The quest for a balanced manpower capacity: different flexibility strategies examined

To cope with permanent fluctuations in demand, organizations are challenged to organize their manpower capacity in a flexible way. Different strategies of manpower planning are being used for this purpose. Using data from the 2002 Panel Survey of Organisations Flanders, we first verify to what extent temporal, contractual and functional flexibility strategies are applied in Flemish organizations. Subsequently, logistic regression is used to analyse the link between these flexible work strategies and a ‘fitting manpower capacity’. While the results show a negative association between the use of temporal or contractual flexibility measures and a balanced manpower capacity, functional flexibility seems to be positively related. The different logics in which numerical and functional flexibility proceed can be labeled as ‘curative’ versus ‘preventive’ strategies of flexibility. Further analyses discern between various interpretations of functional flexibility and assess whether different team types make a contribution to a fitting manpower capacity.

The computational role of short-term plasticity and the balance of excitation and inhibition in neural microcircuits: experimental and theoretical analysis

The computations performed by the brain ultimately rely on the functional connectivity between neurons embedded in complex networks. It is well known that the neuronal connections, the synapses, are plastic, i.e. the contribution of each presynaptic neuron to the firing of a postsynaptic neuron can be independently adjusted. The modulation of effective synaptic strength can occur on time scales that range from tens or hundreds of milliseconds, to tens of minutes or hours, to days, and may involve pre- and/or post-synaptic modifications. The collection of these mechanisms is generally believed to underlie learning and memory and, hence, it is fundamental to understand their consequences in the behavior of neurons.(...)

Knowledge Society and Geography: A Theoretical Approach

The transition process between information and knowledge is faster and so the inputs that influence social and political practises. The dissemination of information is now determinant in terms of territorial competitiveness and both public and private sector take large benefits when the data-information- knowledge value chain repeats itself trough space and time. Mankind depends nowadays on the creation and diffusion of good and reliable information. Speed is also important and the greater the speed, the faster the opportunities for global markets. Information must be an input for knowledge and obviously for decision. So, the power of information is unquestionable. This paper focuses on concepts like information, knowledge and other, more geographical and tries to explain how territories change from real to virtual. Knowledge society appears on an evolutional context in which information dissemination is wider and technological potential overwrites traditional notions of Geography. To understand the mutations over the territories, the causes and the consequences emerges the Geography of the Knowledge Society, a new discipline inside Geography with a special concern about modern society and socio-economical developing models.

GIS capacity building for risk management to help developing countries:Case of climate change problem in Amhara rural region (Ethiopia)

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Web-assisted tobacco intervention in Portuguese : intentions to make behavioural changes and behavioural changes

