GIS assessing traditional and modern agricultural land use/land cover change. A case study 1959-2005: Rekijoki, Somero, SW-Finland

Finland’s rural landscape has gone through remarkable changes from the 1950’s, due to agricultural developments. Changed farming practices have influenced especially traditional landscape management, and modifications in the arable land structure and grasslands transitions are notable. The review of the previous studies reveal the importance of the rural landscape composition and structure to species and landscape diversity, whereas including the relevance in presence of the open ditches, size of the field and meadow patches, topology of the natural and agricultural landscape. This land-change study includes applying remote sensed data from two time series and empirical geospatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The aims of this retrospective research is to detect agricultural landscape use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics and discuss the consequences of agricultural intensification to landscape structure covering from the aspects of landscape ecology. Measurements of LULC are derived directly from pre-processed aerial images by a variety of analytical procedures, including statistical methods and image interpretation. The methodological challenges are confronted in the process of landscape classification and combining change detection approaches with landscape indices. Particular importance is paid on detecting agricultural landscape features at a small scale, demanding comprehensive understanding of such agroecosystems. Topological properties of the classified arable land and valley are determined in order to provide insight and emphasize the aspect the field edges in the agricultural landscape as important habitat. Change detection dynamics are presented with change matrix and additional calculations of gain, loss, swap, net change, change rate and tendencies are made. Transition’s possibility is computed following Markov’s probability model and presented with matrix, as well. Thesis’s spatial aspect is revealed with illustrative maps providing knowledge of location of the classified landscape categories and location of the dynamics of the changes occurred. It was assured that in Rekijoki valley’s landscape, remarkable changes in landscape has occurred. Landscape diversity has been strongly influenced by modern agricultural landscape change, as NP of open ditches has decreased and the MPS of the arable plot has decreased. Overall change in the diversity of the landscape is determined with the decrease of SHDI. Valley landscape considered as traditional land use area has experienced major transitional changes, as meadows class has lost almost one third of the area due to afforestation. Also, remarkable transitions have occurred from forest to meadow and arable land to built area. Boundaries measurement between modern and traditional landscape has indicated noticeable proportional increase in arable land-forest edge type and decrease in arable land-meadow edge type. Probability calculations predict higher future changes for traditional landscape, but also for arable land turning into built area.

The Effects of the Breast Cancer Mammography Screening Programme in Women aged 40 to 84 years in Turku, Finland (1987-2009)

The objective of this thesis was to evaluate whether a more extensive mammography screening programme (TurkuMSP) conducted by the city of Turku, had an effect on breast cancer (BC) incidence, survival, or mortality in years 1987 to 2009. Despite the fact that some studies have suggested a 20 percent reduction in BC mortality due to mammography screening, there are findings of harm to subjects, which are claimed to negate the benefits of screening. Thus, the aims of this study are most pertinent. A total of 176 908 screening examinations were performed in 36 000 women aged 40−74 during the years 1987−1997. In all, 685 primary BCs were found in the screened women, either screen-detected (n=531) or during screening intervals (n=154). Survival and BC recurrence rate of women with screen-detected BC was compared to 184 women with clinical BCs detected among individuals who did not take part in the screening. The invitation interval, which may influence the outcome, was studied in the age group 40 to 49 by inviting those born in even calendar years annually for mammography screening and those born in odd years, triennially. In addition, BC incidence and mortality in the total female population of Turku aged 40 to 84 years was compared with the respective figures of Helsinki and the rest of Finland, both during the pre-screening era (1976-1986) and the screening era (1987-2009). The study was designed to compare women by age groups, because women aged 50 to 59 were generally screened in all of Finland, whereas only in Turku women aged 40 to 49 and 60 to 74 were screened in addition. Data regarding cancer recurrence were derived from the Finnish Cancer Registry and data on deaths were collected from Statistics Finland. In survival analyses, screened women with invasive BC had a significantly higher survival rate than the women with clinical BC. The survival benefit started to appear already during the first follow-up years and was evident in all age groups. A marginal survival extension was also seen in screened women when BC had spread to ipsilateral axillary nodes already at diagnosis. Recurrence-free survival rate after BC treatment was significantly more favorable among the screened women compared with women with BC found clinically. The screening invitation interval did not significantly influence BC mortality in the subset of women aged 40 to 49 years. There were no consistent differences in the changes of BC incidence between Turku and the comparison areas during the screening era. In Turku, the BC mortality incidence in women aged 55−69 years was significantly lower during the screening era (from 1987 to 1997) compared with the pre-screening era, whereas no such change was found in the city of Helsinki or Tampere. When comparing the changes in incidence-based BC mortality during years 1987 to 2009 in Turku to those of Helsinki and the rest of Finland, there was a suggestion of more than 20 percent lower mortality in Turku among oldest age group (75-84 years) compared with the reference residential areas, but the differences were not consistently significant. Interpretation of the study results should be made with caution because there were no random control groups, and on the other hand, the number of cases in subgroups was fairly low to yield definite conclusions. Also due to the many statistical analyses, some of the findings may be due to chance. The results are, however, suggestive for a decrease of BC mortality in the elderly age groups due to wide mammography screening. This finding needs confirmation in further studies before recommending an expansion of mammography screening to women up to the age of 74 years

