O contextualismo na filosofia da linguagem contemporânea

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Filosofia

Perturbações de Linguagem no subdomínio Morfossintáctico

Dissertação / Trabalho de Projecto de Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Perturbações da Linguagem na Criança

Linguagem e crueldade : Artaud e Wittgenstein

Com esta dissertação parte-­‐se de uma evolução cronológica do pensamento de Artaud salientando a inequívoca relação entre o autor e a sua obra como uma e a mesma coisa. Artaud procurou sempre uma nova linguagem para o seu teatro, uma linguagem que não tivesse aparência de ficção, que fosse viva. Neste sentido, Wittgenstein emerge nesta relação através das suas considerações acerca da linguagem, espraiando-­‐se num sentido mais amplo, a própria vida. Partimos da análise do próprio pensar para a origem e finalidade da criação artística. Na apologia da apresentação em detrimento da representação as palavras parecem ser insuficientes e parte-­‐se na busca de uma linguagem sólida, física, que culmina no corpo-­‐sem-­‐órgãos, conceito desenvolvido por Deleuze. Do corpo liberto, em acção, surge-­‐nos agora a palavra-­‐sem-­‐órgãos, pautada por uma revolução da sintaxe e da gramática; é a linguagem mutável e viva que renasce. Através de Wittgenstein procura-­‐se o sentido desta linguagem e a sua receptividade. É nesta íntima relação entre a ética e a estética, na lucidez, na determinação e no rigor com que ambos os autores abordam a linguagem enquanto vida, que vemos espelhada a crueldade, essa força inelutável de viver sempre mais.

A intervenção dos orgãos de polícia criminal em sede de julgamento

Currently, Portugal assumes itself as a democratic rule of substantive law State, sustained by a legal system seeking the right balance between the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms constitutional foreseen in Portugal’s Fundamental Law and criminal persecution. The architecture of the penal code lies with, roughly speaking, a accusatory basic structure, “deliberately attached to one of the most remarkable achievements of the civilizational democratic progress, and by obedience to the constitutional commandment”, in balance with the official investigation principle, valid both for the purpose of prosecution and trial. Regarding the principle of non self-incrimination - nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare, briefly defined as the defendant’s right of not being obliged to contribute to the self-incrimination, it should be stressed that there isn’t an explicit consecration in the Portuguese Constitution, being commonly accepted in an implicit constitutional prediction and deriving from other constitutional rights and principles, first and foremost, the meaning and scope of the concept of democratic rule of Law State, embedded in the Fundamental Law, and in the guidelines of the constitutional principles of human person dignity, freedom of action and the presumption of innocence. In any case, about the (in) applicability of the principle of the prohibition of self-incrimination to the Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, and sharing an idea of Guedes Valente, the truth is that the exercise of criminal action must tread a transparent path and non-compliant with methods to obtain evidence that violate the law, the public order or in violation of democratic principles and loyalty (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 484). Within the framework of the penal process relating to the trial, which is assumed as the true phase of the process, the witness represents a relevant figure for the administration of criminal justice, for the testimonial proof is, in the idea of Othmar Jauernig, the worst proof of evidence, but also being the most frequent (Jauernig, 1998, p. 289). As coadjutant of the Public Prosecutor and, in specific cases, the investigating judge, the Criminal Police Bodies are invested with high responsibility, being "the arms and eyes of Judicial Authorities in pursuing the criminal investigation..." which has as ultimate goal the fulfillment of the Law pursuing the defense of society" (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 485). It is in this context and as a witness that, throughout operational career, the Criminal Police Bodies are required to be at the trial hearing and clarify the Court with its view about the facts relating to occurrences of criminal context, thus contributing very significantly and, in some cases, decisively for the proper administration of the portuguese criminal justice. With regards to the intervention of Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, it’s important that they pay attention to a set of standards concerning the preparation of the testimony, the very provision of the testimony and, also, to its conclusion. Be emphasized that these guidelines may become crucial for the quality of the police testimony at the trial hearing, thus leading to an improvement of the enforcement of justice system. In this vein, while preparing the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies must present itself in court with proper clothing, to read before and carefully the case files, to debate the facts being judged with other Criminal Police Bodies and prepare potential questions. Later, while giving his testimony during the trial, the Criminal Police Bodies must, summing up, to take the oath in a convincing manner, to feel comfortable, to start well by convincingly answering the first question, keep an attitude of serenity, to adopt an attitude of collaboration, to avoid the reading of documents, to demonstrate deference and seriousness before the judicial operators, to use simple and objective language, to adopt a fluent speech, to use nonverbal language correctly, to avoid spontaneity responding only to what is asked, to report only the truth, to avoid hesitations and contradictions, to be impartial and to maintain eye contact with the judge. Finally, at the conclusion of the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies should rise in a smooth manner, avoiding to show relief, resentment or satisfaction, leaving a credible and professional image and, without much formality, requesting the judge permission to leave the courtroom. As final note, it’s important to stress that "The intervention of the Police Criminal Bodies in the trial hearing in Court” encloses itself on a theme of crucial importance not only for members of the Police and Security Forces, who must welcome this subject with the utmost seriousness and professionalism, but also for the proper administration of the criminal justice system in Portugal.