ABSTRACT - The problem of how to support “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC) and “behaviour changes” (BC) in smoking cessation when there is a scarcity of resources is a pressing issue in public health terms. The present research focuses on the use of information and communications technologies and their role in smoking cessation. It is developed in Portugal after the ratification of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (on 8 November 2005). The prevalence of smokers over fifteen years of age within the population stood at 20.9% (30.9% for men and 11.8% for women). While the strategy of helping people to quit smoking has been emphasised at National Health Service (NHS) level, the uptake of cessation assistance has exceeded the capacity of the service. This induced the search of new theoretical and practical venues to offer alternative options to people willing to stop smoking. Among these, the National Health Plan (NHP) of Portugal (2004-2010), identifies the use of information technologies in smoking cessation. eHealth and the importance of health literacy as a means of empowering people to make behavioural changes is recurrently considered an option worth investigating. The overall objective of this research is to understand, in the Portuguese context, the use of the Internet to help people to stop smoking. Research questions consider factors that may contribute to “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC) and “behavioural changes” (BC) while using a Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP). Also consideration is given to the trade-off on the use of the Web as a tool for smoking cessation: can it reach a vast number of people for a small cost (efficiency) demonstrating to work in the domain of smoking cessation (efficacy)”? In addition to the introduction, there is a second chapter in which the use of tobacco is discussed as a public health menace. The health gains achieved by stopping smoking and the means of quitting are also examined, as is the use of the Internet in smoking cessation. Then, several research issues are introduced. These include background theory and the theoretical framework for the Sense of Coherence. The research model is also discussed. A presentation of the methods, materials and of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) follows. In chapter four the results of the use of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) are presented. This study is divided into two sections. The first describes results related to quality control in relation to the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) and gives an overview of its users. Of these, 3,150 answered initial eligibility questions. In the end, 1,463 met all eligibility requirements, completed intake, decided on a day to quit smoking (Dday) and declared their “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC) while a second targeted group of 650 did not decide on a Dday. With two quit attempts made before joining the platform, most of the participants had experienced past failures while wanting to stop. The smoking rate averaged 21 cigarettes per day. With a mean age of 35, of the participants 55% were males. Among several other considerations, gender and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) influenced the success of participants in their IBC and endeavour to set quit dates. The results of comparing males and females showed that, for current smokers, establishing a Dday was related to gender differences, not favouring males (OR=0.76, p<0.005). Belonging to higher Socio-economic strata (SES) was associated with the intention to consider IBC (when compared to lower SES condition) (OR=1.57, p<0.001) and higher number of school years (OR=0.70, p<0.005) favoured the decision to smoking cessation. Those who demonstrated higher confidence in their likelihood of success in stopping in the shortest time had a higher rate of setting a Dday (OR=0.51, p<0.001). There were differences between groups in IBC reflecting the high and low levels of the SOC score (OR=1.43, p=0.006), as those who considered setting a Dday had higher levels of SOC. After adjusting for all variables, stages of readiness to change and SOC were kept in the model. This is the first Arm of this research where the focus is a discussion of the system’s implications for the participants’ “intentions to make behavioural changes” (IBC). Moreover, a second section of this study (second Arm) offers input collected from 77 in-depth interviews with the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) users. Here, “Behaviour Change” (BC) and the usability of the platform are explored a year after IBC was declared. A percentage of 32.9% of self-reported, 12-month quitters in continuous abstinence from smoking from Dday to the 12-month follow- up point of the use of the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) has been assessed. Comparing the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scores of participants by their respective means, according to the two groups, there was a significant difference in these scores of non smokers (BC) (M=144,66, SD=22,52) and Sense of Coherence (SOC) of smokers (noBC) (M=131,51, SD=21,43) p=0.014. This WATIP strategy and its contents benefit from the strengthening of the smoker’s sense of coherence (SOC), so that the person’s progress towards a life without tobacco may be experienced as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. In this sample the sense of coherence (SOC) effect is moderate although it is associated with the day to quit smoking (Dday). Some of the limitations of this research have to do with self-selection bias, sample size (power) and self-reporting (no biochemical validation). The enrolment of participants was therefore not representative of the smoking population. It is not possible to verify the Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP) evaluation of external validity; consequently, the results obtained cannot be applied generalized. No participation bias is provided. Another limitation of this study is the associated limitations of interviews. Interviewees’ perception that fabricating answers could benefit them more than telling the simple truth in response to questions is a risk that is not evaluated (with no external validation like measuring participants’ carbon monoxide levels). What emerges in this analysis is the relevance of the process that leads to the establishment of the quit day (Dday) to stop using tobacco. In addition, technological issues, when tailoring is the focus, are key elements for scrutiny. The high number of dropouts of users of the web platform mandates future research that should concentrate on the matters of the user-centred design of portals. The focus on gains in health through patient-centred care needs more research, so that technology usability be considered within the context of best practices in smoking cessation.

Envelhecimento ativo, capacidade funcional e atividade física: análise de fatores que contextualizam o processo de envelhecimento e sua percepção por parte de pessoas idosas

