Remuneration and tariffs in the context of virtual power players

Power systems have been through deep changes in recent years, namely with the operation of competitive electricity markets in the scope and the increasingly intensive use of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. This requires new business models able to cope with the new opportunities that have emerged. Virtual Power Players (VPPs) are a new player type which allows aggregating a diversity of players (Distributed Generation (DG), Storage Agents (SA), Electrical Vehicles, (V2G) and consumers), to facilitate their participation in the electricity markets and to provide a set of new services promoting generation and consumption efficiency, while improving players` benefits. A major task of VPPs is the remuneration of generation and services (maintenance, market operation costs and energy reserves), as well as charging energy consumption. This paper proposes a model to implement fair and strategic remuneration and tariff methodologies, able to allow efficient VPP operation and VPP goals accomplishment in the scope of electricity markets.

Desirable role in an international duopoly model with tariffs

In this paper, we study an international market model in which the home government imposes a tariff on the imported goods. The model has two stages. In the first stage, the home government chooses an import tariff to maximize a function that cares about the home firm’s profit and the total revenue. Then, the firms engage in a Cournot or in a Stackelberg competition. We compare the results obtained in the three different ways of moving on the decision make of the firms.

International Stackelberg model with tariffs

This paper analyses the effects of tariffs on an international economy with a monopolistic sector with two firms, located in two countries, each one producing a homogeneous good for both home consumption and export to the other identical country. We consider a game among governments and firms. First, the government imposes a tariff on imports and then we consider the two types of moving: simultaneous (Cournot-type model) and sequential (Stackelberg-type model) decisions by the firms. We also compare the results obtained in each model.

Defining Electricity Tariffs Using the Knowledge About the Consumers Profiles in ELECON Project

The increasing importance of the integration of distributed generation and demand response in the power systems operation and planning, namely at lower voltage levels of distribution networks and in the competitive environment of electricity markets, leads us to the concept of smart grids. In both traditional and smart grid operation, non-technical losses are a great economic concern, which can be addressed. In this context, the ELECON project addresses the use of demand response contributions to the identification of non-technical losses. The present paper proposes a methodology to be used by Virtual Power Players (VPPs), which are entities able to aggregate distributed small-size resources, aiming to define the best electricity tariffs for several, clusters of consumers. A case study based on real consumption data demonstrates the application of the proposed methodology.

Intelligent Remuneration and Tariffs for Virtual Power Players

Power systems have been through deep changes in recent years, namely due to the operation of competitive electricity markets in the scope the increasingly intensive use of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. This requires new business models able to cope with the new opportunities that have emerged. Virtual Power Players (VPPs) are a new type of player that allows aggregating a diversity of players (Distributed Generation (DG), Storage Agents (SA), Electrical Vehicles (V2G) and consumers) to facilitate their participation in the electricity markets and to provide a set of new services promoting generation and consumption efficiency, while improving players’ benefits. A major task of VPPs is the remuneration of generation and services (maintenance, market operation costs and energy reserves), as well as charging energy consumption. This paper proposes a model to implement fair and strategic remuneration and tariff methodologies, able to allow efficient VPP operation and VPP goals accomplishment in the scope of electricity markets.

Real-Time Tariffs for Electric Vehicles in Wind Power based Power Systems

The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will change significantly the planning and management of power systems in a near future. This paper proposes a real-time tariff strategy for the charge process of the EVs. The main objective is to evaluate the influence of real-time tariffs in the EVs owners’ behaviour and also the impact in load diagram. The paper proposes the energy price variation according to the relation between wind generation and power consumption. The proposed strategy was tested in two different days in the Danish power system. January 31st and August 13th 2013 were selected because of the high quantities of wind generation. The main goal is to evaluate the changes in the EVs charging diagram with the energy price preventing wind curtailment.

