Fragile-glass behavior of a short-range p-spin model

We propose a short-range generalization of the p-spin interaction spin-glass model. The model is well suited to test the idea that an entropy collapse is at the bottom line of the dynamical singularity encountered in structural glasses. The model is studied in three dimensions through Monte Carlo simulations, which put in evidence fragile glass behavior with stretched exponential relaxation and super-Arrhenius behavior of the relaxation time. Our data are in favor of a Vogel-Fulcher behavior of the relaxation time, related to an entropy collapse at the Kauzmann temperature. We, however, encounter difficulties analogous to those found in experimental systems when extrapolating thermodynamical data at low temperatures. We study the spin-glass susceptibility, investigating the behavior of the correlation length in the system. We find that the increase of the relaxation time is accompanied by a very slow growth of the correlation length. We discuss the scaling properties of off-equilibrium dynamics in the glassy regime, finding qualitative agreement with the mean-field theory.

Massless minimally coupled fields in de Sitter space: O(4)-symmetric states versus de Sitter invariant vacuum

The issue of de Sitter invariance for a massless minimally coupled scalar field is examined. Formally, it is possible to construct a de Sitterinvariant state for this case provided that the zero mode of the field is quantized properly. Here we take the point of view that this state is physically acceptable, in the sense that physical observables can be computed and have a reasonable interpretation. In particular, we use this vacuum to derive a new result: that the squared difference between the field at two points along a geodesic observers spacetime path grows linearly with the observers proper time for a quantum state that does not break de Sitter invariance. Also, we use the Hadamard formalism to compute the renormalized expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor, both in the O(4)-invariant states introduced by Allen and Follaci, and in the de Sitterinvariant vacuum. We find that the vacuum energy density in the O(4)-invariant case is larger than in the de Sitterinvariant case.

Large N phases, gravitational instantons and the nuts and bolts of AdS holography

Recent results in the literature concerning holography indicate that the thermodynamics of quantum gravity (at least with a negative cosmological constant) can be modeled by the large N thermodynamics of quantum field theory. We emphasize that this suggests a completely unitary evolution of processes in quantum gravity, including black hole formation and decay, and even more extreme examples involving topology change. As concrete examples which show that this correspondence holds even when the space-time is only locally asymptotically AdS, we compute the thermodynamical phase structure of the AdS-Taub-NUT and AdS-Taub-bolt spacetimes, and compare them to a (2+1)-dimensional conformal field theory (at large N) compactified on a squashed three-sphere and on the twisted plane.

Meissner effect and critical fields in an inhomogeneous Ba2HoCu3O7-x high-Tc superconductor

The Meissner and diamagnetic shielding effects and the upper, lower, and thermodynamical critical fields have been studied in a Ba2HoCu3O7-x sample using magnetization measurements in fields up to 55 kOe. The diamagnetic shielding curve shows the existence of a transition at Tc=91.5 K followed by a broad transition extending from 85 to 25 K which may be related to inhomogeneities in the oxygen content of the sample. A rather low flux expulsion (13.5%) is observed which we attribute to flux pinning or trapping. We show that the coexistence of superconducting and nonsuperconducting regions within the sample at temperatures just below Tc leads to strong reductions in the critical magnetic fields.

First principles LDA+U and GGA+U study of cerium oxides: Dependence on the effective U-parameter

The electronic structure and properties of cerium oxides (CeO2 and Ce2O3) have been studied in the framework of the LDA+U and GGA(PW91)+U implementations of density functional theory. The dependence of selected observables of these materials on the effective U parameter has been investigated in detail. The examined properties include lattice constants, bulk moduli, density of states, and formation energies of CeO2 and Ce2O3. For CeO2, the LDA+U results are in better agreement with experiment than the GGA+U results whereas for the computationally more demanding Ce2O3 both approaches give comparable accuracy. Furthermore, as expected, Ce2O3 is much more sensitive to the choice of the U value. Generally, the PW91 functional provides an optimal agreement with experiment at lower U energies than LDA does. In order to achieve a balanced description of both kinds of materials, and also of nonstoichiometric CeO2¿x phases, an appropriate choice of U is suggested for LDA+U and GGA+U schemes. Nevertheless, an optimum value appears to be property dependent, especially for Ce2O3. Optimum U values are found to be, in general, larger than values determined previously in a self-consistent way.