RESUMO: O envelhecimento populacional saudável ocupa parte da agenda do processo do envelhecimento humano, retratando uma preocupação social com repercussões nas economias societárias. O processo de envelhecimento, quando abordado fora do paradigma do envelhecimento saudável, desconsidera socialmente o potencial humano das pessoas idosas, promovendo a segregação e motivando atitudes de preconceito e discriminação, além de desperdiçar a experiência, o saber, a cultura e a capacidade de participação da pessoa idosa como contributo para a sociedade a que ela está inserida. O foco central da Política Nacional de Saúde do Idoso brasileira se inscreve na promoção de um envelhecimento saudável, nomeadamente por meio da manutenção da capacidade funcional ao valorizar a autonomia, a independência física e a integridade mental da pessoa idosa. O desafio para a viabilização do processo de envelhecimento ativo e bem-sucedido consiste na maximização das capacidades, potencialidades e recursos pessoais, comunitários e políticos. Pressupõe, também, uma concepção ampliada de viver, contextualizada no contínuo da vida, capaz de externar a preocupação com a saúde e o bem-estar, integrando as pessoas em fase de envelhecimento no contexto do ciclo de vida. Diante do exposto, a presente investigação objetivou conhecer os determinantes de envelhecimento ativo e bem-sucedido, numa população em processo de envelhecimento e relacioná-los com as ―práticas/conteúdos‖ e representações / significados‖ sobre o envelhecimento, as atividades físicas e a capacidade funcional. A investigação foi estruturada em três estudos: no primeiro foi criado e testado o instrumento ―Envelhecimento ativo, capacidade funcional e atividade física‖, na cidade de Lisboa, Portugal, e posteriormente realizada sua adaptação cultural e linguística do português de Portugal para o do Brasil. No segundo foi feita uma pesquisa observacional do tipo survey, descritiva e exploratória com o objetivo de conhecer as relações esteabelecidas entre o envelhecimento bem-sucedido, ativo, a atividade física e a capacidade funcional de uma população em processo de envelhecimento; e no terceiro momento foi realizado um estudo de cariz qualitativo com o objetivo de captar as percepções e comportamentos dos entrevistados diante do fato de se sentirem ou não pessoas idosas ou envelhecidas. Foram adotados os seguintes referenciais teóricos: envelhecimento ativo, envelhecimento bem sucedido, concepção muldidimensional do processual do envelhecimento (determinantes pessoais, familiares, sociais, psicocomunicacionais, econômicos e de saúde), atividade física e capacidade funcional e abordados à luz do perfil demográfico e da experiência das realidades européias, americana e brasileira. Foram triagulados métodos e técnicas (entrevista individual gravada, mensurações e questionário). Participaram pessoas com 60 anos de idade ou mais vinculadas que frequentam dois programas públicos destinados às pessoas idosas na cidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil e foram excluidas as participações de pessoas com dependência para atividades da vida diária, para as atividades instrumentais da vida diária e com alteração do nível de consciência. Amostra aleatória estratificada composta por 326 participantes na qual foram realizadas mensurações e amostra por tipicidade construída a partir da base amostral composta de 87 participantes na qual foi realizada entrevista individual gravada. Atendidos todos os requisitos éticos e legais de pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, segundo legislação brasileira. Aplicada Análise Fatorial e selecionados 11 fatores com 31 variáveis que contemplaram os determinantes do processo de envelhecimento ativo. Realizado reajustamento da análise fatorial,por questão de coerência conceptual, sendo selecionado oito fatores nomeados de acordo com o referencial teórico adotado que resultou em 25 variáveis que abordaram a participação em atividades e acesso aos serviços de saúde; à atividade física; à convivência, interação e avaliação do contato social; à escolaridade e renda; à saúde percebida e ao voluntariado. Utilizado como marcador para a atividade aeróbia o perfil da sobrecarga da atividade física semanal em consonância com diretrizes e recomendações de atividades aeróbias de intensidade moderada para as pessoas idosas. Identificado que 60,7% dos entrevistados realizam atividade física insuficiente. Os indicadores antropométricos utilizados evidenciaram índices de sobrepeso e de obesidade tanto entre os homens quanto entre as mulheres. Houve correlação do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com as medidas efetuadas segundo as faixas etárias. A análise inferencial possibilitou relacionar os determinantes do envelhecimento ativo, as medidas antropométricas e as variáveis sociodemográficas (escolaridade e idade), sendo obtidos os seguintes destaques: 1) à medida em que a idade aumenta, diminuem os níveis de prática da atividade física, dos contatos com as pessoas para conversar (das relações de convivência), dos trabalhos de voluntariado e das relações familiares e intergeracionais; 2) foi identificado um alinhamento conceptual dos diferentes determinantes concorrentes para um envelhecimento ativo à luz da prática da atividade física com a convivência e interação com os familiares e com auto-avaliação positiva da saúde percebida e atividade física; 3) quanto maior a idade menor os anos de escolaridade; 4) a diminuição da área transversa do braço e do IMC à medida que a idade aumenta, retratou diminuição da adiposidade corporal que está associada à perda da massa magra. A categorização do discurso dos 87 entrevistados permitiu captar a percepção do processo de envelhecimento por dois critérios antagônicos: preservação da autonomia e presença da deterioração. Foi caracterizado o sistema de crenças dos participantes com 1090 emissões de crenças. Houve tendência do sistema de crenças à centralidade com 638 (58,6%) crenças retratando concepções e situações difíceis de serem modificadas por processos educacionais. Os resultados obtidos diagnosticaram e reiteraram a tendência de incremento numérico de pessoas com 60 anos de idade ou mais na cidade brasileira de Juiz de Fora. Embora o estatuto do idoso esteja alicerçado em princípios do envelhecimento saudável e ativo ficou evidenciado a necessidade de estratégias para implementá-la com vistas a impactos sociais, econômicas e de saúde na perspectiva da prática de atividade física e da preservação da capacidade funcional. Constituem contribuição da presente investigação: 1) fundamentos teóricos e informação sobre juiz-foranos com 60 anos de idade ou mais segundo dimensões social, econômica, cultural e espiritual numa concepção ampliada de saúde; 2) abordagem do envelhecimento de forma processual e integrada, multidimensional e articulada com o ciclo da vida; 3) diagnóstico do grau de autonomia dos participantes permitindo subsidiar decisões para melhorar a capacidade funcional dos mesmos; 4) processo investigativo utilizando modelos teóricos que permitiram estabelecer um diagnóstico local e contextualizar o processo de envelhecimento para os participantes e 5) sobrecarga semanal de atividade física e os indicadores antropométricos dos participantes a ponto de subsidiar parâmetros de indicação terapêutica para manutenção da capacidade funcional.