Períodos de Fidelização

This dissertation aims to study the loyalty clauses present in most of the long lasting service contracts. We introduce its main features and the consequences that arise from breaching of contract. We analyze the presence of loyalty periods in the Portuguese legislation. In this sense, we discuss Decree-Law 446/85, Law 24/96, Decree-Law 57/2008 and Decree-Law 56/2010. The loyalty period is the minimum period of time for which the contract should be maintained. In most cases, when this obligation is not fulfilled a penalty clause is set, intending to push the weaker party to comply with the contract or sanction it when the party fails to do so. We conclude that the contractual relationship where there is a loyalty period is usually an unbalanced relationship because it only protects the interest of one party. The penalty clause should not be admitted between parties with unequal bargaining powers. The contractual imbalance is not limited to consumer contracts.

O espaço das informações no combate ao terrorismo

The management of terrorism presents an added importance because of the ignorance and uncertainty that this threat to peace launches in societies. From the globalization process has resulted a capacity of mobility and communication which allowed the spread of terrorism globally and hence the ability to be in the international agenda. Thus it became necessary a synergy between the main international organizations and states, in the common interest of managing terrorism to acceptable levels. This thesis aims to assess how much space is reserved for intelligence on combating terrorism. To this end, it carried out a literature review related to intelligence, security and terrorism, such as legislation and official documents, national and international. These allowed realize the strategies for combating terrorism of major international organizations and the Portuguese, the institutions that are in charge of fighting terrorism and related crimes, highlighting the intelligence institutions within the European Union and Portugal. Intelligence should enter on this panel by the need to meet the threat and its contours. On the one hand lies to understand the framework which establishes terrorism, tracing relevant scenarios to reduce uncertainty in decision-making and, on the other hand, also be responsible for disseminating information to other stakeholders on security, allowing its commands to use the means efficiently.

A Literacia da Informação no Ensino Básico (1.º Ciclo): Modelos e Práticas Atuais

Esta tese tem como anexo um vídeo e uma tabela excel estão disponíveis para consulta nesta Biblioteca.

Recursos hídricos na região hidrográfica das Ribeiras do Algarve

A importância dos recursos hídricos é inquestionável para a vida terrestre. É cada vez mais um desafio e uma necessidade gerir da melhor forma estes recursos, dada a importância não só vital como económica que estes representam para a sociedade, na medida em que muitas das atividades económicas dependem da utilização deste bem para subsistir. A legislação em vigor, no que concerne à gestão das águas nos Estados-Membros da União Europeia, é a Diretiva Quadro da Água (Diretiva 2000/60/CE), transposta para Portugal pela Lei da Água, em 2005. A Diretiva estabelece um quadro comum para a proteção das águas na União Europeia, definindo medidas, objetivos, estratégias e prazos, para a melhoria do estado das águas. Cada país gere os seus recursos, adequando-se às suas caraterísticas únicas, e das regiões que o constituem. A Região Hidrográfica das Ribeiras do Algarve é uma região portuguesa com inúmeras suscetibilidades, apresentando uma dependência dos recursos de outras regiões, bastante elevada. O objetivo desta dissertação centrou-se em estudar aprofundadamente os recursos hídricos da Região Hidrográfica das Ribeiras do Algarve. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo baseado numa revisão bibliográfica, onde se reuniu informação que permitiu analisar aspetos como a evolução da região em termos de infraestruturas, o estado atual dos recursos de acordo com os objetivos estratégicos e ambientais traçados, em termos de qualidade e quantidade, e ainda, o estado da execução das medidas previstas no primeiro ciclo de planeamento. Por fim pretendeu-se traçar alguns cenários perspetivos para a região, de acordo com as medidas revistas para a mesma, tendo em conta as alterações previstas quer em termos de crescimento, quer de mobilização territorial, ou ainda, em termos de alterações climáticas. A região evoluiu bastante nas últimas décadas na procura pela melhoria da qualidade e quantidade dos recursos hídricos, sendo que no seu todo, as melhorias a verificar relativamente aos recursos hídricos, passam pela manutenção das medidas de gestão aliadas à evolução das necessidades.