Maanpuolustustahto asevelvollisen koulutuksen ja palveluksen onnistumista selittävänä tekijänä

Lähtökohta tälle tutkimukselle oli havainto siitä, että varusmiehillä maanpuolustustahto ja taisteluluottamus korreloivat. Tämä huomio oli mahdollista tehdä aikaisemmissa varusmiesaineistoilla tehdyissä tutkimuksissa, joissa olin ollut mukana. Tutkimuksen aineistoina olivat useat puolustusvoimissa kerätyt varusmiesten kyselytutkimusaineistot. Vertailuaineistoina käytin reserviläisille kertausharjoituksissa tehtyjen kyselyiden aineistoja. Olennaista oli selvittää, säilyikö havaittu riippuvuus kun muita mahdollisia tekijöitä otettiin huomioon. Tutkimus oli aikaisemmin kerättyjen aineistojen sekundaarianalyysi ja tutkijana en ollut voinut vaikuttaa kyselyjen sisältöön tai käytettyjen muuttujien ja mittareiden valintaan. Aineistot on kerätty kuvaileviin tarkoituksiin ja tästä syystä tämä tutkimus oli tilastollisesti kuvaileva. Keskeiset käytetyt aineistot olivat varusmiesten kotiuttamiskyselyiden eli loppukyselyiden aineistot kaikista varuskunnista vuosilta 2000 – 2008 sekä vuonna 2010 Siilasmaan työryhmää varten kerätty aineisto kolmesta varuskunnasta. Vuoden 2010 varusmiestutkimus oli toteutettu siten, että kysely tehtiin sekä palveluksen alussa että lopussa. Tässä aineistossa käytettiin monipuolisesti varusmiesten psykososiaalisen toimintakyvyn erilaisia mittareita. Maanpuolustustahto on käsitteellisesti laaja kokonaisuus, kuitenkin tässä tutkimuksessa se oli operationalisoitava käytettävissä olleiden osioiden avulla. Maanpuolustustahtoa tarkasteltiin sekä henkilökohtaisena että yleisenä maanpuolustustahtona sekä niiden yhdistelmänä, josta käytettiin myös nimitystä maanpuolustusajattelu. Käsitteellisesti suppeampi taisteluluottamus operationalisoitiin siten, että muuttujana se kuvasi varusmiehen luottamusta aseisiinsa, saamaansa koulutukseen sekä lähiryhmäänsä. Taisteluluottamuksen mittaamisen taustalla oli ajatus siitä, että tämän yksilökohtaisen mittarin keskiarvo on joukon koulutuksen onnistuneisuuden estimaatti. Taisteluluottamus oli tutkimuksessa varsinainen tulosmuuttuja. Tulosten perusteella yksittäisten varusmiesten psykososiaalisessa toimintakyvyssä on eroja. Erityisesti erottui yksittäisenä tekijänä sosiaalisuus, joka summamuuttujana oli muodostettu varusmiestutkimus 2010:n aineistossa Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Käyttäytymistieteen laitoksen laatimista osioista. Sosiaalisuus ennusti voimakkaasti varusmiehen etenemistä koulutuksessa aina johtajakoulutukseen saakka. Sosiaalisuuden kontrollointi tilastollisesti ei poistanut maanpuolustusajattelun ja taisteluluottamuksen välistä riippuvuutta. Varusmiestutkimus 2010 aineistossa oli mahdollista tarkastella maanpuolustusajattelun muutosta palvelusaikana ja muutoksen yhteyttä psykososiaalisen toimintakyvyn kuvaajiin. Stressaantumistaipumus ja neuroottisuus olivat yhteydessä maanpuolustustahdon laskuun. Tunteiden hallinnan kyky tuki varusmiehen maanpuolustustahdon ja taisteluluottamuksen kehittymistä. Tilastollinen kuvaus toteutettiin Mplus-ohjelmistolla lasketulla rakenneyhtälömallilla. Aineistoon sopiva malli oli mahdollista löytää. Mallin mukaan sosiaalinen pääoman yksilökohtaisena resurssina antaa mahdollisuuden kehittää ja säilyttää maanpuolustusajattelua, joka on yhteydessä itseluottamuksen luontoiseen taisteluluottamukseen varusmieskoulutuksen päättyessä. Koulutuksen aikana joukkoon kehittynyt kiinteys ja luottamus tukevat tätä kehitystä. Joukkotuotantomallilla saadaan aikaan joukkoja, joissa taisteluluottamus on yleensä tarvittavalla tasolla ja niitä voidaan käyttää osoitettuihin tehtäviin. Kertausharjoitukset ylläpitävät kiinteyttä, taisteluluottamusta ja sitä kautta joukon suorituskykyä. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin myös, että pysyvissä miehistön ryhmissä, joissa ryhmänjohtaja ja/tai jäseniä ei vaihtunut, koulutuksen tulokset olivat parempia kuin muuttuneissa ryhmissä. Edelleen havaittiin, että 12 kuukautta palvelleiden miehistön jäsenten joukossa palvelusmotivaatio laski enemmän kuin muissa varusmiesryhmissä. Yhdestätoista koulutuksen ja tutkimuksen asiantuntijasta koottu ryhmä arvioi tutkimuksen tuloksia sovelletulla Q-menetelmällä Facilitate Pro -ohjelmistoa käyttäen. Menettely tuotti lisänäkökohtia tulosten arviointiin sekä niiden soveltamiseen.

