Migration and trade: Theory with an Application to the Eastern- Western European Integration

The remarkable increase in trade flows and in migratory flows of highly educated people are two important features of globalization of the last decades. This paper extends a two-country model of inter- and intraindustry trade to a rich environment featuring technological differences, skill differences and the possibility of international labor mobility. The model is used to explain the patterns of trade and migration as countries remove barriers to trade and to labor mobility. We parameterize the model to match the features of the Western and Eastern European members of the EU and analyze first the effects of the trade liberalization which occured between 1989 and 2004, and then the gains and losses from migration which are expected to occur if legal barriers to labor mobility are substantially reduced. The lower barriers to migration would result in significant migration of skilled workers from Eastern European countries. Interestingly, this would not only benefit the migrants and most Western European workers but, via trade, it would also benefit the workers remaining in Eastern Europe. Key Words: Skilled Migration, Gains from Variety, Real Wages, Eastern-Western Europe. JEL Codes: F12, F22, J61.

��s social del catal��: el catal�� als immigrants

Treball de recerca realitzat per alumnes d'ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit cient����fic del Jovent l'any 2009. El treball pret��n aconseguir quatre objectius. En primer lloc, comprovar l���estat de la llengua catalana entre els immigrants catalans i cerdanyolencs. Per altra banda, con��ixer les institucions o serveis que vetllen per l���extensi�� de l�����s social del catal��. Tamb�� determinar quins factors impulsen la poblaci�� immigrada a aprendre catal��. I, per ��ltim, diferenciar l�����s del catal�� entre la poblaci�� immigrada dels anys 60 i l'actual. La recerca portada ha terme ha mostrat que hi ha un bon nombre de poblaci�� immigrada de pa��sos llatinoamericans i del Nord d�����frica que s���interessa per l���aprenentatge del catal��. El motiu sembla ser laboral i d���integraci�� cultural. En canvi, s���observa que la immigraci�� interna en fa un ��s m��s oral i de relaci�� amb les noves generacions. Alhora, no consideren necessari l�����s del catal�� per a poder viure a Cerdanyola.

Heterogeneity across immigrants in the Spanish labour

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the diferences that immigrants have in the Spanish labour market. Immigrants in Spain come from a diversity of continents (Africa, South America, Eastern Europe, Asia, etc.), and there are substantial diferences in characteristics not only among continents but also among countries in each continent. Using a quantile regression method of decomposition we estimate these diferences that are reflected in the labour market and in particular are mirrored in the wage, so some immigrants are more discriminated or segregated that others because they have less advantage. For example Argentineans and Peruvians have the same origin and culture but we can find diferences in the wage that they receive in the Spanish labor market, or for example Moroccans have a advantage with respect to the Rest of Africans, due to the geographical proximity to Spain. So when we study the pay gap and the gender pay gap we need to take into consideration the origin of immigrants. We also want to study how the integration of immigrants evolved across years, whether the wage gap that we find in the first episode of work between immigrants and natives disappears or continues to be present in the Spain labour market.

Language knowledge and earnings in Catalonia

This paper investigates the economic value of Catalan knowledge for national and foreign first- and second-generation immigrants in Catalonia. Specifically, drawing on data from the ���Survey on Living Conditions and Habits of the Catalan Population (2006)���, we want to quantify the expected earnings differential between individuals who are proficient in Catalan and those who are not, taking into account the potential endogeneity between knowledge of Catalan and earnings. The results indicate the existence of a positive return to knowledge of Catalan, with a 7.5% increase in earnings estimated by OLS; however, when we account for the presence of endogeneity, monthly earnings are around 18% higher for individuals who are able to speak and write Catalan. However, we also find that language and education are complementary inputs for generating earnings in Catalonia, given that knowledge of Catalan increases monthly earnings only for more educated individuals.

Is there Descriminatory Mortgage Pricing against Immigrants in the Spanish Lending Market?