O incumprimento do contrato de crédito ao consumo pelo consumidor

Consumer relations, established between the Consumer and the Creditor, which carry a consequent inequality of contractual positioning between the parties, have been pushing the legislator to adopt more rigid regulations with regard to lending for the purchase of goods or services of consum issues. In this sense, the Decree-Law 359/91 was approved, meanwhile repealed by the Decree-Law 133/2009, which regulates the consumer credit agreement’s regime in the portuguese legal system. Through this contract, the financier makes available to the consumer a certain amount of money, which the consumer must repay, plus the respective remuneration (interest) and other charges, according to a refund plan agreed by the parties. The consumer will be in delay if he breaches this stipulation. In case of default, the creditor, notwithstanding, can choose to wait for the performance by the debtor, promote the loss of benefit of the term or the termination of the contract. From the outset it would seem that, in one way or another, the financier, by imposing a forced shortening of the contract duration initially agreed, will lose the right to remuneration for the provision of capital agreed, but not verified. Nevertheless, unlike presently, the previous regime allowed the parties to rule otherwise, being permitted to agree to the payment of interest of outstanding installments. On the other hand, in the consumer credit contract the principle of freedom of contractual provision of the parties is strongly mitigated by the special legislation, which prevents the waiver of rights by the consumer, and by the regime of general contractual terms, which restricts the freedom of the financier to stipulate the contractual content freely and the freedom of the consumer to negotiate. For all these reasons, associated with the growing need of credit resource to satisfy their needs of consumption, it is confirm the relevance of legislative intervention on consumers protection in the context of hiring credit.

Da intercepção de comunicações, acções encobertas e serviços de informações

The Portuguese Intelligence Services have their operational skills limited due to the grievances caused by the Dictatorship and, in particular, by its political police. With the help of historical elements, and by analyzing current legislation, we demonstrate that such grievances are today unjustified and misplaced, mainly taking into account the Risk Society’s multifaceted threats. Also part of our analysis is the impugnment of the Constitutional Court’s decision nº 413/2015, which pronounced unconstitutional the norm contained in Decree nº 426/XII, of the Republic’s Assembly, article nº 78, nº2, which intended to allow Intelligence Services access to the so-called “metadata”, as well as to tax and banking information. It is our understanding, and we demonstrate it in our dissertation, that should be allowed the access of, not only the above mentioned information, but also the means known as communications interception and undercover operations to the Intelligence Services, as long as properly supervised and inspected.

Implementação de metodologias para a contagem da flora específica do iogurte e de bifidobactérias na empresa SGS Portugal, S.A.

É do conhecimento geral que a população portuguesa está cada vez mais preocupada com a sua saúde e qualidade de vida, bem como em mudar alguns dos seus hábitos alimentares. Consequentemente, a procura por alimentos que proporcionam, para além de boas propriedades organolépticas e nutritivas, benefícios à saúde do consumidor, aumentou significativamente nas últimas décadas, onde os produtos lácteos fermentados surgem em grande destaque. Vários são os microrganismos empregues no desenvolvimento de produtos lácteos fermentados. Na produção de iogurtes, são utilizadas culturas lácteas tradicionais (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus e Streptococcus thermophilus), também denominadas por flora específica do iogurte, e/ou bactérias probióticas, como as bifidobactérias, devido às suas boas características tecnológicas, terapêuticas e sensoriais. O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação de mestrado foca-se na validação e implementação de metodologias que permitem a contagem da flora específica do iogurte e de bifidobactérias, em iogurtes, na empresa SGS Portugal, S.A. A enumeração da flora específica do iogurte teve como base a norma ISO 7889:2003, por meio da técnica de sementeira por incorporação no meio de cultura apropriado e posterior contagem em placa dos microrganismos presentes. Foram analisadas 20 amostras de iogurtes, obtendo-se valores de contagens da flora específica do iogurte na ordem de 108 UFC/g de produto, indo ao encontro dos valores estabelecidos pela legislação portuguesa em vigor. A enumeração de bifidobactérias teve como base a norma ISO 29981:2010, por meio da técnica de sementeira por incorporação no meio de cultura apropriado e posterior contagem em placa dos microrganismos presentes. Das 20 amostras de iogurtes probióticos analisadas, apenas 15 obtiveram resultados positivos, apresentando valores de contagens de bifidobactérias superiores a 106 UFC/g de produto. Estas amostras, para além de apresentarem valores de acordo com os valores estabelecidos pela legislação portuguesa em vigor, são terapeuticamente eficazes, durante todo o prazo de validade do produto, uma vez que apresentam valores de contagem de bactérias probióticas superiores a 106 UFC/g, sendo este o padrão mínimo necessário para que um iogurte seja considerado como probiótico. Com base nos resultados obtidos e no cumprimento dos parâmetros preconizados nos procedimentos de validação de métodos microbiológicos, foi possível a validação destas metodologias e as suas implementações na empresa SGS Portugal, S.A.

As conversas informais na reconstituição

The theme of thid thesis is the water supply services contract. The texto starts with an analysis of the service, aimed at clarifying what is the system organization and the principles applicable to this essential public service. Then the water supply services contract is analyzed according to the law on essential public services. Subsequently, connections are established with other applicable laws and the differing doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives are presented. The thesis ends with an outlook on the dispute resolution mechanisms at the users’ disposal.