Utilization of Statistical Methods for Management in the Forest Industry

The strongest wish of the customer concerning chemical pulp features is consistent, uniform quality. Variation may be controlled and reduced by using statistical methods. However, studies addressing the application and benefits of statistical methods in forest product sector are scarce. Thus, the customer wish is the root cause of the motivation behind this dissertation. The research problem addressed by this dissertation is that companies in the chemical forest product sector require new knowledge for improving their utilization of statistical methods. To gain this new knowledge, the research problem is studied from five complementary viewpoints – challenges and success factors, organizational learning, problem solving, economic benefit, and statistical methods as management tools. The five research questions generated on the basis of these viewpoints are answered in four research papers, which are case studies based on empirical data collection. This research as a whole complements the literature dealing with the use of statistical methods in the forest products industry. Practical examples of the application of statistical process control, case-based reasoning, the cross-industry standard process for data mining, and performance measurement methods in the context of chemical forest products manufacturing are brought to the public knowledge of the scientific community. The benefit of the application of these methods is estimated or demonstrated. The purpose of this dissertation is to find pragmatic ideas for companies in the chemical forest product sector in order for them to improve their utilization of statistical methods. The main practical implications of this doctoral dissertation can be summarized in four points: 1. It is beneficial to reduce variation in chemical forest product manufacturing processes 2. Statistical tools can be used to reduce this variation 3. Problem-solving in chemical forest product manufacturing processes can be intensified through the use of statistical methods 4. There are certain success factors and challenges that need to be addressed when implementing statistical methods

Modelling ecological values in heterogeneous and dynamic landscapes with geospatial data

Our surrounding landscape is in a constantly dynamic state, but recently the rate of changes and their effects on the environment have considerably increased. In terms of the impact on nature, this development has not been entirely positive, but has rather caused a decline in valuable species, habitats, and general biodiversity. Regardless of recognizing the problem and its high importance, plans and actions of how to stop the detrimental development are largely lacking. This partly originates from a lack of genuine will, but is also due to difficulties in detecting many valuable landscape components and their consequent neglect. To support knowledge extraction, various digital environmental data sources may be of substantial help, but only if all the relevant background factors are known and the data is processed in a suitable way. This dissertation concentrates on detecting ecologically valuable landscape components by using geospatial data sources, and applies this knowledge to support spatial planning and management activities. In other words, the focus is on observing regionally valuable species, habitats, and biotopes with GIS and remote sensing data, using suitable methods for their analysis. Primary emphasis is given to the hemiboreal vegetation zone and the drastic decline in its semi-natural grasslands, which were created by a long trajectory of traditional grazing and management activities. However, the applied perspective is largely methodological, and allows for the application of the obtained results in various contexts. Models based on statistical dependencies and correlations of multiple variables, which are able to extract desired properties from a large mass of initial data, are emphasized in the dissertation. In addition, the papers included combine several data sets from different sources and dates together, with the aim of detecting a wider range of environmental characteristics, as well as pointing out their temporal dynamics. The results of the dissertation emphasise the multidimensionality and dynamics of landscapes, which need to be understood in order to be able to recognise their ecologically valuable components. This not only requires knowledge about the emergence of these components and an understanding of the used data, but also the need to focus the observations on minute details that are able to indicate the existence of fragmented and partly overlapping landscape targets. In addition, this pinpoints the fact that most of the existing classifications are too generalised as such to provide all the required details, but they can be utilized at various steps along a longer processing chain. The dissertation also emphases the importance of landscape history as an important factor, which both creates and preserves ecological values, and which sets an essential standpoint for understanding the present landscape characteristics. The obtained results are significant both in terms of preserving semi-natural grasslands, as well as general methodological development, giving support to science-based framework in order to evaluate ecological values and guide spatial planning.