Conocimiento humano e imagen de la naturaleza

El acto de conocer requiere por parte del hombre -como sujeto cognoscente- una cierta actividad dirigida hacia la naturaleza como objeto de intelección. Desde siempre, la naturalezase le ha presentado como dato, y de ella el hombre se ha ido formando sucesivas ideas, imágenes, representaciones o teorías. Perodesde que, modernamente, el hombre puso a la naturaleza bajo la luz ordenadora de su razón, no ha hecho sino aumentar díaa día el cúmulo de datos observables acerca de ella, creyendo que su conocimiento tenía por fin el método definitivo que le iba aproximandoindefectiblemente hacia una imagen última de la naturaleza. Sin embargo, podemos preguntarnos aún si nuestra ciencia osaber acerca de la naturaleza se halla en un camino definitivamente seguro o si, por el contrario, desde sus propios resultados ,se le plantean a la ciencia dificultades que ponen en cuestión su misma metodología.

Electric dipole polarizability in 208Pb: insights from the droplet model

We study the electric dipole polarizability α D in 208 Pb based on the predictions of a large and representative set of relativistic and nonrelativistic nuclear mean-field models. We adopt the droplet model as a guide to better understand the correlations between α D and other isovector observables. Insights from the droplet model suggest that the product of α D and the nuclear symmetry energy at saturation density J is much better correlated with the neutron skin thickness r np of 208 Pb than the polarizability alone. Correlations of α D J with r np and with the symmetry energy slope parameter L suggest that α D J is a strong isovector indicator. Hence, we explore the possibility of constraining the isovector sector of the nuclear energy density functional by comparing our theoretical predictions against measurements of both α D and the parity-violating asymmetry in 208 Pb. We find that the recent experimental determination of α D in 208 Pb in combination with the range for the symmetry energy at saturation density J = [31 ± (2) est] MeV suggests r np (208 Pb) = 0 . 165 ± (0 . 009) expt ± (0 . 013) theor ± (0.021) est fm and L = 43 ± (6) expt ± (8) theor ± (12) est MeV

Statistical mechanics of multi-edge networks

Statistical properties of binary complex networks are well understood and recently many attempts have been made to extend this knowledge to weighted ones. There are, however, subtle yet important considerations to be made regarding the nature of the weights used in this generalization. Weights can be either continuous or discrete magnitudes, and in the latter case, they can additionally have undistinguishable or distinguishable nature. This fact has not been addressed in the literature insofar and has deep implications on the network statistics. In this work we face this problem introducing multiedge networks as graphs where multiple (distinguishable) connections between nodes are considered. We develop a statistical mechanics framework where it is possible to get information about the most relevant observables given a large spectrum of linear and nonlinear constraints including those depending both on the number of multiedges per link and their binary projection. The latter case is particularly interesting as we show that binary projections can be understood from multiedge processes. The implications of these results are important as many real-agent-based problems mapped onto graphs require this treatment for a proper characterization of their collective behavior.

