5 resultados para cyclic oxidation – Ti3SiC2-base material – scale spallation – adherence
em RUN (Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa) - FCT (Faculdade de Cienecias e Technologia), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Portugal
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Dissertao apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessrios obteno do grau de Doutor em Histria Contempornea
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Para alm das variveis clnicas e sociodemogrficas existem concerteza importantes componentes individuais que desempenham um contributo importante no nvel de insight apresentado por cada pessoa doente, por exemplo, o nvel de inteligncia, personalidade, cultura, experincias passadas, memria, etc. A natureza clnica, emocional e/ou intelectual do termo ajuda-nos a compreender a complexidade da dificuldade que existe na sua traduo e, inclusive, na sua compreenso. Da que as definies atribudas ao conceito sejam muito distintas e variem consoante a formao terica do autor/investigador. Pretende-se, a partir dessa identificao/compreenso, promover a qualidade de vida destas pessoas atravs do desenvolvimento de novas aprendizagens que possibilitem uma cooperao activa. igualmente fundamental ir ao encontro das capacidade intactas de maneira a possibilitar a aquisio de novos(s) comportamento(s) que tenham um impacte positivo nas queixas, sinais, sintomas, incapacidade e disfuncionalidade apresentados pelo/a utente. Uma vez que a prpria conceptualizao do termo traduzir aquilo que se pretende avaliar,ser efectuada uma reflexo detalhada acerca dos instrumentos e definies que tm sido mais utilizadas para explorar o insight nas psicoses.Procurei, no meu trabalho de investigao, realar e promover a importncia que cada sujeito, alvo de interveno, desempenha ao longo do seu processo de recuperao e na preveno de recadas. No seguimento dos objectivos acima descritos, para alm da reviso terica efectuada ao fenmeno em termos de conceptualizao e estudos desenvolvidos na rea de investigao, foi,neste estudo, realizada a contribuio para a validao do instrumento Assessment of Insight in Psychosis: a re-standartization of a New Scale de Markov & Berrios (2003).O fenmeno de insight escolhido pela Insight Scale, relata menos as mudanas vividas em relao doena mental, e mais a actual conscincia e articulao de tais mudanas. Tendo como base uma abordagem psicopedaggica, o fenmeno do insight aqui explorado assentou numa perspectiva reabilitativa, actual e multidimensional, que fosse para alm das dimenses clnicas tradicionais. Neste sentido apresentada uma escala original, intitulada Escala de Avaliao do Insight e Identificao das Necessidades em Pessoas com Psicose, bem como um modelo de interveno psicopedaggico breve, assente nos pressupostos descritos ao longo do trabalho.-----------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The importance of insight in people with mental illnesses was first studied in psychiatry, in the first decades of the 20th century, by people as important as Lewis (1934) and Jaspers (1959). However, this field of investigation was left unexplored for many years. Only in the last decade has this phenomenon become the object of numerous scientific investigations, having been given special attention by its investigators. For this reason a significant number of instruments for evalauting insight in psychotic disorders were developed. Since then many papers have been published, which has allowed for a more in depth knowledge on the subject. Therefore, in recent years, the concept of insight has been developed in an attempt to clarify its compexity. A once dichotomic phenomenon, described in terms of presence or absence, became considered multidimensional, which made the identification of different levels of insight and different dimensions possible. Current concepts categorize insight into five dimensions: the awareness of the patient in relation to his/her mental illness, the awareness of the patient in relation to the social consequences of his/her illness, the awareness of the need for treatment, the awareness of the symptoms and the explanation of those symptoms in relation to the illness. The lack of insight in psychiatry, in general terms, and as this phenomenon has been described, the lack of awareness of having a mental illness, represents one of the most common symptoms of schizophrenia and affects a big part of the population that suffer from this illness. It is estimated that bewteen 50 and 80 per cent of patients with schizophrenia do not believe that they are ill, which, consequently has a big impact in the process of adherence to treatment. It is still not possible, however, to identify all the factors that determine the lack of insight in schizophrenics. There are psychological, social and cultural influences that