Comparative study about heating systems for pultrusion process

Different heating systems have been used in pultrusion, where the most widely used heaters are planar resistances. The primary objective of this study was to develop an improved heating system and compare its performance with that of a system with planar resistances. In this study, thermography was used to better understand the temperature profile along the die. Finite element analysis was performed to determine the amount of energy consumed by the heating systems. Improvements were made to the die to test the new heating system, and it was found that the new system reduced the setup time and energy consumption by approximately 57%.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) applied to heat transfer optimization process of pultrusion die systems

The aim of this study is to optimize the heat flow through the pultrusion die assembly system on the manufacturing process of a specific glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) pultrusion profile. The control of heat flow and its distribution through whole die assembly system is of vital importance in optimizing the actual GFRP pultrusion process. Through mathematical modeling of heating-die process, by means of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program, an optimum heater selection, die position and temperature control was achieved. The thermal environment within the die was critically modeled relative not only to the applied heat sources, but also to the conductive and convective losses, as well as the thermal contribution arising from the exothermic reaction of resin matrix as it cures or polymerizes from the liquid to solid condition. Numerical simulation was validated with basis on thermographic measurements carried out on key points along the die during pultrusion process.

How to reduce energy consumption on pultrusion

The global warming due to high CO2 emission in the last years has made energy saving a global problem nowadays. However, manufacturing processes such as pultrusion necessarily needs heat for curing the resin. Then, the only option available is to apply all efforts to make the process even more efficient. Different heating systems have been used on pultrusion, however, the most widely used are the planar resistances. The main objective of this study is to develop another heating system and compares it with the former one. Thermography was used in spite of define the temperature profile along the die. FEA (finite element analysis) allows to understand how many energy is spend with the initial heating system. After this first approach, changes were done on the die in order to test the new heating system and to check possible quality problems on the product. Thus, this work allows to conclude that with the new heating system a significant reduction in the setup time is now possible and an energy reduction of about 57% was achieved.

Soil attributes dynamics evaluation after prescribed burning practice in northwestern Portugal forest

The Portuguese northern forests are often and severely affected by wildfires during the summer season. These occurrences affect significant and rudely all ecosystems, namely soil, fauna and flora. Preventive actions such as prescribed burnings and clear-cut logging are frequently used and have showed a significant reduction of the natural wildfires occurrences. In Portugal, and due to some technical and operational conditions, prescribed burnings in forests are the most common preventive action used to reduce the existing fuel hazard. The overall impacts of this preventive action on Portuguese ecosystems are complex and not fully understood. This work reports to the study of a prescribed burning impact in soil chemical properties, namely pH, humidity and organic matter, by monitoring the soil self-recovery capacity. The experiments were carried out in soil cover over a natural site of Andaluzitic schist, in Gramelas, Caminha, Portugal, who was able to maintain itself intact from prescribed burnings from four years. The composed soil samples were collected from five plots at three different layers (0-3cm, 3-6cm and 6-18cm) 1 day before prescribed fire and after the prescribed fire. The results have shown that the dynamic equilibrium in soil was affected significantly.

Ensaios preliminares para caracterização de um solo sujeito a fogo controlado

No presente trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos num estudo realizado na região do Norte de Portugal, onde uma equipa multidisciplinar, em estreita cooperação com a Autoridade Florestal Nacional, estudou as variações de pH e teores de humidade e matéria natural orgânica do solo antes e após a execução de um fogo controlado. Foi avaliada também a evolução destes parâmetros nos 90 dias seguintes após a queimada no sentido de estudar o nível de recuperação natural dos solos. Deste estudo foi possível concluir-se que o fogo controlado causou um aumento do pH do solo e uma redução no teor de humidade. Relativamente à recuperação natural dos solos, foi verificada uma recuperação parcial das características do solo não se tendo atingido, ao fim de 90 dias, os valores observados antes da acção do fogo. Os trabalhos de monitorização/ avaliação prosseguirão com periodicidade trimestral.