Definition of Distribution Network Tariffs Considering Distribution Generation and Demand Response

The use of distribution networks in the current scenario of high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) is a problem of great importance. In the competitive environment of electricity markets and smart grids, Demand Response (DR) is also gaining notable impact with several benefits for the whole system. The work presented in this paper comprises a methodology able to define the cost allocation in distribution networks considering large integration of DG and DR resources. The proposed methodology is divided into three phases and it is based on an AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF) including the determination of topological distribution factors, and consequent application of the MW-mile method. The application of the proposed tariffs definition methodology is illustrated in a distribution network with 33 buses, 66 DG units, and 32 consumers with DR capacity.

Transmission costs allocation based on optimal re-dispatch

Congestion management of transmission power systems has achieve high relevance in competitive environments, which require an adequate approach both in technical and economic terms. This paper proposes a new methodology for congestion management and transmission tariff determination in deregulated electricity markets. The congestion management methodology is based on a reformulated optimal power flow, whose main goal is to obtain a feasible solution for the re-dispatch minimizing the changes in the transactions resulting from market operation. The proposed transmission tariffs consider the physical impact caused by each market agents in the transmission network. The final tariff considers existing system costs and also costs due to the initial congestion situation and losses. This paper includes a case study for the 118 bus IEEE test case.

Demand Response Programs Definition Using Demand Price Elasticity to Define Consumers Aggregation for an Improved Remuneration Structure

The positioning of the consumers in the power systems operation has been changed in the recent years, namely due to the implementation of competitive electricity markets. Demand response is an opportunity for the consumers’ participation in electricity markets. Smart grids can give an important support for the integration of demand response. The methodology proposed in the present paper aims to create an improved demand response program definition and remuneration scheme for aggregated resources. The consumers are aggregated in a certain number of clusters, each one corresponding to a distinct demand response program, according to the economic impact of the resulting remuneration tariff. The knowledge about the consumers is obtained from its demand price elasticity values. The illustrative case study included in the paper is based on a 218 consumers’ scenario.

Remuneration Structure Definition for Distributed Generation Units and Demand Response Participants Aggregation

The implementation of competitive electricity markets has changed the consumers’ and distributed generation position power systems operation. The use of distributed generation and the participation in demand response programs, namely in smart grids, bring several advantages for consumers, aggregators, and system operators. The present paper proposes a remuneration structure for aggregated distributed generation and demand response resources. A virtual power player aggregates all the resources. The resources are aggregated in a certain number of clusters, each one corresponding to a distinct tariff group, according to the economic impact of the resulting remuneration tariff. The determined tariffs are intended to be used for several months. The aggregator can define the periodicity of the tariffs definition. The case study in this paper includes 218 consumers, and 66 distributed generation units.

Abastecimento de água e drenagem de águas residuais no concelho de Cinfães

O presente relatório, desenvolvido no âmbito do estágio curricular realizado na Câmara Municipal de Cinfães, tem como objetivo caracterizar os sistemas de Abastecimento de Água e Drenagem de Água Residuais em Cinfães, analisando o seu funcionamento e a sustentabilidade de possíveis cenários futuros. Deste modo, o relatório inicia-se com a caracterização do Concelho, no seu enquadramento regional. Em seguida, são caracterizados os sistemas de água e saneamento, incluindo a evolução das redes de abastecimento, antes e depois da integração no sistema multimunicipal da Águas do Douro e Paiva (AdDP), de acordo com registos camarários. Nessa linha, foram analisados os problemas existentes e realizada uma caracterização da qualidade do serviço prestado atualmente, por ambos os sistemas. Tomando em consideração os dados de avaliação da Entidade Reguladora (ERSAR), conclui-se que os sistemas em causa estão ainda, de forma geral, aquém dos valores considerados de referência para a boa qualidade da prestação de serviços, em especial no que toca à cobertura dos serviços. Não obstante, por realização de um inquérito a uma amostra de 53 utentes dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e drenagem de águas residuais de Cinfães foi possível verificar que, o grau de satisfação é razoável ao nível da qualidade da água, garantia de pressões, níveis de falhas, rapidez de resposta na correção das mesmas e ainda das tarifas praticadas. Por último, é analisado um estudo, levado a cabo pelo consórcio Norteágua, para o grupo Águas de Portugal, relativamente à evolução dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e de drenagem e tratamento de águas residuais, em Cinfães. Neste capítulo, são abordadas situações de intervenção, propostas de evolução dos sistemas e estimativa de custos para essas soluções. Com base nesses elementos é feita uma avaliação simplificada da sustentabilidade económica dos sistemas na situação futura. Dessa análise foi possível concluir que a situação mais gravosa corresponde à drenagem e tratamento de águas residuais.

