Lectio praecursoria

Vuokko Kohtamäen Financil Autonomy in Higher Education Institutions : Perspectives of Senior Management of Finnish AMK Institutions (Tampereen yliopisto 2009).

Att förstå det stora i det lilla : byskolan som pedagogik, kultur och struktur

I det lilla sammanhanget synliggörs de stora frågorna om både pedagogik, kultur och struktur och om samverkan mellan dem. Studiet av de minsta enheterna i den finländska utbildningen ger kunskap om det viktiga i pedagogiska relationer och i skolgemenskaper, men synliggör också samhällsskeendets inbyggda konflikter om mål och värderingar. Det övergripande syftet med studien är att fördjupa kunskapen om de små skolornas pedagogiska, kulturella och strukturella innebörd och betingelser. Genom djupintervjuer med 12 finlandssvenska lärare i byskolor med färre än 30 elever, analys av skolindragningsdebatt och utbildningspolitiska styrdokument, samt genom teoretiskt förankrade reflektioner skapas en förståelse av såväl lärares arbete och pedagogiska tänkande som skolans funktion i samhället. Avhandlingen byggs upp enligt ett hermeneutiskt och narrativt tänkande. I studien framkommer att byskollärares pedagogiska tänkande syftar till det enskilda barnets optimala och balanserade helhetsutveckling i en gemenskap, där det är centralt att finna den pedagogiska balansen och möjligheten inom kontinuum mellan bl.a. elevbemyndigande och beledsagande. De pedagogiska intentionerna bär syftet att ge rötter och vingar, samhörighet och frihet. I lärarnas beskrivningar uttrycks en sammanvävning mellan deras pedagogiska intentioner och de kontextuella möjligheterna att realisera dessa. Byskollärarna är bärare av en pedagogisk professionalitet som utvecklas i relation till arbetets betingelser. Det praktiska yrkeskunnandet innefattar en balansgång mellan å ena sidan systematik och organisering och å andra sidan flexibilitet och frihet. Att samma lärare handhar eleverna en lång tid är en pedagogisk möjlighet och utmaning. I lärarnas berättelser aktualiseras vad balansgången i en god pedagogisk relation innebär. Både lärare och elever fostras in i en särskild skolkultur och undervisningskultur, i en växelverkan. Yrkeskulturen präglas av olika former av samverkan, både med skolans hela personal som ett teamarbete och med lokalsamhället. Lärarna uttrycker god arbetstrivsel, men friheten och ansvaret i arbetet kan vara både stimulerande och betungande. I en metaanalys skapas teoretiska modeller för vad arbete i närhetens och litenhetens spänningsfält kan innebära och hur det kan påverka lärares professionella utveckling och ork. Den lilla byskolan relaterad till en större samhällskontext öppnar för frågor om vad kvalitet innebär och vilka värderingar som är riktgivande inom utbildningsplanering. Kampen för kontinuiteten i byskolans berättelse tolkas som en kamp för det lokala rummet, för gemenskap, existens, framtid, likvärdighet och trygghet. Kampen för byskolan är ett försvar av både lokal livskvalitet och pedagogisk kvalitet för den enskilde eleven. I det övergripande kulturella sammanhanget synliggörs motsättningar. Det verkar finnas en inbyggd konflikt i utbildningsplaneringens föresatser att samtidigt uppnå jämlikhet, kostnadseffektivitet och kvalitet. En teoretisk modell synliggör hur pedagogik, kultur och struktur samverkar inom utbildning/byskola och påverkar lärares och elevers handlingsutrymme.