Relatório de estágio na Caixa Geral de Depósitos

This report will describe the activities undertaken during my internship at the Personnel Department (DPE-UPE4.1) in Caixa Geral de Depósitos (CGD), Lisbon, between September 22, 2014, and February 28, 2015. I consider that it is important to note from the outset i) that the subject of my training was suggested by my supervisor in the DPE and accepted by me; and ii) that the internship consisted essentially of carrying out research and information gathering into the different social systems that coexist within the bank and the application of each legal system in solving concrete situations of the CGD employees. The research and analysis of information was important not only for my study but for the CGD itself, as it enables the department to have such an important matter, full of specific characteristics, condensed into a single document, i.e. this report. This is a complex reality. The various welfare systems differ according to the contractual agreement linking the employee to the employer at the date when the labour contract is signed, and also the unique/singular characteristics of the CGD. In the early stage I started by trying to understand the financial institution and its organization and role and the department where I worked. So I analyzed the CGD Statutes and the legal measures that crystallized the scheme for its employees and I also researched its domestic and international operations. The first month was devoted to the research and analysis of such legislation to understand the creation of the CGD and its path to date. In the second and third months I studied the legal social systems that are applied to different groups of CGD workers. This period was quite important to identify and understand the differences between those regimes of CGD employees as well as the procedure inherent in each case. I highlighted the non-implementation of “the social protection regime of convergence” to the workers of this institution; the differences regarding the allocation of sickness subsidies paid to workers who belong to Social Security and CGA contributors, as well as the enforcement of internal rules to all the workers when a work-related accident happens.Then I focused on to assessing and examining external legislation and several internal regulations in order to obtain solutions to questions raised and situations involving by the workers, in order to understand how the DPE solves these situations. Over the last three months of internship, after this more theoretical work, I began the analysis of concrete situations involving employees carrying out their duties in Portugal and abroad. Some of these situations had been received by the department before the beginning of my internship and others over this period. When I was “working” in the DPE I analyzed “cases” that had been solved and some others without a final solution because they were still in courts. As for the last ones (new cases) I was able to follow their assessment and sometimes their outcome. Some of them became study cases for me. Over these five months of my internship, several cases were analyzed and discussed by legal experts of DPE in which I could participate. I always worked hard. I know that this action contributed to elucidate me about the treatment of the issues, and allowed me to have a direct contact with some workers and be part of a dynamic work team. For these reasons, my internship report is not merely descriptive of activities. It consists of an analysis of rules (legislation) and a regulatory framework of activities and it is also a description of several specific situations solved or in a solution process. Through this work I intend to make known the particular reality of a modern Portuguese financial institution not only because of its importance in our country but also such a large number of employees work here (in Portugal and abroad). I should add that throughout my internship I was allowed to attend conferences, within the scope of the bank in order to get a broader view of some issues related to the daily life of the DPE and the CGD. So, I participated in I Jornadas Bancárias and the Conferência Internacional do Contrato a Termo, given that the CGD is a bank and the DPE deals with legal and labour relations.

Afonso de Albuquerque e a primeira expedição portuguesa ao Mar Vermelho (1513)

Este artigo pretende analisar a primeira expedição portuguesa ao Mar Vermelho, capitaneada pelo governador Afonso de Albuquerque, em 1513. Quinhentos anos depois desta viagem, reavaliamos a política manuelina para o Mar Roxo, observando o ataque à cidade de Adém e a consecutiva entrada naquele mar. Através da correspondência de Albuquerque e da cronística da época, tentamos compreender os motivos da derrota no assalto àquela cidade portuária e a importância desta expedição na acção daquele governador e na estratégia imperial de D. Manuel I.

Decentralization and privatization in Portuguese health reforms

ABSTRACT - The Portuguese National Health Service (SNS), a universal, centralized and public owned health care system, exhibits an extraordinary record of equalization in the access to health care and health gains in the late thirty years. However, the most recent history of the Portuguese health reform is pervaded by the influence of decentralization and privatization. Decentralization has been present in the system design since the 1976 Constitution, at least in theory. Private ownership of health care suppliers and out-ofpocket expenditures, on the financing side, both have a long tradition of relevance in the NHS mix of services. The initial aim of this study was to demonstrate expected parallelism between health reforms and public administration reforms, where a common pattern of joint decentralization and privatization was observed in many countries. Observers would be tempted to consider these two movements as common signs of new public management (NPM) developments. They have common objectives, are established around the core concepts of gains in effectiveness, efficiency, equity and quality of public services, through improved accountability. However, in practice, in Portugal, each movement was developed in a totally separated way. Besides those rooted in the NPM theory, there are few visible signs of association between decentralization and privatization. Decentralization, in the Portuguese SNS, was never intended to be followed by a privatization movement; it was seen merely as a public administration tool. Private management of health services, as stated in the most recent SNS legislation, was never intended to have decentralization as a condition or as a consequence. Paradoxically, in the Portuguese context, it has led invariably to centralized control. While presented as separate instruments for a common purpose, the association between decentralization and privatization still lacks a convincing demonstration. Many common health care management stereotypes remain to be checked out if we want to look for eventual associations between these two organizational tools.