Melhortarifa.pt – simulador de tarifários

Assistimos à queda de um serviço, que em muitos países, figurava como um serviço de um modelo social europeu, passando de um monopólio para um sistema de mercado liberalizado e concorrencial: o mercado energético. (EURO COOP, 2014) Em maio de 2014, o mercado livre chegou a ultrapassar os 2,8 milhões de consumidores, tendo um crescimento face a maio de 2013 de 64%, com uma taxa média mensal de 4,2%. (Entidade Reguladora dos Energéticos - ERSE, 2009). Perante a crescente adesão de consumidores para o mercado liberalizado, e suas possíveis futuras mudanças, e tendo em conta com os potenciais clientes a aderirem, foi proposto então construir a plataforma MelhorTarifa.pt . Apesar da já existência de simuladores, estes demonstram-se a ser pouco intuitivos e a não demonstrar toda a informação que o utilizador pretende bem como não existir uma imagem de marca associada a um apoio à mudança de tarifário, tendo sido estas umas das razões que levaram ao desenvolvimento do MelhorTarifa.pt. O âmbito principal deste trabalho, é fornecer uma plataforma informática grátis, imparcial, com o acréscimo até à data, em relação a outros simuladores, da disponibilização de faturas detalhadas sobre o produto que o cliente pretende adquirir, serviços de consultoria, tudo isto de forma rápida e de simples acesso. Com este trabalho pretende-se também definir o atual estado de arte de simuladores idênticos em Portugal e no estrangeiro, pretendendo-se também dar conhecimento do trabalho desenvolvido para esta dissertação, denominado como MelhorTarifa.pt.

Gestão nos Serviços com Sistemas de Monitorização e Implementação do Smart Pricing

A presente dissertação foi elaborada no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica (MEE) no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP), em regime empresarial, na empresa PH Energia Lda. Tem-se verificado que, ao longo dos últimos anos, os mercados estão cada vez mais competitivos, tornando-se quase imperativo que as empresas apostem numa boa otimização dos processos produtivos. Produzir cada vez mais, mais rapidamente e com menos recursos disponíveis, ou seja, de forma eficiente, são os desafios de todas as empresas que pretendem permanecer no mercado. Neste contexto surge o tema de tese, “Gestão nos Serviços com Sistemas de Monitorização e Implementação do Smart Pricing”, cujo objetivo tem como base principal a otimização das plataformas da PH Energia numa cultura de melhoria contínua e orientação para o cliente e promover aplicação da tarifa indexada e Smart Pricing em empresas de maneira a que exista uma maior poupança. Ao longo desta dissertação, foram desenvolvidos cálculos associados à monitorização e gestão nos serviços, bem como demonstrada a viabilidade dos mesmos na aplicação de tarifasindexadas e Smart Pricing no setor empresarial e, para finalizar, a compensação que é possível obter ao deslocar o diagrama de cargas, mantendo sempre o mesmo consumo. Na elaboração deste trabalho fez-se o cruzamento de duas plataformas informáticas designadas GesEnergy e Kisense, com ajuda da empresa VPS que tem como parceria a empresa Energia Simples. Em relação ao plano indexado, foram realizados dois estudos de dois balcões do Banco Popular de Portugal de forma a explicitar quando e como deve ser aplicada a tarifa indexada, gestão da procura, bem como deve ser deslocação do consumo, de forma a abranger as horas mais vantajosas em que o preço de energia elétrica é mais baixo.