Optimizing the embedded heaters position in the pultrusion process using finite element analysis

This study is based on a previous experimental work in which embedded cylindrical heaters were applied to a pultrusion machine die, and resultant energetic performance compared with that achieved with the former heating system based on planar resistances. The previous work allowed to conclude that the use of embedded resistances enhances significantly the energetic performance of pultrusion process, leading to 57% decrease of energy consumption. However, the aforementioned study was developed with basis on an existing pultrusion die, which only allowed a single relative position for the heaters. In the present work, new relative positions for the heaters were investigated in order to optimize heat distribution process and energy consumption. Finite Elements Analysis was applied as an efficient tool to identify the best relative position of the heaters into the die, taking into account the usual parameters involved in the process and the control system already tested in the previous study. The analysis was firstly developed with basis on eight cylindrical heaters located in four different location plans. In a second phase, in order to refine the results, a new approach was adopted using sixteen heaters with the same total power. Final results allow to conclude that the correct positioning of the heaters can contribute to about 10% of energy consumption reduction, decreasing the production costs and leading to a better eco-efficiency of pultrusion process.

Poupança de Energia na Pultrusão

Nos dias de hoje, a problemática energética toma um papel de destaque a nível mundial. Devido às elevadas emissões de CO2 dos últimos anos, que promoveram o efeito de estufa e, consequente, aquecimento global, existe a necessidade de reunir esforços de forma a tornar cada vez mais eficiente e racional o uso de energia. Sendo grandes consumidores de energia, a indústria é uma área onde é imprescindível actuar, permitindo obter benefícios a nível ecológico bem como na competitividade do produto. A pultrusão, como processo industrial cada vez mais utilizado no fabrico de perfis estruturais extremamente leves e resistentes é também uma forte consumidora de energia, com vista à cura da resina termoendurecível utilizada no processo. O sistema de aquecimento normalmente utilizado não tem levado em consideração alguns desperdícios de energia perfeitamente evidentes. Neste trabalho, e recorrendo à termografia e ao método de elementos finitos (MEF), foi efectuado um estudo de utilização mais racional da energia, o qual veio a demonstrar alta eficácia permitindo uma poupança energética de cerca de 57%. Para além disso, este estudo permitiu ainda uma redução efectiva do tempo de set-up, incrementando a flexibilidade do processo.

Soluções de melhoria de desempenho acústico na Reabilitação de Edifícios

O presente relatório enquadra-se no âmbito do estágio curricular referente ao Mestrado em Engenharia Civil – Ramo de Construções, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. Este relatório tem como objetivo apresentar e descrever de forma sucinta as atividades desenvolvidas na empresa Porto Vivo, SRU – Sociedade de Reabilitação Urbana da Baixa Portuense, S.A., no período compreendido entre 3 de Dezembro de 2012 e 3 de Julho de 2013. O estágio realizou-se por diferentes etapas, sendo numa fase inicial mais relacionada com a pesquisa bibliográfica e enquadramento da temática da reabilitação urbana em Portugal, tendo em seguida estudado e acompanhado o projeto de obras em curso. Esta etapa consistiu, principalmente, no acompanhamento de projetos e obras de reabilitação urbana, no âmbito da atividade da Porto Vivo, SRU, desempenhando inúmeras atividades tais como: contato com técnicos responsáveis pela elaboração dos Documentos Estratégicos, análise dos projetos em curso, acompanhamento de obras de reabilitação urbana, apoio à elaboração de relatórios de acompanhamento das obras, participado em reuniões de obra com empreiteiros e projetistas, elaborado o registo fotográfico de obras particulares e executado o levantamento do edificado. A primeira parte deste relatório enquadra o tema da Reabilitação Urbana, no seu conceito mais lato descrevendo os principais incentivos e programas de apoio inerentes. Refere-se, ainda, à descrição da empresa Porto Vivo, SRU e às atividades aí desenvolvidas. Numa segunda parte do relatório, é descrito o estudo de caso relativo ao desempenho acústico de soluções construtivas no âmbito da reabilitação do património edificado. Por último, uma reflexão final de todo o período de estágio e apreciação global das atividades desenvolvidas e da sua importância na formação pessoal e profissional.

Os indicadores de avaliação de desempenho utilizados pelas grandes empresas ajustados às pequenas e médias empresas do sector mobiliário nos concelhos de Paredes e Paços de Ferreira

orientação: mestre Adalmiro Álvaro Malheiro de Castro Andrade Pereira

Os Crimes fiscais: em especial, o crime de abuso de confiança (fiscal)

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientador: Professor Dr. António da Costa Oliveira

Pelas veredas da luso-brasilidade: ressonâncias do Brasil nas obras de Ferreira de Castro e Miguel Torga