Sistema de gestão de energia renovável para autoconsumo

A procura crescente de energia ao longo do tempo, e também o seu custo, tem estimulado a procura de novas formas de geração ou aproveitamento energético, donde se pode destacar a geração de energia eléctrica para autoconsumo. À semelhança de já muitos países aderentes aos sistemas de autoconsumo, Portugal também já tem legislação que permite a utilização deste tipo de sistemas através de Unidades de Produção para Autoconsumo (UPAC). Este tipo de sistemas trazem consigo vantagens tanto para o produtor, que produz a sua própria energia e assim poderá ter algum retorno financeiro, como também para a rede eléctrica nacional (RESP) que, mercê da disponibilidade de mais fontes de energia, tem a possibilidade de ficar menos sobrecarregada em períodos de ponta. Com o intuito de aproveitar ao máximo a energia produzida para autoconsumo e evitar estar a utilizar energia da rede em períodos em que a energia produzida não consegue dar resposta à procura, este trabalho propõe-se a optimizar os níveis de autoconsumo destes sistemas, que no geral apresentam valores entre os 20% e 40% anuais no sector residencial. Deste modo, e de acordo com o que é definido por Demand-Side Management (DSM) será desenvolvido neste trabalho de dissertação um projecto deste tipo, que consiste na monitorização e gestão da energia produzida numa habitação ou indústria. O desenvolvimento deste projecto assenta na criação de um sistema de autoconsumo, constituído por um painel fotovoltaico, sensores, actuadores e uma carga, assim como hardware que permitirá monitorizar, de forma remota, as condições de funcionamento do sistema e fazer a gestão de energia do mesmo, de forma remota, recorrendo para isso às tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação. As aplicações de software responsáveis por essa gestão serão desenvolvidas com recurso à linguagem JAVA e Arduino Programming Language. Será utilizado um módulo Wi-Fi que permitirá a troca de dados entre Cliente (Arduino UNO com Microchip RN-171-XV) e Servidor (Aplicação em JAVA presente num computador). No final serão analisados os levantamentos de energia produzida e avaliado se o controlo de cargas é feito consoante as melhores condições de aproveitamento da energia produzida.

A segurança dos consumidores

The present report, about consumer’s safety, shows the development of the knowledge on this particular subject and the actions carried out by entities that fight for the protection of consumer’s rights. The internship was based on the knowledge acquirement on the theoretical and practical aspects of the fight lead by the Direção Geral do Consumidor, together with other entities, towards the elimination or solely the reduction of risks caused by some products and services made available for the consumers or put on the market. During the internship, I counted with the support of my supervisor in the DGC, Dr. Ana Catarina Fonseca and, for the writing of the report, I had the help of my thesis advisor, Dr. Jorge Morais Carvalho, whenever I needed constructive criticism. My participation on the creation of the informative brochures about consumer’s safety, and the study of the legislation used by the DGC on the daily work, enabled me, effectively, to consolidate my guiding principles as a future professional on the matters of the creation of entities, private and public, which aim to ensure the protection of consumers’s rights, informing them of the possible risks or solving the already existing problems, removing dangerous products and services from the market.The report clarifies the action of the DGC on the protection of consumer’s safety, and enables some knowledge on the relations between the entities that work for the protection of the consumers and the market operators and on their work on identifying dangerous products and warning the consumers about it. The final part of this report contains information that allows us to form an idea of the importance that consumer safety has had in Cape Verde, compared with the laws of Portugal on the matter.

Protecção de crianças e jovens em Portugal

The causes of children rights and youth rights have been the focus of our attention. The ideals of freedom and justice accompany us in our daily lives and, as such, this thesis aims to study the questions of major importance in the field of children and youth protection in Portugal which deserve deep and serious reflection. We shall start with a brief theoretical framework of the evolution of the rights of children and youth in Portugal, defining some concepts. This will be followed by an analysis of all relevant Portuguese legislation, which will set out its fields of application, measures, objectives and underlying principles. There are multiple reasons to raise awareness to the importance of the topics that will be treated and to the necessity and urgency of thinking about an effective promotion and protection of children and youth in Portugal. Keywords: children,