almost certainly play their role in the lack of insight registered in this pathology.Since the impact of scizophrenia is felt in many aspects of the individuals life, its effective treatment should be directed at various levels, including the improvement of insight. One of the objectives of this study is to explore the relationship between the level of insight in psychosis and the clinical and sociodemographic variables, the psychopathology and its global functioning. As well as the clinical and sociodemographic variables, there are of course important individual components that contribute to the level of insight seen in each patient, for example, their level of inteligence, personality, culture, past experiences, memory, etc. The clinical, emotional and/or intelectual nature of the term helps us understand the difficulty that lies in its interpretation as well as in its comprehension. Therefore, the definitions attributed to the term are very different and vary according to the theoretical training of the investigator. It is intended, from this identification/understanding, to promote the quality of life of these people through the development of new findings that might enable an active cooperation. It is equally fundamental to observe their unimpaired capacities in order to enable the acquisition of new behaviour(s) that have a positive impact on the complaints, signs, symptoms, incapacity and disfunctioning seen in the patient.As the actual comprehension of the term explains what we intend to evaluate, a detailed reflection is made on the instruments and definitions that have been used the most to explore insight in psychosis.In this investigation I tried to underline and promote the importance that each subject, undergoing medical intervention, plays during his/her process of recovery and prevention of relapses. Considering the above mentioned objectives, as well as a theoretical review of the phenomenon in terms of conceptualization and investigative studies developed, this study contributed to the validation of the instrument.The insight phenomenon chosen by the Insight Scale, records less changes experienced in relation to the mental illness and more actual awareness and articulation of these changes. Based on a psychopedagogical approach, the insight phenomenon explored here settled on a rehabilitation, current and multidimensional perspective that would go beyond the traditional clinical dimensions. For this reason an original scale entitled Insight Evaluation Scale and Need Identification in Psychosis Patients is presented, as well as a psychopedagogical intervention model soon to be used with admitted patients based on the presuppositions described in this study.
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A presente dissertao reflecte a compilao de um estudo essencialmente bibliogrfico e iconogrfico de doze peas de mobilirio do antigo Egipto, Imprio Novo. primeiramente apresentado um breve estudo sobre materiais usados para a construo dos diversos objectos produzidos no referido perodo histrico e analisados os seus aspectos simblicos. So tambm apresentadas sucintamente algumas tcnicas de construo adoptadas durante as dinastias XVIII-XX para a construo de mobilirio domstico e ritual. De seguida estes objectos so analisados material e simbolicamente em dois captulos tendo como base a investigao efectuada. Colocam-se ao longo deste trabalho diversas questes, sendo as mais prementes se ter havido transferncia de mobilirio domstico para o contexto funerrio e Tero tido os esplios funerrios mobilirio feito exclusivamente para esse fim. As concluses revelam dados comparativos do universo de peas de mobilirio recolhidas e apresentam algumas hipteses explicativas sobre o assunto abordado.
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RESUMO: INTRODUO: A OMS (2001) revela que cerca de 450 milhes de pessoas sofrem de perturbaes mentais ou comportamentais em todo o mundo, mas apenas uma pequena minoria tem tratamento, ainda que elementar. Transformam-se em vtimas por causa da sua doena e convertem-se em alvos de estigma e discriminao. O suicdio considerado como um grande problema de sade pblica em todo o mundo, uma das principais causas de morte de jovens adultos e situa-se entre as trs maiores causas de morte na populao entre 15-34 anos (OMS, 2001). As perturbaes mentais aumentam o risco de suicdio. A depresso, esquizofrenia, e a utilizao de substncias incrementam o risco de suicdio. Estudos (Sartorius, 2002; Magliano et al., 2012) mostram que os profissionais de sade, tal como o pblico em geral, podem ter atitudes negativas e estigma em relao s pessoas com perturbaes mentais, podendo agir em conformidade, uma vez feito e conhecido o diagnstico psiquitrico. Os clnicos gerais so os receptores das perturbaes mentais e tentativas de suicdio nas principais portas de entrada no acesso a