Dialogue in the crisis of representation : realism and antirealism in the context of the conversation between theologians and quantum physicists in Göttingen 1949-1961

The aim of this study is to analyse the content of the interdisciplinary conversations in Göttingen between 1949 and 1961. The task is to compare models for describing reality presented by quantum physicists and theologians. Descriptions of reality indifferent disciplines are conditioned by the development of the concept of reality in philosophy, physics and theology. Our basic problem is stated in the question: How is it possible for the intramental image to match the external object?Cartesian knowledge presupposes clear and distinct ideas in the mind prior to observation resulting in a true correspondence between the observed object and the cogitative observing subject. The Kantian synthesis between rationalism and empiricism emphasises an extended character of representation. The human mind is not a passive receiver of external information, but is actively construing intramental representations of external reality in the epistemological process. Heidegger's aim was to reach a more primordial mode of understanding reality than what is possible in the Cartesian Subject-Object distinction. In Heidegger's philosophy, ontology as being-in-the-world is prior to knowledge concerning being. Ontology can be grasped only in the totality of being (Dasein), not only as an object of reflection and perception. According to Bohr, quantum mechanics introduces an irreducible loss in representation, which classically understood is a deficiency in knowledge. The conflicting aspects (particle and wave pictures) in our comprehension of physical reality, cannot be completely accommodated into an entire and coherent model of reality. What Bohr rejects is not realism, but the classical Einsteinian version of it. By the use of complementary descriptions, Bohr tries to save a fundamentally realistic position. The fundamental question in Barthian theology is the problem of God as an object of theological discourse. Dialectics is Barth¿s way to express knowledge of God avoiding a speculative theology and a human-centred religious self-consciousness. In Barthian theology, the human capacity for knowledge, independently of revelation, is insufficient to comprehend the being of God. Our knowledge of God is real knowledge in revelation and our words are made to correspond with the divine reality in an analogy of faith. The point of the Bultmannian demythologising programme was to claim the real existence of God beyond our faculties. We cannot simply define God as a human ideal of existence or a focus of values. The theological programme of Bultmann emphasised the notion that we can talk meaningfully of God only insofar as we have existential experience of his intervention. Common to all these twentieth century philosophical, physical and theological positions, is a form of anti-Cartesianism. Consequently, in regard to their epistemology, they can be labelled antirealist. This common insight also made it possible to find a common meeting point between the different disciplines. In this study, the different standpoints from all three areas and the conversations in Göttingen are analysed in the frameworkof realism/antirealism. One of the first tasks in the Göttingen conversations was to analyse the nature of the likeness between the complementary structures inquantum physics introduced by Niels Bohr and the dialectical forms in the Barthian doctrine of God. The reaction against epistemological Cartesianism, metaphysics of substance and deterministic description of reality was the common point of departure for theologians and physicists in the Göttingen discussions. In his complementarity, Bohr anticipated the crossing of traditional epistemic boundaries and the generalisation of epistemological strategies by introducing interpretative procedures across various disciplines.