-------- ABSTRACT: The populational healthy aging holds part of the process of the human aging agenda, portraying a social concern with the repercussion in societary economies. The aging process when addressed out of the healthy aging paradigm socially disregard the human potential of the elderly, promoting segregation and motivating acts of prejudice and discrimination, in addition to the waste of experience, knowledge, culture and the participatory capacity of an older person in contributting to the society they are a part of. The Brazilian National Health Policy for the Elderly has its main focus in promoting the healthy aging, namely through the maintenance of the functional capacity by valuing the autonomy, physical independence and the mental integrity of the elderly person. The challenge of enabling the process of a successful and active aging lays in maximazing the capabilities, potencialities and personal, communitary and political resources. It infers additionaly a broad view of living, contextualized in the continuum of life, able to express concern with health and well-being, integrating the people in aging phase to the context of the life cycle. Hence, this research aimed to learn the determinants of active and successful aging in a population in aging process and relate them with the "practices/contents" and "representations/meanings" about aging, the physical activities and functional capacity. The investigation was structured in three studies: in the first it was developed and tested the instrument "Active Aging, Functional Capacity and Physical Activity" in the city of Lisboa, Portugal, and afterwards it was culturally and linguistically adapted from Portugal Portuguese to Brazilian Portuguese. The second study was an observational research with survey, descriptive and exploratory methods which aimed to learn the relations established between the successful aging, active aging, the physical activity and the functional capacity of a population in aging process; and the third comprised a qualitative study with the objective to collect the understanding and behavior of the interviewees based on the fact of either they saw themselves as elder or aged person or not. As theoretical framework were explored: active aging, successful aging, multidimensional concept of aging process (personal, familial, social, psycho-communicational, economic determinants), physical activity and functional capacity and explored based in demographic profile and in the European, American a Brazilian realities. Performed triangulation of methods and tecniques (recorded individual interviews, measurements and questionnaires). Participants were aged 60 or older included in two public services for the elderly population in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil and were excluded persons with dependency in both daily activities and instrumental daily activities and the persons with altered level of conciousness. Stratified ramdon sample of 326 participants in which were performed the measurements and typicality sample constructed from the sample basis of 87 participants whereupon the recorded individual interview was performed. Conforming to all the ethical and legal requirements of research with human beings according to the Brazilian legislation. Applied Factor Analysis and selected 11 factors and 31 variables that convey the determinants of the active aging process. Executed reajustment of factor analysis, for conceptual coherence, being selected eight factors named accordingly to the theoretical framework that resulted in 25 variables which approached the participation in activities and access to health care services; to physical activity; to coexistence, interaction and evaluation of social contact; to scholarity and income; to perceived health and volunteering. Used as marker to aerobic activity the profile of weekly physical activity overload in accordance with guidelines and reccomendations for moderate-intensity aerobic activities for older people. Identified that 60,7% of interviewees practice enough physical activity. Anthropometric markers evidence overweight and obesity levels both within men and women. There was correlation between body mass index (BMI) and measures carried out according to age ranges. The inferential analysis allowed relating the active aging determinants, the anthropometric measurements and sociodemographic variables (scholarity and age), obtaining the following highlights: 1) to the extent that age increases, lowers the levels of physical activity practice, of contact with people to talk to (social relationships), of volunteering work and familial and intergenerational relationships; 2) it was identified a conceptual alignment of diferent determinants concurrent to an active aging in light of the physical activity practice with the relationship and interaction of family and with positive self-assessment of perceived health and physical activity; 3) the older the person, lower are scholarity levels; 4) the decrease of the cross-sectional area of the arm and BMI as the age increases portrayed decreased adiposity of the body that is associated with loss of lean body mass. The categorization of the speech of 87 interviewees allowed to collect the understanding of the aging process by two opposite criteria: preservation of autonomy and existance of decline. It marked the belief system of participants with 1090 beliefs expressed. With tendency of the belief system to centrality with 638(58,6%) beliefs showing concepts and dificult situations to be changed through educational processes. The results diagnosed and reiterated the tendency of increase in the number of people aged 60 or older in the Brazilian city of Juiz de Fora. Although the elderly statute is built upon principles of healthy and active aging it was evident the need of strategies to implement it aiming at social, economic and health impacts in the perspective of physical education and preservation of the functional capacity. Constitute contributions of this study: 1) theoretical fundaments and data about Juiz de Fora citizens aged 60 or more according to social, economic, cultural and spiritual dimensions in a broad concept of health; 2) approach of aging in a procedural and integrative, multidimensional manner, articulated with the life cycle; 3) diagnosis of degree of autonomy of participants enabling decisions on how to improve their functional capacities; 4) investigative process using theoretical models which permit to stablish a local diagnosis and contextualize the aging process of participants and 5) weekly overload of physical activity and anthropometric indexes of participants as to subsidize parameters to therapeutic indication to the maintainence of functional capacity.