In this paper, we investigate whether evidence of discriminatory treatment against immigrants in the Spanish mortgage market exists. More specifically, we test whether, ceteris paribus, immigrant borrowers tend to be charged with higher interest rates on their mortgages than their Spanish born counterparts. To do so, we use a unique dataset on granted mortgages that contains information not only regarding the conditions of the loan but also the socio-economic characteristics of the mortgagors. We observe that immigrants are systematically charged with higher interest rates. We apply the well known Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to measure the extent to which this disparate treatment of lenders in mortgage pricing against immigrants is due to discrimination. Our results indicate that approximately two thirds of the gap in the interest rate between Spanish born and immigrant borrowers can be attributed to discriminatory treatment. Key words: Immigration, discrimination, mortgage pricing, housing market. JEL codes: R21, G21, J14

Immigration and the school system

Immigration is an important problem in many societies, and it has wide-ranging effects on the educational systems of host countries. There is a now a large empirical literature, but very little theoretical work on this topic. We introduce a model of family immigration in a framework where school quality and student outcomes are determined endogenously. This allows us to explain the selection of immigrants in terms of parental motivation and the policies which favor a positive selection. Also, we can study the effect of immigration on the school system and how school quality may self-reinforce immigrants' and natives' choices.

L'ensenyament de la llengua als immigrants : les aules d'acollida

Les preguntes de recerca que es podran respondre a partir de la realitzaci�� del treball es basen en les seg��ents: Com funcionen les aules d'acollida o el TAE a l'escola estudiada pels alumnes immigrants de secund��ria? Quines difer��ncies hi ha depenent de si el centre ��s p��blic o concertat? Afecta el nombre d'immigrants de l'escola en l'estrat��gia seguida per a la integraci�� d'aquests alumnes? Afecta el pa��s de proced��ncia a la integraci�� dels immigrants en l?escola (llengua i cultura incloses)? Quins recursos pedag��gics s'utilitzen? Com evoluciona l'aprenentatge de la llengua en aquests alumnes? Quines estrat��gies d'integraci�� s'apliquen des dels centres escolars? Com s'han solucionat els reptes plantejats en cursos anteriors? qu�� esperen aquests alumnes i les seves fam��lies de l?escola? Es poden millorar aquestes estrat��gies d'aprenentatge i acollida de l'alumne?

El catal�� i els immigrants del primer m��n

Motius dels immigrants del primer m��n per a triar el catal�� o el castell�� en el moment de triar la seva opci�� ling����stica quan arriben a Catalunya. El treball intenta respondre mitjan��ant l'entrevista sociol��gica dues hip��tesis: aquests immigrants consideren m��s important el castell�� que no pas el catal�� a Catalunya? Consideren que no ��s imprescindible aprendre catal�� per a viure a Catalunya?

Associacions Acollidores d'immigrants : propostes d'intervenci��

La primera part del treball presenta l'an��lisi d'una associaci�� d'acollida d'immigrants a Crevillent (el Baix Vinalop��). Posteriorment es plantegen una s��rie de projectes educatius multiculturals que pretenen la creaci�� de vincles entre la comunitat immigrant i la receptora. Alhora, es fan comentaris i valoracions dels conceptes d'integraci��, pluriculturalitat i multiculturalitat.

The Impacts of social networks on immigrants' employment prospect: the spanish case 1997-2007

This paper studies the extent to which social networks influence the employment stability and wages of immigrants in Spain. By doing so, I consider an aspect that has not been previously addressed in the empirical literature, namely the connection between immigrants' social networks and labor market outcomes in Spain. For this purpose, I use micro-data from the National Immigrant Survey carried out in 2007. The analysis is conducted in two stages. First, the impact of social networks on the probability of keeping the first job obtained in Spain is studied through a multinomial logit regression. Second, quantile regressions are used to estimate a wage equation. The empirical results suggest that once the endogeneity problem has been accounted for, immigrants' social networks influence their labor market outcomes. On arrival, immigrants experience a mismatch in the labor market. In addition, different effects of social networks on wages by gender and wage distribution are found. While contacts on arrival and informal job access mechanisms positively influence women's wages, a wage penalty is observed for men.