Det vårdande samtalet

Syftet med studien är att utgående från ett vårdvetenskapligt perspektiv utveckla en teori för det vårdande samtalet, speciellt som det gestaltar sig i den psykiatriska vårdkontexten. Avsikten är primärt att tillföra den kliniska vårdvetenskapen kunskaper om hur samtal mellan vårdare och patienter kan lindra lidande. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i ett vårdvetenskapligt perspektiv som har sina rötter i Katie Erikssons caritativa vårdteori. Den metodologiska ansatsen är hermeneutisk. Forskningen har genomförts i form av fem delstudier som publicerats i internationella vetenskapliga tidskrifter. Metoderna som använts är: 1) en fenomenologisk hermeneutisk ansats för att beskriva det vårdande samtalet som det skildras av sjuksköterskor och patienter i intervjuer, 2) kvalitativ forskningssyntes av studier rörande begreppen närvaro, beröring och lyssnande, 3) kvalitativ forskningssyntes av studier rörande begreppen narrativer, berättelser, mening och förståelse, 4) en hermeneutisk ansats inspirerad av Paul Ricoeurs hermeneutik för att undersöka hur psykiatriska patienter i samtal med vårdare berättar om lidande, 5) en hermeneutisk analys av de etiska fundamenten för ett vårdande samtal i ljuset av Paul Ricoeurs etik. Resultaten från de fem delstudierna formar utgångspunkten för en teori för hur ett vårdande samtal kan tolkas. Teorin består av tre aspekter, den relationella, den narrativa, och den etiska, vilka undersökts i delstudierna. I den relationella aspekten kan vårdaren genom att lyssna, beröra och vara med-varande skapa en närvaro. Genom vårdarens gåva av sin närvaro, d v s att vara tillgänglig och till förfogande med hela sitt väsen, visas möjligheten till ett möte med patienten utan roller och inlärda repliker. När patienten kan besvara denna gåva med en inbjudan att dela något av sin värld, skapas en förbindelse i vilken patienten kan dela sitt lidande och sin värld med vårdaren. Den narrativa aspekten gestaltas i samtalet som patientens berättelse om sitt lidande. Lidandeberättelsen tar sin början i den fasad som patienten skyddar sig mot lidande och skam med. Frågan om varför patienten lider banar vägen både för en ny förståelse av fasaden och också för upplevelsen av en vändpunkt när fasadens skydd överges, vilket leder till en upplevelse av mening-i-lidandet. Artikuleringen av berättelsens poäng, mening-med-lidandet innebär dels en ny tolkning och förståelse för de förhållanden som rådde vid berättelsens början, dels de nya preferenser för hur patienten vill leva sitt liv som vuxit fram. Den etiska aspekten gestaltas i en relation som på grund av patientens lidande och vårdarens medlidande är asymmetrisk, men omfattar en ömsesidig respekt. Genom caritas skapar vårdaren ett utrymme där patienten kan (åter)upprätta sin självaktning, autonomi och sitt ansvar och därmed skapa möjligheter för ett gott liv.

Hvordan øve hellige handlinger? : en profesjonsdidaktisk studie av øving av muntlige ferdigheter innenfor en norsk presteutdanning

How can the holy craft of liturgy be trained? A study of approaches to instruction in training oral skills within education of the Norwegian clergy The theme of this study is the competence of expression of clerics performing liturgies as part of their duties in the Norwegian Lutheran Church. The aim of the study is to find a teaching practice which can raise the competence in oral expression characteristic of the clergy profession. The teaching practice is explored and discussed within the context of the basic education of the clergy. The main thesis is formulated as a question: How can the holy craft of liturgy be trained? An underpinning of the study is that liturgical acts are holy, which gives these performances an aspect of otherness. This otherness constitutes a clear agreement between the students and the teacher, and between the professional and the employer. The pre-understanding of the researcher is that these liturgical oral acts are trainable, and that there is a need and a necessity to train in these skills. Three research questions are elaborated on in the explorative section of the study: • What is characteristic of a competence of expression connected to the profession? • How can this competence of expression connected to liturgical performance be developed? • What is the importance of this competence in the holy craft of liturgy for the development of a cohesive professional self-understanding? The study is based on a research and development project where the researcher as the teacher and students from one specific clergy education in Norway (MF) were the source of the empirical material. The empirical data came from practice with two external observers› logs on the coaching, video observations, of the teacher and the students› texts on the practice under study, which is liturgical performance. The researcher›s log and field notes also provide material for the analysis. This is a qualitative project and an arts education project carried out within an interpretative framework. The theoretical framework has three perspectives: a structural approach based on the system theory of Niklas Luhmann, an epistemological approach discussing forms of knowledge in practice or informing practice and an arts education approach. The results indicate that the competence in oral liturgical performance can be considered a trainable skill, and that this training can be understood as an arts education method of instruction based on meaningful communication, dramaturgical thinking and the development of authenticity. The main result from this study can be considered as articulating and sketching the contours of the field of knowledge where the students embody the meaning of the clergy profession ‒ and this articulation has an innovative potential as knowledge combining experience and theoretical understanding.