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

Flood resilient housing recovery models: a theoretical case study in Maldives

Natural disasters are events that cause general and widespread destruction of the built environment and are becoming increasingly recurrent. They are a product of vulnerability and community exposure to natural hazards, generating a multitude of social, economic and cultural issues of which the loss of housing and the subsequent need for shelter is one of its major consequences. Nowadays, numerous factors contribute to increased vulnerability and exposure to natural disasters such as climate change with its impacts felt across the globe and which is currently seen as a worldwide threat to the built environment. The abandonment of disaster-affected areas can also push populations to regions where natural hazards are felt more severely. Although several actors in the post-disaster scenario provide for shelter needs and recovery programs, housing is often inadequate and unable to resist the effects of future natural hazards. Resilient housing is commonly not addressed due to the urgency in sheltering affected populations. However, by neglecting risks of exposure in construction, houses become vulnerable and are likely to be damaged or destroyed in future natural hazard events. That being said it becomes fundamental to include resilience criteria, when it comes to housing, which in turn will allow new houses to better withstand the passage of time and natural disasters, in the safest way possible. This master thesis is intended to provide guiding principles to take towards housing recovery after natural disasters, particularly in the form of flood resilient construction, considering floods are responsible for the largest number of natural disasters. To this purpose, the main structures that house affected populations were identified and analyzed in depth. After assessing the risks and damages that flood events can cause in housing, a methodology was proposed for flood resilient housing models, in which there were identified key criteria that housing should meet. The same methodology is based in the US Federal Emergency Management Agency requirements and recommendations in accordance to specific flood zones. Finally, a case study in Maldives – one of the most vulnerable countries to sea level rise resulting from climate change – has been analyzed in light of housing recovery in a post-disaster induced scenario. This analysis was carried out by using the proposed methodology with the intent of assessing the resilience of the newly built housing to floods in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

Improving practical reasoning and argumentation

This thesis justifies the need for and develops a new integrated model of practical reasoning and argumentation. After framing the work in terms of what is reasonable rather than what is rational (chapter 1), I apply the model for practical argumentation analysis and evaluation provided by Fairclough and Fairclough (2012) to a paradigm case of unreasonable individual practical argumentation provided by mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik (chapter 2). The application shows that by following the model, Breivik is relatively easily able to conclude that his reasoning to mass murder is reasonable – which is understood to be an unacceptable result. Causes for the model to allow such a conclusion are identified as conceptual confusions ingrained in the model, a tension in how values function within the model, and a lack of creativity from Breivik. Distinguishing between dialectical and dialogical, reasoning and argumentation, for individual and multiple participants, chapter 3 addresses these conceptual confusions and helps lay the foundation for the design of a new integrated model for practical reasoning and argumentation (chapter 4). After laying out the theoretical aspects of the new model, it is then used to re-test Breivik’s reasoning in light of a developed discussion regarding the motivation for the new place and role of moral considerations (chapter 5). The application of the new model shows ways that Breivik could have been able to conclude that his practical argumentation was unreasonable and is thus argued to have improved upon the Fairclough and Fairclough model. It is acknowledged, however, that since the model cannot guarantee a reasonable conclusion, improving the critical creative capacity of the individual using it is also of paramount importance (chapter 6). The thesis concludes by discussing the contemporary importance of improving practical reasoning and by pointing to areas for further research (chapter 7).