Traject��ries d'��xit de joves immigrants a l'ensenyament superior i al m��n professional

L���educaci�� dels immigrants ��s un tema prioritari a les agendes pol��tiques de molts pa��sos de la OCDE. En molts casos, els governs s���han preocupat especialment de la seva integraci�� al m��n del treball per�� creix l���inter��s en els seus resultats al sistema educatiu i en la revisi�� de les pol��tiques adre��ades a respondre a les seves necessitats educatives i formatives. La majoria d���aquests estudis es situen a l���esfera de l���educaci�� infantil, prim��ria, secundaria i formaci�� professional, per aix�� resulta pr��cticament impossible trobar estudis que analitzin el baix percentatge d���acc��s d���estudiants immigrants extracomunitaris a la universitat (al voltant de 3,3% en el cas de Catalunya); que contribueixin a entendre els factors que configuren les traject��ries d�����xit escolar i d���integraci�� laboral dels estudiants immigrants que accedeixen i completen els estudis universitaris; que puguin donar pautes per desenvolupar pol��tiques educatives que millorin els resultats d���aprenentatge dels estudiants immigrants; i que puguin servir com a mirall i incentiu per a altres persones immigrants i, perqu�� no, tamb�� del pa��s. Aquest projecte ha estudiat el conjunt d���elements que condicionen l���acc��s dels joves immigrants als estudis universitaris, i a l���estatus laboral que els hauria de possibilitar la seva formaci�� universit��ria. L���estudi ha consistit en una metaan��lisi dels documents existents sobre el tema i en la realitzaci�� de 8 narratives biogr��fiques; quatre de persones cursant diferents estudis a les universitats catalanes i quatre que ja s���han incorporat al m��n del professional. Aquestes narratives venen acompanyades de 8 v��deos que exploren noves maneres de visibilitzaci�� d���aquesta poblaci�� i es transformen en una pr��ctica d���autoria. Aquest material visual pot servir com a recurs educatiu, en la mida que pugui ser un mirall i un incentiu per a altres persones immigrants i del pa��s. Finalment, presenta un seguit de recomanacions per als responsables de les pol��tiques i dels centres educatius.

Estudi del valor socioeducatiu de l���amistat en el proc��s d���integraci�� social dels adolescents immigrants a Catalunya

L'escola ��s avui dia un espai de cohabitaci�� on els adolescents immigrants construeixen i consoliden la seva identitat. En aquest context les relacions d'amistat determinen en bona mesura el grau d'aprenentatge de la cultura del pa��s d'acolliment aix�� com la vinculaci�� simb��lica amb la societat que els acull. Aquesta investigaci�� explora les caracter��stiques de les relacions d'amistat dels adolescents immigrants en el context de l'escola. La mostra va estar integrada per 682 estudiants dels ��ltims cursos de Secund��ria B��sica Obligat��ria (15-16 anys), de sis instituts de Catalunya. Els resultats revelen que els adolescents immigrants en bona mesura nominen com a amics a altres adolescents de la seva mateixa cultura i a altres pertanyents a altres cultures per�� amb els quals comparteix la condici�� d'immigrant. En canvi, els amics dels adolescents aut��ctons pertanyen, majorit��riament, a la seva pr��pia cultura. Finalment, s'aprecien algunes difer��ncies respecte al suport que ofereixen els amics dels diferents grups, sent lleugerament inferior el suport que perceben els adolescents d'origen estranger. Aquests resultats confirmen les conclusions d'estudis precedents i alerten sobre la necessitat d'aprofundir en les seves causes per evitar els negatius efectes que pot generar per als adolescents immigrats les defici��ncies del proc��s de socialitzaci�� a l'entorn de l'escola.