Making Sense of Shared Leadership. A case study of leadership processes and practices without formal leadership structure in the team context

Leadership is essential for the effectiveness of the teams and organizations they are part of. The challenges facing organizations today require an exhaustive review of the strategic role of leadership. In this context, it is necessary to explore new types of leadership capable of providing an effective response to new needs. The presentday situations, characterized by complexity and ambiguity, make it difficult for an external leader to perform all leadership functions successfully. Likewise, knowledge-based work requires providing professional groups with sufficient autonomy to perform leadership functions. This study focuses on shared leadership in the team context. Shared leadership is seen as an emergent team property resulting from the distribution of leadership influence across multiple team members. Shared leadership entails sharing power and influence broadly among the team members rather than centralizing it in the hands of a single individual who acts in the clear role of a leader. By identifying the team itself as a key source of influence, this study points to the relational nature of leadership as a social construct where leadership is seen as social process of relating processes that are co-constructed by several team members. Based on recent theoretical developments concerned with relational, practice-based and constructionist approaches to the study of leadership processes, this thesis proposes the study of leadership interactions, working processes and practices to focus on the construction of direction, alignment and commitment. During the research process, critical events, activities, working processes and practices of a case team have been examined and analyzed with the grounded theory –approach in the terms of shared leadership. There are a variety of components to this complex process and a multitude of factors that may influence the development of shared leadership. The study suggests that the development process of shared leadership is a common sense -making process and consists of four overlapping dimensions (individual, social, structural, and developmental) to work with as a team. For shared leadership to emerge, the members of the team must offer leadership services, and the team as a whole must be willing to rely on leadership by multiple team members. For these individual and collective behaviors to occur, the team members must believe that offering influence to and accepting it from fellow team members are welcome and constructive actions. Leadership emerges when people with differing world views use dialogue and collaborative learning to create spaces where a shared common purpose can be achieved while a diversity of perspectives is preserved and valued. This study also suggests that this process can be supported by different kinds of meaning-making and process tools. Leadership, then, does not reside in a person or in a role, but in the social system. The built framework integrates the different dimensions of shared leadership and describes their relationships. This way, the findings of this study can be seen as a contribution to the understanding of what constitutes essential aspects of shared leadership in the team context that can be of theoretical value in terms of advancing the adoption and development process of shared leadership. In the real world, teams and organizations can create conditions to foster and facilitate the process. We should encourage leaders and team members to approach leadership as a collective effort that the team can be prepared for, so that the response is rapid and efficient.

Competence in intensive and critical care nursing - development of a basic assessment scale for graduating nursing students