Dispondo de si : autonomia, género e envelhecimento nos quotidianos de saúde

Esta tese de doutoramento tem como objectivo geral compreender as experiências de autonomia individual na actual geração de adultos mais velhos, enquadrados pelas construções identitárias de género e assumindo como plataforma de observação as vivências quotidianas de saúde. Para tanto, justifica-se a centralidade do valor da autonomia individual na contemporaneidade, para depois se problematizar o conceito a partir de uma perspectiva feminista, com base na conceptualização proposta por este corpo teórico. O feminismo propõe a adopção do conceito de autonomia relacional, que ao reconhecer a natureza social do self e das identidades, é capaz de proporcionar uma leitura crítica e contextualizada da autonomia de cada sujeito, por integrar não só as especificidades, estímulos, oportunidades e contingências de um tempo e de um espaço social, como também o poder resolutivo, transformador e de resistência da agência individual. A vivência da velhice constitui, cada vez mais, um exercício de individualidade. No envelhecer, a vivência da saúde ganha especiais contornos. Não só porque o cuidar de si se tornou um aspecto biográfico de progressiva acentuação, como também por ser este um tempo da vida em que os dilemas, inquietações e exigências com o corpo se acentuam. A individualização dos trajectos biográficos que nas sociedades contemporâneas surge com cada vez maior expressão sugere a importância do estudo das diferentes ecologias sociais, com base na precisão e no detalhe. A tese adoptou uma estratégia metodológica de estudos de casos, concretizada num estudo de caso múltiplo, de tipo qualitativo. Os sentidos conferidos às experiências da autonomia individual pela actual geração de adultos mais velhos, nos seus quotidianos de saúde, mobilizam e matizam diferentes modelos culturais, iluminando a ideia de uma transição sociocultural que abandona parcialmente certos aspectos, mas que mantém tantos outros. No envelhecer, a vivência da autonomia individual é mediatizada por diferentes performatividades femininas e masculinas, tendo sido três os espaços principais de expressão social da autonomia, resultantes do seu cruzamento com o género, enquanto dimensão de análise principal. Tem-se que estas diferenças entre espaços factoriais vêm demonstrar o hibridismo dos posicionamentos resultante da crescente individualidade das trajectórias de vida. Face à saúde, a capacidade de adaptação e de auto-gestão mais positivos relacionam-se, face às mulheres, com a expressão singular de uma maior individualidade e, face aos homens, com o valor social conferido a diferentes masculinidades.

Understanding impact readiness in Portugal’s social sector and designing a framework for capacity-building for social impact

This project is based on the theme of capacity-building in social organisations to improve their impact readiness, which is the predictability of delivering intended outcomes. All organisations which have a social mission, non-profit or for-profit, will be considered to fall within the social sector for the purpose of this work. The thesis will look at (i) what is impact readiness and what are the considerations for building impact readiness in social organisations, (ii) what is the international benchmark in measuring and building impact readiness, (iii) understand the impact readiness of Portuguese social organisations and the supply of capacity building for social impact in Portugal currently, and (iv) provide recommendations on the design of a framework for capacity building for impact readiness adapted to the Portuguese context. This work is of particular relevance to the Social Investment Laboratory, which is a sponsor of this project, in its policy work as part of the Portuguese Social Investment Taskforce (the “Taskforce”). This in turn will inform its contribution to the set-up of Portugal Inovação Social, a wholesaler catalyst entity of social innovation and social investment in the country, launched in early 2015. Whilst the output of this work will be set a recommendations for wider application for capacity-building programmes in Portugal, Portugal Inovação Social will also clearly have a role in coordinating the efforts of market players – foundations, corporations, public sector and social organisations – in implementing these recommendations. In addition, the findings of this report could have relevance to other countries seeking to design capacity building frameworks in their local markets and to any impact-driven organisations with an interest in enhancing the delivery of impact within their work.