Influência do óxido de grafeno em argamassas de cal hidráulica natural

A área da Nanotecnologia tem sofrido uma grande evolução nos últimos anos, estando a esta associado o desenvolvimento de novos nanomateriais com a potencialidade de serem aplicados em áreas diversas, otimizando os respetivos produtos. Um dos nanomateriais que tem sido recentemente alvo de estudo no setor da construção é o óxido de grafeno (GO), por possuir elevada superfície específica, ser facilmente disperso em água e, em estudos efetuados, demonstrar contribuir para o aumento das propriedades mecânicas dos produtos cimentícios onde tem sido aplicado. O presente trabalho procura avaliar as vantagens da introdução do GO em materiais de construção, com o objetivo de perceber quais os contributos já detetados da aplicação deste nanomaterial no referido setor. Um outro objetivo foi o de avaliar o contributo que o GO pode ter quando aplicado em argamassas de cal hidráulica natural. Para tal procedeu-se à realização de uma campanha experimental, onde foram produzidas argamassas à base de cal hidráulica natural NHL3.5 com diferentes dosagens de GO (0,05%, 0,1%, 0,5% e 1% em função da massa da cal). O GO foi aplicado na amassadura disperso ou diretamente em pó, por forma a avaliar a influência nas características das argamassas. A utilização da NHL3.5 tem em vista colmatar uma lacuna existente no estudo do GO e, por outro lado, justifica-se por conduzir a argamassas não só compatíveis com as características de edifícios recentes, mas também aptas para aplicação como argamassas de substituição em edifícios antigos. Na campanha experimental estudaram-se as características microestruturais das argamassas, as propriedades mecânicas, o comportamento face à ação da água e o desempenho térmico. Os resultados obtidos foram pouco significativos, independentemente da forma como foi adicionado o GO. Concluiu-se que as dosagens de GO utilizadas na campanha experimental não foram as mais adequadas para avaliar a influência deste produto em argamassas de cal hidráulica natural NHL3.5 ou que, independentemente dessa dosagem, esta adição não é muito relevante para otimizar as características analisadas neste tipo de argamassas. No entanto, a adição de baixas dosagens de GO disperso (0,05% e 0,1%) parece conduzir a uma ligeira melhoria das características mecânicas e físicas, quando em comparação com as argamassas de referência.

Argamassas de cal hidráulica natural NHL3.5 com metacaulino – Caracterização após três anos em cura laboratorial e marítima

A presente dissertação enquadra-se num estudo que esteve inserido nos projetos FCT-METACAL e FCT-LIMECONTECH, e cujos resultados foram já parcialmente publicados por GRILO et al. (2014a e 2014b). Nesse estudo produziram-se e caraterizaram-se, aos 28, 90 e 180 dias, argamassas de cal hidráulica natural, NHL3.5 produzida em Portugal, com substituições percentuais de ligante por metacaulino (Mk). Outro fator estudado foi a influência do tipo de cura, estando as amostras das argamassas sujeitas a 3 tipos de cura diferentes: standard, marítima e húmida. Aos 180 dias de cura, as argamassas com 10% de substituição de Mk apresentaram melhorias nas resistências mecânicas e melhorias evidentes no comportamento em relação à absorção de água e secagem. No geral as características das argamassas indiciavam a sua adequação para a conservação de fachadas de edifícios antigos e aplicação na reabilitação de edifícios com suportes mais resistentes ou mesmo em construção nova. No presente estudo foram caracterizadas as mesmas argamassas, desta feita com 3 anos de idade, e avaliada a evolução das suas caraterísticas até esta idade em cura marítima e húmida. Ao contrário do previsto, as resistências mecânicas das argamassas com substituição de metacaulino tiveram reduções nos seus valores, chegando, em alguns casos, a ficar abaixo dos valores das argamassas sem Mk. Pela caracterização química e mineralógica constata-se que essa redução foi motivada pela instabilidade dos compostos pozolânicos formados pelo Mk, embora esses compostos tenham sido os responsáveis pelas elevadas resistências mecânicas registadas a idades jovens. As argamassas com Mk apresentaram um melhor comportamento à água, devido ao refinamento da sua estrutura porosa. Dos ensaios realizados apenas o índice de secagem e o ensaio de resistência aos sais revelaram resultados piores nas argamassas com Mk, quando em comparação com as argamassas de referência, só com NHL. Em relação ao tipo de cura, verificou-se não existirem grandes diferenças entre a cura húmida e a marítima.