Intensive and critical care nursing is a speciality in its own right and with its own nature within the nursing profession. This speciality poses its own demands for nursing competencies. Intensive and critical care nursing is focused on severely ill patients and their significant others. The patients are comprehensively cared for, constantly monitored and their vital functions are sustained artificially. The main goal is to win time to cure the cause of the patient’s situation or illness. The purpose of this empirical study was i) to describe and define competence and competence requirements in intensive and critical care nursing, ii) to develop a basic measurement scale for competence assessment in intensive and critical care nursing for graduating nursing students, and iii) to describe and evaluate graduating nursing students’ basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing by seeking the reference basis of self-evaluated basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing from ICU nurses. However, the main focus of this study was on the outcomes of nursing education in this nursing speciality. The study was carried out in different phases: basic exploration of competence (phase 1 and 2), instrumentation of competence (phase 3) and evaluation of competence (phase 4). Phase 1 (n=130) evaluated graduating nursing students’ basic biological and physiological knowledge and skills for working in intensive and critical care with Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool version 5 (BKAT-5, Toth 2012). Phase 2 focused on defining competence in intensive and critical care nursing with the help of literature review (n=45 empirical studies) as well as competence requirements in intensive and critical care nursing with the help of experts (n=45 experts) in a Delphi study. In phase 3 the scale Intensive and Critical Care Nursing Competence Scale (ICCN-CS) was developed and tested twice (pilot test 1: n=18 students and n=12 nurses; pilot test 2: n=56 students and n=54 nurses). Finally, in phase 4, graduating nursing students’ competence was evaluated with ICCN-CS and BKAT version 7 (Toth 2012). In order to develop a valid assessment scale of competence for graduating nursing students and to evaluate and establish the competence of graduating nursing students, empirical data were retrieved at the same time from both graduating nursing students (n=139) and ICU nurses (n=431). Competence can be divided into clinical and general professional competence. It can be defined as a specific knowledge base, skill base, attitude and value base and experience base of nursing and the personal base of an intensive and critical care nurse. Personal base was excluded in this self-evaluation based scale. The ICCN-CS-1 consists of 144 items (6 sum variables). Finally, it became evident that the experience base of competence is not a suitable sum variable in holistic intensive and critical care competence scale for graduating nursing students because of their minor experience in this special nursing area. ICCN-CS-1 is a reliable and tolerably valid scale for use among graduating nursing students and ICU nurses Among students, basic competence of intensive and critical care nursing was self-rated as good by 69%, as excellent by 25% and as moderate by 6%. However, graduating nursing students’ basic biological and physiological knowledge and skills for working in intensive and critical care were poor. The students rated their clinical and professional competence as good, and their knowledge base and skill base as moderate. They gave slightly higher ratings for their knowledge base than skill base. Differences in basic competence emerged between graduating nursing students and ICU nurses. The students’ self-ratings of both their basic competence and clinical and professional competence were significantly lower than the nurses’ ratings. The students’ self-ratings of their knowledge and skill base were also statistically significantly lower than nurses’ ratings. However, both groups reported the same attitude and value base, which was excellent. The strongest factor explaining students’ conception of their competence was their experience of autonomy in nursing. Conclusions: Competence in intensive and critical care nursing is a multidimensional concept. Basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing can be measured with self-evaluation based scale but alongside should be used an objective evaluation method. Graduating nursing students’ basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing is good but their knowledge and skill base are moderate. Especially the biological and physiological knowledge base is poor. Therefore in future in intensive and critical care nursing education should be focused on both strengthening students’ biological and physiological knowledge base and on strengthening their overall skill base. Practical implications are presented for nursing education, practice and administration. In future, research should focus on education methods and contents, mentoring of clinical practice and orientation programmes as well as further development of the scale.

Ammattikorkeakoulu innovatiivisena oppimisyhteisönä

Ammattikorkeakoulut ovat osa suomalaista innovaatiojärjestelmää. Niiden tärkeimpiä tuotteita ovat laadukkaat tutkinnot, joilla tuotetaan Suomen kilpailukyvyn kannalta olennaista osaavaa työvoimaa. Koulutusinnovaatioiden avulla ammattikorkeakoulut voivat parantaa opetuksen ja oppimisen laatua ja edistää opiskelijoiden parempaa osaamista. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulua innovatiivisena oppimisyhteisönä Hokkasen (2001) hahmotteleman innovatiivisen oppimisyhteisön profiilitekijöiden mukaisesti. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, millainen innovatiivinen oppimisyhteisö KyAMK:ssa toteutuu opettajien kokemana, ja miten innovatiivisen oppimisyhteisön piirteitä voitaisiin edistää mainitussa organisaatiossa. Aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla kymmentä KyAMK:n Tekniikan ja liikenteen toimialan opettajaa. Tulokset osoittivat Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulun johdon sallivan innovatiiviset koulutuksen kehittämiseen tähtäävät toimet, mutta johto ei proaktiivisesti ohjannut ja kannustanut niihin. Ammattikorkeakouluopettajien pedagogisen autonomian todettiin olevan suurta. Tästä huolimatta kaivattiin yhteisöllisyyteen tukevia toimintamalleja, joiden avulla organisaatiossa oleva monialaisen työyhteisön innovaatiopotentiaali voitaisiin valjastaa opetuksen kehittämiseen ja organisaatiolta puuttuvan toiminnan kokonaiskuvan ja -ymmärryksen kehittämiseen. Osana yhteisöllisyyden kehittämistä aineistosta nousi esiin kehittämisehdotuksena pitkäjänteisemmän verkostoitumisen toteuttaminen niin organisaation sisällä kuin ulkopuolisten sidosryhmien kanssa.