El Dol en la vellesa : significació i afrontament de la pèrdua de la parella en les persones grans

La mort de la parella és un dels estressors més importants que afronten les persones en la vellesa. Tot i ser previsible, trenca amb un lligam de mútua interdependència i s’esdevé en un moment del cicle vital on conflueixen altres moltes pèrdues (físiques, socials, econòmiques...). Com afronten les persones grans aquest esdeveniment? Quins factors contribueixen a l’evolució del dol? Aquest treball te per objectiu aprofundir en la significació i l’afrontament i de la pèrdua de la parella entre els adults grans. En primer lloc, revisarem les característiques especials en què s’emmarca el dol en la vellesa, característiques que inclouen tant factors de risc (pèrdua de relació de mútua interdependència) com de protecció (previsibilitat i experiència vital, entre d’altres). En un segon apartat, veurem les principals conseqüències biopsicosocials que es deriven de la pèrdua del cònjuge per a la persona gran i que afecten aspectes com la soledat, els canvis en els cercles de relacions socials, l’adaptació a una nova identitat i a unes noves circumstàncies econòmiques. Apuntarem algunes de les limitacions d’estudis previs sobre el dol abans d’explicar cinc patrons típics de resposta psicològica davant la pèrdua del cònjuge en la tercera i quarta edats. Finalment, repassarem alguns dels factors que incideixen en l’ajustament al dol per a considerar, en darrer lloc, les diferències de gènere observables en aquest procés.

El Joc lliure : un espai natural per al desenvolupament infantil

L’article presenta diferents arguments que defensen i recolzen la importància del joc lliure al llarg dels primers 6 anys de vida. Es comenten les atribucions que el defineixen i es relacionen amb algunes de les aportacions dels grans teòrics de la psicologia. Es contempla l’infant com un ésser amb moltes potencialitats, i es mostra com, a través de la seva activitat lúdica, desenvolupa de manera integral la seva personalitat, iniciant i afirmant aprenentatges diversos. S’incideix específicament en el desenvolupament cognitiu, bàsicament per la complexitat que comporta la seva valoració en contraposició a altres àrees com el llenguatge, la motricitat i la socialització, que són àrees més fàcilment observables. Amb aquesta finalitat s’inclouen alguns exemples de joc lliure on s’il·lustra, de manera introductòria, aquest desenvolupament. Al mateix temps s’observa el desenvolupament infantil a partir de les tipologies de joc que es manifesten naturalment en aquests anys, passant de l’activitat exploratòria al joc simbòlic i al joc reglat, i vinculant aquest darrer amb l’entrada a l’educació formal. Finalment s’incideix en la importància de la presència de l’adult, com una presència propera, que educa, i que ha de partir d’unes actituds prèvies molt clares si vol compartir espais de joc lliure amb els infants, afavorint d’aquesta manera que l’espai de joc es converteixi també en espai educatiu.

Obtenció de factors econòmics en l'àmbit de les comarques de la província de Lleida

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la contribución económica de las comarcas de la provincia de Lleida al conjunto de Cataluña. Considerando la existencia de disparidades entre las comarcas analizadas, que se manifiestan en las variables demográficas y económicas, se realiza una estratificación comarcal para analizar estas desigualdades. El análisis utiliza datos sobre población, producto interior bruto, renta bruta familiar disponible, empleo de diversos sectores de actividad, tasa de paro y de actividad. Se identifican unos indicadores de síntesis que conservan lo fundamental de las variables originales, como indicadores de riqueza, indicadores de crecimiento o indicadores de desigualdad. Mediante las técnicas del análisis multivariante, como el análisis factorial, se separa la información relevante de los datos considerados y se seleccionan unos componentes únicos y no observables que explican las interrelaciones entre las variables consideradas. La aplicación del análisis factorial a los datos proporciona tres indicadores económicos que conservan el 90% de la información inicial suministrada por las variables originales: Indicador de riqueza, de ocupación terciaria comarcal y nivel de paro comarcal. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la comarca de la Val d'Aran es la comarca que presenta el índice de riqueza más elevado y la comarca de les Garrigues la que menos. Respecto al nivel de empleo del sector terciario, destacan nuevamente la comarca de la Val d'Aran y la del Pallars Sobirà, con altos niveles de empleo terciario y baja ocupación industrial. Finalmente, respecto al indicador de paro comarcal, la comarca del Segrià, a pesar de tener unos indicadores favorables de riqueza y empleo del sector servicios, soporta una tasa de paro mayor que el resto de las comarcas.