Ações encobertas

The global and increasingly technological society requires the States to adopt security measures that can maintain the balance between the freedom, on the one hand, and the security and the respect for fundamental rights of a democratic state, on the other. A State can only achieve this aim if it has an effective judicial system and in particular a criminal procedure adequate to the new criminogenic realities. In this context, the national legislator has adopted, following other international legal systems, special means of obtaining proof more stringent of rights. Within those special means are included the covert actions, that, being a means to use sparingly, is a key element to fight against violent and highly organized crime. Therefore, the undercover agent, voluntary by nature, develops a set of activities that enables the investigation to use other means of taking evidence and/or probationary diligences itself, with the purpose of providing sufficient proof to the case file. In this milieu, given the high risks involved during the investigation, as well as after its completion, the undercover agent can act upon fictitious identity. This measure can be maintained during the evidentiary phase of the trial. Similarly, given the latent threat that the undercover agent suffers by its inclusion in criminal organizations, as well as the need for his inclusion in future covert actions it is crucial that his participation as a witness in the trial is properly shielded. Thus, when the undercover agent provides, exceptionally, statements in the trial, he shall do so always through videoconference with voice and image distortion. This measure can guarantee the anonymity of the undercover agent and concomitantly, that the adversarial principle and the right of the accused to a fair trial is not prejudiced since, in those circumstances, the diligence will be supervised in its entirety (in the audience and with the undercover agent) by a judge.

O âmbito de aplicação material da legislação de proteção de dados pessoais e o tratamento de imagem por pessoa singular

Images have gained a never before seen importance. Technological changes have given the Information Society extraordinary means to capture, treat and transmit images, wheter your own or those of others, with or without a commercial purpose, with no boundaries of time or country, without “any kind of eraser”. From the several different ways natural persons may engage in image processing with no commercial purpose, the cases of sharing pictures through social networks and video surveillance assume particular relevance. Consequently there are growing legitimate concerns with the protection of one's image, since its processing may sometimes generate situations of privacy invasion or put at risk other fundamental rights. With this in mind, the present thesis arises from the question: what are the existent legal instruments in Portuguese Law that enable citizens to protect themselves from the abusive usage of their own pictures, whether because that image have been captured by a smartphone or some video surveillance camera, whether because it was massively shared through a blog or some social network? There is no question the one's right to not having his or her image used in an abusive way is protected by the Portuguese constitution, through the article 26th CRP, as well as personally right, under the article 79th of the Civil Code, and finally through criminal law, articles 192nd and 193rd of the Criminal Code. The question arises in the personal data protection context, considering that one's picture, given certain conditions, is personal data. Both the Directive 95/46/CE dated from 1995 as well as the LPD from 1998 are applicable to the processing of personal data, but both exclude situations of natural persons doing so in the pursuit of activities strictly personal or family-related. These laws demand complex procedures to natural persons, such as the preemptive formal authorisation request to the Data Protection National Commission. Failing to do so a natural person may result in the application of fines as high as €2.500,00 or even criminal charges. Consequently, the present thesis aims to study if the image processing with no commercial purposes by a natural person in the context of social networks or through video surveillance belongs to the domain of the existent personal data protection law. To that effect, it was made general considerations regarding the concept of video surveillance, what is its regimen, in a way that it may be distinguishable from Steve Mann's definition of sousveillance, and what are the associated obligations in order to better understand the concept's essence. The application of the existent laws on personal data protection to images processing by natural persons has been analysed taking into account the Directive 95/46/CE, the LPD and the General Regulation. From this analysis it is concluded that the regimen from 1995 to 1998 is out of touch with reality creating an absence of legal shielding in the personal data protection law, a flaw that doesn't exist because compensated by the right to image as a right to personality, that anyway reveals the inability of the Portuguese legislator to face the new technological challenges. It is urgent to legislate. A contrary interpretation will evidence the unconstitutionality of several rules on the LPD due to the obligations natural persons are bound to that violate the right to the freedom of speech and information, which would be inadequate and disproportionate. Considering the recently approved General Regulation and in the case it becomes the final version, the use for natural person of video surveillance of private spaces, Google Glass (in public and private places) and other similar gadgets used to recreational purposes, as well as social networks are subject to its regulation only if the images are shared without limits or existing commercial purposes. Video surveillance of public spaces in all situations is subject to General Regulation provisions.