Corporate responsibility guaranteed by dialogue? Examining the relationship between nongovernmental organizations and business

The main objective of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the relationship between non-governmental organizations and business in the context of academic discourse, corporate responsibility discourse, and stakeholder dialogue. More specifically, motivated by the increasing emphasis on stakeholder dialogue as a tool for corporate responsibility and accountability, the aim is to critically assess the role of stakeholder dialogue as a self-regulatory mechanism, in particular from the perspective of foreign direct investments. The study comprises two parts; an introductory essay containing the research objectives, theoretical foundations and methodological choices, and four research articles that address one sub-objective: 1) to review the literature on NGO-business relations in business and society, management, and international business journals from 1998–2007; 2) to critically analyze the academic discourse on NGO-business relations; 3) to analyze the problematic aspects of sustainable foreign direct investments as a conceptual construct; and 4) to analyze the problematic aspects of stakeholder dialogue in connection with a foreign direct investment. The ontological and epistemological foundations of this dissertation build on the social constructionist view of reality. The dialogue in this study is viewed as a legitimacy bargaining process that is actively shaped by societal parties in discourse. Similarly, articulations of ‘partnership’ and ‘adversarial’ in NGO-business relations in academic business and society discourse are viewed as competing hegemonic interventions in the field. More specifically, the methods applied in the articles are literature review (Article 1), discourse theory (Article 2), conceptual analysis (Article 3), and case study with document analysis (Article 4). This dissertation has three main arguments and contributions. First, it is argued that the potential of stakeholder dialogue as a tool for corporate responsibility and accountability is inherently limited in both contexts. Second, the study shows the power implications of privileging partnership oriented NGO-business relations over adversarial ones, and of placing business at the centre of governance discourse. The third contribution is methodological: a new way to analyze academic discourse is presented by focusing on the problem setting of an article.

Kasvatus on kasvamaan saattamista. Kasvatusfilosofinen tutkimus J. A. Hollon sivistyskasvatusajattelusta