Holographic isotropization linearized

The holographic isotropization of a highly anisotropic, homogeneous, strongly coupled, non-Abelian plasma was simplified in ref. [1] by linearizing Einstein"s equations around the final, equilibrium state. This approximation reproduces the expectation value of the boundary stress tensor with a 20% accuracy. Here we elaborate on these results and extend them to observables that are directly sensitive to the bulk interior, focusing for simplicity on the entropy production on the event horizon. We also consider next-to-leading-order corrections and show that the leading terms alone provide a better description of the isotropization process for the states that are furthest from equilibrium.

Neutron skin thickness in the droplet model with surface width dependence: Indications of softness of the nuclear symmetry energy

We analyze the neutron skin thickness in finite nuclei with the droplet model and effective nuclear interactions. The ratio of the bulk symmetry energy J to the so-called surface stiffness coefficient Q has in the droplet model a prominent role in driving the size of neutron skins. We present a correlation between the density derivative of the nuclear symmetry energy at saturation and the J/Q ratio. We emphasize the role of the surface widths of the neutron and proton density profiles in the calculation of the neutron skin thickness when one uses realistic mean-field effective interactions. Next, taking as experimental baseline the neutron skin sizes measured in 26 antiprotonic atoms along the mass table, we explore constraints arising from neutron skins on the value of the J/Q ratio. The results favor a relatively soft symmetry energy at subsaturation densities. Our predictions are compared with the recent constraints derived from other experimental observables. Though the various extractions predict different ranges of values, one finds a narrow window L∼45-75 MeV for the coefficient L that characterizes the density derivative of the symmetry energy that is compatible with all the different empirical indications.

The role of intramolecular barriers on the glass transition of polymers: computer simulations versus mode coupling theory

We present computer simulations of a simple bead-spring model for polymer melts with intramolecular barriers. By systematically tuning the strength of the barriers, we investigate their role on the glass transition. Dynamic observables are analyzed within the framework of the mode coupling theory (MCT). Critical nonergodicity parameters, critical temperatures, and dynamic exponents are obtained from consistent fits of simulation data to MCT asymptotic laws. The so-obtained MCT λ-exponent increases from standard values for fully flexible chains to values close to the upper limit for stiff chains. In analogy with systems exhibiting higher-order MCT transitions, we suggest that the observed large λ-values arise form the interplay between two distinct mechanisms for dynamic arrest: general packing effects and polymer-specific intramolecular barriers. We compare simulation results with numerical solutions of the MCT equations for polymer systems, within the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) for static correlations. We verify that the approximations introduced by the PRISM are fulfilled by simulations, with the same quality for all the range of investigated barrier strength. The numerical solutions reproduce the qualitative trends of simulations for the dependence of the nonergodicity parameters and critical temperatures on the barrier strength. In particular, the increase in the barrier strength at fixed density increases the localization length and the critical temperature. However the qualitative agreement between theory and simulation breaks in the limit of stiff chains. We discuss the possible origin of this feature.

Statistical mechanics of multi-edge networks

Statistical properties of binary complex networks are well understood and recently many attempts have been made to extend this knowledge to weighted ones. There are, however, subtle yet important considerations to be made regarding the nature of the weights used in this generalization. Weights can be either continuous or discrete magnitudes, and in the latter case, they can additionally have undistinguishable or distinguishable nature. This fact has not been addressed in the literature insofar and has deep implications on the network statistics. In this work we face this problem introducing multiedge networks as graphs where multiple (distinguishable) connections between nodes are considered. We develop a statistical mechanics framework where it is possible to get information about the most relevant observables given a large spectrum of linear and nonlinear constraints including those depending both on the number of multiedges per link and their binary projection. The latter case is particularly interesting as we show that binary projections can be understood from multiedge processes. The implications of these results are important as many real-agent-based problems mapped onto graphs require this treatment for a proper characterization of their collective behavior.