Natural hydraulic lime (nhl3.5) mortars with scrap tire rubber

The use of wastes and industrial by-products as building materials is an important issue in order to decrease costs with waste management and the embodied energy of building products. In this study scrap tire rubber was used as additional aggregate of mortars based on natural hydraulic lime NHL 3.5 and natural sand. Different particle size fractions and proportions of scrap tire rubber were used: a mix obtained directly from industry and separated fine, medium and coarse fractions; 0 %, 18 %, 36 % and 54 % of the weight of binder, corresponding to 2.5 %, 5 % and 7.5 % of the weight of sand. As mortars based on NHL specifications became stricter with the current version of EN 459–1:2015, the influence of the rubber’s additions on the mortars’ fresh state, mechanical and physical performance is presented in this work: flow table consistency, water retention, dynamic elasticity modulus, flexural and compressive strength, open porosity and bulk density, capillary absorption, drying and thermal conductivity are studied. The use of the rubber mix coming from the waste tire industry seems advantageous and may open possibilities for use as raw material by the mortars industry.

"A reserva ecológica nacional e a sua importância para o ordenamento do território"

This work primarily aims to investigate the ambiguity between the right to build and the need to preserve nature through one of its instruments: the National Ecological Reserve. In both national and international political effort, forced by increasing ecological awareness of the society were being created regulations for environmental problemsolving frameworks. This significant increase in provisions, that regulated the environment and spatial territory, are directly related to the objectives of the European community. In a year when the soil policy has changed, it is important to review the priorities of regional planning in the face of environmental policies. REN is a restriction of public utility that, among other things, aims to define and integrate diverse areas of our territory which by their structure are essential to the ecological stability of the environment. Going through a historical study of the various regimes that regulated REN, the present work aims to inform the understanding of the concept REN, exposing its objectives and form of delimitation of integrated areas, in order to answer questions about the nature of this institute. It were related to all regulations governing the ecological reserves and land, namely Scheme for Conservation of Nature and Biodiversity; Natura 2000, the National Agricultural Reserve, the Law of the ownership of water resources and water, and the RJIGT RJUE, checking to its compatibility with REN. Through a literature review regarding the jurisprudence of national courts applying the doctrine, analysis of legal regimes, analysis of maps depicting the REN, we carried out a qualitative assessment of the trend and legal effect of REN in protecting populations and environment. Therefore we will work with this reflect on the existing environment awareness in our society and its problems in the management of natural resources.

A liberalização do mercado energético e o papel das entidades reguladoras

The liberalisation of the energy market goes back to the 1990s, when it was impelled by the European legislator. Since then, three legislative packages, temporarily successive, were approved. Those packages contained the measures to be implemented in order to deepen the internal energy market. Besides the opening up of several national markets to competition, the European legislator aimed the creation of a real internal energy market within the European Union. The unbundling regime was one of the most important steps with respect to the liberalisation process. The introduction of these rules ensured independence to the various market operators. A real and effective right of choice was granted to the consumers so they may choose their electricity and natural gas supplier. Therefore, the activity of comercialisation is subject to competition. However, some activities of the electricity’s and natural gas’ chain of value, namely the activities of transportation and distribution, were kept under regulation rules. Even though it may seem odd, the assignment of important competences and strong powers to a regulatory authority was essential in order to achieve the liberalisation process’ goals. Electricity and natural gas are essential public goods; therefore the market operators are legally bound to public service obligations, such as the security, the universality and the continuity of the supply. The performance of these obligations may become, in some cases, unprofitable for those operators. For such reason, the protection of the consumers’ rights shall only be properly defended if there is a regulatory authority that monitors the behaviour of the operators and sanctions the failure to comply with the public service obligations. Portugal, as a Member State of the European Union, transposed into the national legal order the European directives concerning the liberalisation process. This transposition has caused radical changes to the electricity and natural gas’ national markets. The Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos also suffered various mutations in order to keep up with the regulatory demands regarding the liberalisation process.