Tutkimukseni käsittelee J. A. Hollon (1885–1967) sivistyskasvatusajattelua. Hollo oli monitoiminen kulttuurivaikuttaja, joka toimi kriitikkona, kirjailijana, suomentajana ja kasvatustieteilijänä. Häntä voidaan pitää J. V. Snellmanin rinnalla yhtenä merkittävimpänä suomalaisena kasvatusajattelijana. Hänen kasvatusajattelustaan ei ole kuitenkaan aiemmin tehty väitöskirjatason tutkimusta. Tutkimuskysymykseni ovat seuraavat: 1. Millainen on Hollon näkemys kasvatuksesta, kasvatuksen maailmasta ja kasvatuksen teoriasta? 2. Mikä on Hollon käsitys kasvattajan ja kasvatettavan merkityksestä kasvatustapahtumassa? 3. Mitä asioita sisältyy sivistyskasvatuksen eli kasvamaan saattamisen elementteihin? Tutkimukseni on kasvatusfilosofinen. Tutkimusmenetelmäni on systemaattinen analyysi ja lähestymistapani on hermeneuttinen. Tutkimukseni pääaineistona ovat Hollon kasvatusta koskevat kirjoitukset, joista tärkeimmät ovat Mielikuvitus ja sen kasvattaminen I-II (1918, 1919), Kasvatuksen maailma (1927), Kasvatuksen teoria (1927) ja Itsekasvatus ja elämisen taito (1931). Hollon mukaan kasvatuksen maailma on suhteellisen itsenäinen elämänmuoto (Lebensform), jolla on oma ontologinen erityislaatunsa, so. sui generis. Kasvatusoppia ei pidä redusoida psykologiaan tai filosofiaan, koska sillä tavoin se menettää tieteellisen itsenäisyytensä. Hollon mielestä kasvatuksen teoria on teoria käytäntöä varten. Kasvatuksen teorian luomisessa tulee ottaa huomioon kasvatuksen maailman erityispiirteenä oleva kokonaisvaltainen näkökulma ja elämän palvelemisen päämäärä. Kasvattaminen on aina myös eettistä toimintaa. Kasvatuksen tavoitteena on hyvä elämä. Hollon mukaan kasvattajan tehtävä on luoda kasvatettavalleen eheä sivistyksellinen perusta. Tämä voi tapahtua vain laaja-alaisen sivistyskasvatuksen avulla, jonka runkona on antiikin humanistinen sivistysperinne. Sivistyskasvatukseen kuuluvat älyllinen, eettinen, uskonnollinen, esteettinen ja toiminnallinen kasvatus. Mielikuvituksen avulla kasvattaja voi yhdistää kasvatuksen osa-alueet eheäksi kokonaisuudeksi. Ilman mielikuvitusta erilaiset ilmiöt olisivat pirstaleisina, toisistaan erillisinä osina ihmisen mielessä. Opettajan persoona on merkittävä tekijä kasvatuksessa. Se tulee ottaa huomioon opettajankoulutuksen eli kasvattajan kasvattamisen valinnoissa. Opettaja-kasvattajan on tärkeää opiskella laajasti humanistisia opintoja, koska kasvatuksessa on kysymys ihmisestä. Ennen kaikkea kasvattajan eettistä ja esteettistä kykyä tulee harjoituttaa. Näin hän oppii käyttämään mielikuvitustaan kasvatustapahtumassa siten, että hän tulee kasvatuksellisesti näkeväksi kasvamaan saattajaksi, joka ymmärtää sen, mikä kussakin tilanteessa vaatii erityistä huomiota. Tutkimukseni osoittaa, että Hollon henkitieteellinen ja fenomenologis-hermeneuttinen kasvatusnäkemys ei ole vain vastaparadigma empiiriselle kasvatustieteelle, vaan myös nykyajan teknis-taloudelliselle eetokselle, joka yhtäältä uhkaa välineellistää kasvatuksen ja toisaalta väärällä tavoin tieteellistää kasvatuksen tutkimuksen. Tämän takia kasvatusoppi kysymyksineen uhkaa siirtyä kasvatuskeskustelussa syrjemmälle, jopa hävitä kokonaan. Kasvatuksen ja kasvatuksen tutkimuksen vaarana on niiden liiallinen sitouttaminen tuotantoelämän jatkeeksi, minkä seurauksena on ihmisyyden toteuttamisen vaikeutuminen. Tutkimuksen lopuksi esitän ideaalikoulunäkemykseni, joka perustuu osittain Hollon kasvatusnäkemykseen. Hollon näkemys on yhä ajankohtainen ja merkittävä kontribuutio kasvatusta, sen teoriaa ja käytäntöä koskevaan keskusteluun.

Asiantuntijan suorituskykyyn vaikuttavien tekijöiden mittaaminen

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia asiantuntijaorganisaation henkilöstön työmotivaatioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Konkreettisena tavoitteena oli kehittää asiantuntijaorganisaation olemassa olevaan suorituskykymittaristoon uusia mittareita, joiden avulla yrityksessä pyritään luomaan asiantuntijoille mahdollisimman motivoiva työskentelyilmapiiri. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa osuudessa tutkittiin asiantuntijan työmotivaatioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä aineettoman pääoman mittaamista. Empiirisessä osuudessa tutkittiin pienen asiantuntijaorganisaation työskentelyolosuhteita. Aineistonkeruumenetelmänä toimi vanha tutkimustieto, puolistrukturoidun haastattelun piirteitä omaavat teemahaastattelut sekä tutkijan oma havainnointi. Asiantuntijan motivaatioon vaikuttaa erityisen paljon henkilökohtainen kasvu, autonomisuus, merkityksellinen työ, haasteelliset ja vaihtelevat työtehtävät sekä työstä saatu palaute. Vähemmän merkittäviä motivaattoreita ovat raha, työsuhteen jatkuvuus, ystävälliset työtoverit, kunnioitus ja oikeudenmukainen kohtelu. Urakehitystä asiantuntija ei koe erityisen motivoivana asiana. Tutkimuksen kohdeyrityksen haasteiksi ilmeni erityisesti palautteen antaminen, osaamisen ja koulutuksen johtaminen, autonomian vähyys projektin käyttöönotto vaiheessa sekä työn kuormittavuuden jakautuminen. Uudet mittarisuoritukset kohdeyrityksessä ovat: projektipalautteen antaminen, positiivisen palautteen määrä, projektien edistymispalaverit, projektikatselmukset, suunnittelun tuntiarviot, sisäisten kehitysideoiden toteutuminen, työntekijöiden kuormituksen jakautuminen sekä koulutuksen ja osaamisen jakautuminen.