Sickness presenteeism in Spanish-born and immigrant workers in Spain

Background: Previous studies have shown that immigrant workers face relatively worse working and employment conditions, as well as lower rates of sickness absence than native-born workers. This study aims to assess rates of sickness presenteeism in a sample of Spanish-born and foreign-born workers according to different characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst a convenience sample of workers (Spanish-born and foreign-born), living in four Spanish cities: Barcelona, Huelva, Madrid and Valencia (2008-2009). Sickness presenteeism information was collected through two items in the questionnaire ("Have you had health problems in the last year?" and "Have you ever had to miss work for any health problem?") and was defined as worker who had a health problem (answered yes, first item) and had not missed work (answered no, second item). For the analysis, the sample of 2,059 workers (1,617 foreign-born) who answered yes to health problems was included. After descriptives, logistic regressions were used to establish the association between origin country and sickness presenteeism (adjusted odds ratios aOR; 95% confidence interval 95%CI). Analyses were stratified per time spent in Spain among foreign-born workers. Results: All of the results refer to the comparison between foreign-born and Spanish-born workers as a whole, and in some categories relating to personal and occupational conditions. Foreign-born workers were more likely to report sickness presenteeism compared with their Spanish-born counterparts, especially those living in Spain for under 2 years [Prevalence: 42% in Spanish-born and 56.3% in Foreign-born; aOR 1.77 95%CI 1.24-2.53]. In case of foreign-born workers (with time in Spain < 2 years), men [aOR 2.31 95%CI 1.40-3.80], those with university studies [aOR 3.01 95%CI 1.04-8.69], temporary contracts [aOR 2.26 95%CI 1.29-3.98] and salaries between 751-1,200��� per month [aOR 1.74 95% CI 1.04-2.92] were more likely to report sickness presenteeism. Also, recent immigrants with good self-perceived health and good mental health were more likely to report presenteeism than Spanish-born workers with the same good health indicators. Conclusions: Immigrant workers report more sickness presenteeism than their Spanish-born counterparts. These results could be related to precarious work and employment conditions of immigrants. Immigrant workers should benefit from the same standards of social security, and of health and safety in the workplace that are enjoyed by Spanish workers.

Education as a mirror of Spanish society: challenges and policies towards multiple diversity

The ways in which the dominant cultural majority frames the educationalsystem determine perceptions of its own identity and understandings ofthe ���other.��� In this article I take a political approach, by examining themanagement of cultural diversity within Spanish education policies, treating���education as the mirror of society���. This article analyzes Spanish challengesand policies approaches towards the management of immigrationrelated diversity in education. The main finding is that there is not one approach,but several, due to both the decentralized character of the educationsystem and the multiplicity of diversity that is at stake (i.e. language,religion, culture etc.)

Predictors of political orientation among US-born Mexican Americans: cultural identification, acculturation attitudes and socioeconomic status

With each passing election, U.S. political campaigns have renewed their efforts in courting the ���Latino vote,��� yet the Latino population is not a culturally homogenous voting bloc. This study examined how cultural identifications and acculturation attitudes in U.S. born Mexican Americans interacted with socioeconomic status (SES) to predict political orientation. Individuals who held stronger Mexican identity and supported biculturalism as an acculturation strategy had a more liberal orientation, while belonging to a higher SES group and holding stronger assimilation attitudes predicted a less liberal orientation. Mexican cultural identification interacted with SES such that those who held a weaker Mexican identity, but came from a higher social class were less liberal and more moderate in their political orientation. Weak Mexican identification and higher SES also predicted weaker endorsement of bicultural acculturation attitudes, which in turn, mediated the differences in political orientation. The acceptance of one���s ethnic identity and endorsement of bicultural attitudes predicted a more liberal political orientation. In light of these findings, political candidates should be cautious in how they pander to Latino constituents���referencing the groups��� ethnic culture or customs may distance constituents who are not strongly identified with their ethnic culture.