cuidados de sade. As crenas, conhecimentos e contacto com a doena mental e o suicdio, podem influenciar a ateno clnica. OBJECTIVOS: Avaliar o estigma e as percepes dos mdicos de clnica geral em relao s tentativas de suicdio, o suicdio e perturbaes mentais bem como os possveis factores associados a estes fenmenos. MATERIAIS E MTODOS: Estudo do tipo transversal, combinando mtodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A amostra constituda por 125 sujeitos, mdicos de clnica geral. Utilizaram-se as verses adaptadas dos seguintes instrumentos: Questionrio sobre Percepes e Estigma em Relao Sade Mental e ao Suicdio (Liz Macmin e SOQ, Domino, 2005) e a Escala de Atitudes sobre a Doena Mental (Amanha Hahn, 2002). Para o tratamento estatstico dos dados usou-se a estatstica 1) descritiva e 2) Anlise estatstica das hipteses formuladas (Qui Quadrado - 2) a correlao entre variveis (Spearman: , rho). Os dados conectados foram limpos de inconsistncias com base no pacote informtico e estatstico SPSS verso 20. Para a aferio da consistncia interna foi usado o teste de Alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Uma boa parte da amostra (46.4%) refere que no teve formao formal ou informal em sade mental e (69.35%) rejeitam a ideia de que grupos profissionais como mdicos, dentistas e psiclogos so mais susceptveis a cometer o suicdio. J (28.0%) tm uma perspectiva pessimista quanto a possibilidade de recuperao total dos sujeitos com perturbao mental. Sessenta e oito(54.4%) associa sujeitos com perturbao mental, a comportamentos estranhos e imprevisveis, 115 (92.0%) a um baixo QI e 35 (26.7%) a poderem ser violentas e e perigosas. Os dados mostram uma associao estatisticamente significativa (p0.001) entre as variveis: tempo de servio no SNS, recear estar perto de sujeitos com doena mental e achar que os sujeitos com doena mental so mais perigosos que outros. Em termos estatsticos, existe uma associao estatitisticamente significativa entre as duas variveis(X2=9,522; p0.05): percepo de que vergonhoso ter uma doena mental e os conhecimentos em relao doena mental. Existe uma correlao positiva, fraca e estatisticamente significativa entre os conhecimentos dos clnicos gerais(beneficiar-se de formao em sade mental) e a percepo sobre os factores de risco (0,187; P0,039). DISCUSSO E CONCLUSES: A falta de conhecimento sobre as causas e factores de risco para os comportamentos suicidrios, opes de interveno e tratamento, particularmente no mbito da doena mental, podem limitar a procura de ajuda individual ou dos prximos. Percepes negativas como o facto de no merecerem prioridade nos servios, mitos (frgeis e cobarde, sempre impulsivo, chamadas de ateno, problemas espirituais) podem constituir-se como um indicador de que os clnicos gerais podem sofrer do mesmo sistema de estigma e crenas, de que sofre o pblico em geral, podendo agir em conformidade (atitudes de afastamento ereceio). As atitudes so influenciadas por factores como a formao, cultura e sistema de crenas. Sujeitos com boa formao na rea da sade mental tm uma percepo positiva e optimista sobre os factores de risco e uma atitude positiva em relao aos sujeitos com doena mental e comportamentos suicidrios.-------------ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The WHO (2001) reveals that about 450 million people suffer from mental or behavioral disorders worldwide, but only a small minority have access to treatment, though elementary. They become victims because of their disease and they become the targets of stigma and discrimination. Suicide is seen as a major public health problem worldwide, is a leading cause of death for young adults and is included among the three major causes of death in the population aged 15-34 years (WHO, 2001). Mental disorders increase the risk of suicide. Depression, schizophrenia, and the substances misuse increase the risk of suicide. Studies (Sartorius, 2002; Magliano et al, 2012) show that health professionals, such as the general public, may have negative attitudes and stigma towards people with mental disorders, and can act accordingly after psychiatric diagnosis is known. General practitioners are the main entry points of mental disorders and suicide attempts in the health sistem. Beliefs, knowledge and contact with mental illness and suicide, may influence clinical care. OBJECTIVES: To assess stigma and perceptions of general practitioners in relation to suicide attempts, suicide and mental disorders as well as possible factors associated with these phenomena. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The sample consisted of 125 subjects, general practitioners. We used adapted versions of the following instruments: Questionnaire of Perceptions and Stigma in Relation to Mental Health and Suicide (Liz Macmin and SOQ, Domino, 2005) and the Scale of Attitudes on Mental Illness (Tomorrow Hahn, 2002). For the statistical treatment of the data we used: 1) descriptive (Data distribution by absolute and relative frequencies for each of the variables under study (including mean and standard deviation measures of central tendency and deviation), 2) statistical analysis of hypotheses using (Chi Square - 2, a hypothesis test that is intended to find a value of dispersion for two nominal variables, evaluating the association between qualitative variables) and the correlation between variables (Spearman , rho), a measure of non-parametric correlation, which evaluates an arbitrary monotonic function can be the description of the relationship between two variables, without making any assumptions about the frequency distribution of the variables). For statistical analysis of the correlations were eliminated subjects who did not respond to questions. The collected data were cleaned for inconsistencies based on computer and statistical package SPSS version 20. To measure the internal consistency was used the Cronbach's alpha test. RESULTS: A significant part of the sample 64 (46.4%) reported no formal or informal training in mental health and 86 (69.35%) reject the idea that "professional groups such as doctors, dentists and psychologists are more likely to commit suicide." On the other hand, 42 (28.0%) have a pessimistic view of the possibility of full recovery of individuals with mental disorder. Sixty-eight ( 54.4 % ) of them associates subjects with mental disorder to strange and unpredictable behavior, 115 ( 92.0 % ), to low IQ, 35 ( 26.7 % ) and even to violent and dangerous behavior, 78 ( 62.4 % ) The data show a statistically significant (p = 0.001) relationship between the following variables: length of service in the NHS, fear of being close to individuals with mental illness and considering individuals with mental illness more dangerous than others. In statistical terms, there is a dependency between the two variables (X2 = 9.522, p> 0.05): the perception that "it is shameful to have a mental illness" and knowledge regarding mental illness. There is a positive and statistically significant weak correlation between knowledge of general practitioners (benefit from mental health training) and the perception of the risk factors (0,187; P0,039). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The lack of knowledge about the causes and risk factors for suicidal behavior, intervention and treatment, particularly in the context of mental illness options, may decreaseseeking for help by individual and their relatives. Negative perceptions such as considering that they dont deserve priority in services, myths (weak and cowards, always impulsive, seeking for attentions, spirituals problems) may indicate that general practitioners, may suffer the same stigma and beliefs systems as the general public, and can act accordingly (withdrawal and fear attitudes). Attitudes are influenced by factors such as education, culture and belief system. Subjects with good training in mental health have a positive and optimistic perception of the risk factors and a positiveattitude towards individuals with mental illness and suicidal behaviour.
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O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender a valorao de uma mensagem de correio eletrnico em ambiente corporativo, e respetiva integrao no arquivo empresarial. Objetivamos, nos primeiros captulos, descrever o modelo metodolgico aplicado. Seguidamente, apresentamos uma reviso bibliogrfica assente em literatura inerente temtica dos circuitos informacionais na empresa, e documentao eletrnica resultante dos mesmos, com nfase nas mensagens de correio eletrnico. A investigao emprica teve por base a aplicao de um inqurito por questionrio, tendo por amostra um grupo profissional pr-selecionado, com acesso regular a um sistema de correio eletrnico. Os resultados obtidos atravs da anlise do material emprico permitem-nos observar uma utilizao preferencial do correio eletrnico face a outros suportes comunicacionais, constituindo-se as mensagens eletrnicas no documento produzido em maior escala, em ambiente profissional. Foram igualmente verificados casos de ausncia de regulamentao para criao, gesto ou arquivo de mensagens, ou mesmo de um sistema de gesto documental que permita integrao das mesmas. Com base na anlise emprica, e em associao com a reviso bibliogrfica explanada, conclumos que estas, e outras questes enunciadas ao longo do estudo, podero constituir-se num srio obstculo gesto, preservao, recuperao e integridade da informao registada por meio de mensagens de correio eletrnico, caso no sejam criados e aplicados procedimentos e sistemas de gesto orientados para a documentao eletrnica, de forma a garantir o acesso a informao de fulcral importncia para empresa, enquanto evidncia e memria dos processos e atividades organizacionais.