Palveluinnovaatio ja sen johtaminen osaamisintensiivisessä palveluyrityksessä - diskurssianalyysi

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia KIBS-yrityksen diskurssien vaikutusta kyseisen yrityksen palveluinnovaatioprosessin johtamiseen. Kontekstina tässä työssä oli tilitoimisto, jota verrattiin tutkimuksen muihin KIBS-yrityksiin. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin haastattelua ja analyysikeinona diskurssianalyysiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että tilitoimiston diskursseissa luotetaan vahvasti tietotekniikan ja koulutuksen voimaan palveluinnovaatioiden kehittämisessä. Innovaatiojohtamisessa tämä voi merkitä näkökentän kaventumista. Tilitoimistossa havaittuja innovaation kannustimia olivat esimerkiksi työn itsenäisyys. Tilitoimistossa palveluinnovaatioita esti liiallinen kiire. Tilitoimiston diskurssien kautta ilmenevä palveluinnovaatioprosessin johtaminen oli melko kehittymätöntä verrattuna tutkimuksen innovatiivisimpaan yritykseen, joka suunnitteli taloteknisiä ohjelmistoja.

Extremfall, stjärnelever och verktygsskramlare : en diskursanalytisk studie av lärares tal om studerande som behöver särskilt stöd

The groups within Finnish vocational upper secondary education and training (VET) are often heterogeneous with respect to the student's need for support in their studies. According to the national core curricula, Special Education Needs (SEN) students should in the first place, get their education in the same group as everyone else. This dissertation aims to clarify and create an understanding about how the ideals and intention of equality in education is constructed in communication among teachers in VET in the Swedish-speaking parts of Finland. Through this understanding it should be possible to highlight a potential which could ultimately contribute to a positive development of a more inclusive education within VET. The epistemological platform of the study is to be found within the post structuralist philosophy of language that is considered as subsumed in a social constructionist thinking. The data has been collected through focus group discussions in groups of 3–6 participants (teachers) in seven schools in Finnish-Swedish VET. The analyses are based on a discursive psychological analysis combined with an analysis based on Michel Foucault's concepts with an emphasis on the subject, government and power. Four discourser where identified in the analysis of teachers' constructions of the educational assignment in relation to SEN students. The most dominant was discussing the educational assignment as a pragmatic project i.e. as a matter of transmission of knowledge. The discourse included both interpretative repertoires where the heterogeneous group was constructed as self-evident and possible to manage as well as a constructed as an impossible project. The educational assignment was also constructed as a holistic project, as part of a democratic project, and as a labor market project. Each discourse contains both including as well as excluding features in relation to SEN students. The development of an inclusive practice can and should therefore include elements from all of them. Three discourses were identified in the analysis concerning teachers' versions of SEN students: students with difficulties and problems; students who do not use or do not have ability and students who are irresponsible and lack the will to study. Within the various discourses and interpretative repertoires were both constructs when teachers described a concern and kindness in relation to the individual SEN student and constructions where teachers mainly expressed fears that other students in the group would be negatively affected by students in need of special support. Results from the third research question conclude the results from the two others, the analysis is done out of a government perspective. In the material use of different government techniques are identified: disciplinary power through direct reprimands; pastoral power by a desire of insight in order to promote the opportunities for consultation and the use of bio-power that primarily focuses on what is best for the population and whose tool racism results in a legitimation of the exclusion of SEN students. The conclusion is that teachers in VET need to pay attention to inclusive and exclusive elements identified in various discourses.