyselytutkimuksella, jonka kohderyhmänä oli suomalaisissa kauppakorkeakouluissa toimivat laskentatoimen professorit. Tutkimusaineistoa myös syvennettiin puolistrukturoidulla haastattelulla. Tutkimustulosten perusteella havaitaan, että nettonykyarvon käyttö suomalaisissa yrityksissä on lähentynyt kansainvälistä tasoa, mutta reaalioptioiden käyttö on miltei olematonta verrattuna kansainvälisiin käytäntöihin. Suomessa syvällisimmin opetetut investointilaskentamenetelmät ovat nettonykyarvon ja sisäisen korkokannan menetelmät. Tuloksista voidaan päätellä myös, että klassiset investointilaskentamenetelmät, bisnesanalytiikka ja reaalioptiot ovat tärkeä osa laskentatoimen opetusta tulevaisuudessa, mutta syvällisesti reaalioptioihin fokusoitunutta opetusta ei juurikaan ole tällä hetkellä tarjolla.