Ferreira de Castro (1898-1974) e Miguel Torga (1907-1995) viveram ambos, no início da adolescência, a dura experiência de emigração para o Brasil. O primeiro partiu com apenas doze anos, em 1911, o segundo, com treze, em 1920. Ambos procuraram o ―Eldorado‖, cruzaram o Atlântico num vapor, cresceram, amadureceram, regressaram a Portugal, revisitaram novamente o Brasil e escreveram sobre essas vivências, como é corroborado por Emigrantes e A Selva de Ferreira de Castro, o Diário, A Criação do Mundo, Traço de União de Miguel Torga que constituem o nosso corpus de trabalho. No presente artigo, analisaremos à luz da imagologia, um dos métodos da literatura comparada, que visa precisamente o estudo das imagens, as representações do Brasil que emergem da obra destes dois escritores. Nesta sequência, analisaremos, numa óptica comparatista, a ficcionalização das vivências dos autores, a trajectórias das suas personagens, contemplando, na configuração do espaço estrangeiro, as primeiras impressões e sua evolução, as descrições da paisagem, do povo, da vida e da cultura brasileiras. Além disso, seguiremos os caminhos da alteridade para desvendarmos igualmente o modo como é visto o ―outro‖, e a forma como se inscreve no discurso. Em suma, analisaremos o impacto da vivência da emigração, a importância desempenhada pelo país de acolhimento na obra dos dois escritores supramencionados, atendendo às ressonâncias da luso-brasilidade, alicerçadoras de uma maior abertura e dum diálogo mais próximo com o Brasil.

Mechanical behaviour analysis of polyester polymer mortars modified with recycled GFRP waste materials

In this study the effect of incorporation of recycled glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste materials, obtained by means of milling processes, on mechanical behaviour of polyester polymer mortars was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of recycled GFRP waste powder and fibres, with distinct size gradings, were incorporated into polyester based mortars as sand aggregates and filler replacements. Flexural and compressive loading capacities were evaluated and found better than unmodified polymer mortars. GFRP modified polyester based mortars also show a less brittle behaviour, with retention of some loading capacity after peak load. Obtained results highlight the high potential of recycled GFRP waste materials as efficient and sustainable reinforcement and admixture for polymer concrete and mortars composites, constituting an emergent waste management solution.

Optimization process of polyester polymer mortars modified with recycled GFRP waste aggregates – application of factorial experiment design-

Glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP), nowadays commonly used in the construction, transportation and automobile sectors, have been considered inherently difficult to recycle due to both: cross-linked nature of thermoset resins, which cannot be remolded, and complex composition of the composite itself, which includes glass fibres, matrix and different types of inorganic fillers. Presently, most of the GFRP waste is landfilled leading to negative environmental impacts and supplementary added costs. With an increasing awareness of environmental matters and the subsequent desire to save resources, recycling would convert an expensive waste disposal into a profitable reusable material. There are several methods to recycle GFR thermostable materials: (a) incineration, with partial energy recovery due to the heat generated during organic part combustion; (b) thermal and/or chemical recycling, such as solvolysis, pyrolisis and similar thermal decomposition processes, with glass fibre recovering; and (c) mechanical recycling or size reduction, in which the material is subjected to a milling process in order to obtain a specific grain size that makes the material suitable as reinforcement in new formulations. This last method has important advantages over the previous ones: there is no atmospheric pollution by gas emission, a much simpler equipment is required as compared with ovens necessary for thermal recycling processes, and does not require the use of chemical solvents with subsequent environmental impacts. In this study the effect of incorporation of recycled GFRP waste materials, obtained by means of milling processes, on mechanical behavior of polyester polymer mortars was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of recycled GFRP waste materials, with distinct size gradings, were incorporated into polyester polymer mortars as sand aggregates and filler replacements. The effect of GFRP waste treatment with silane coupling agent was also assessed. Design of experiments and data treatment were accomplish by means of factorial design and analysis of variance ANOVA. The use of factorial experiment design, instead of the one factor at-a-time method is efficient at allowing the evaluation of the effects and possible interactions of the different material factors involved. Experimental results were promising toward the recyclability of GFRP waste materials as polymer mortar aggregates, without significant loss of mechanical properties with regard to non-modified polymer mortars.

Reusability assessment of thermoset polymeric composite wastes as reinforcement and filler replacement for polymer concrete materials

The development and applications of thermoset polymeric composites, namely fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), have shifted in the last decades more and more into the mass market [1]. Production and consume have increased tremendously mainly for the construction, transportation and automobile sectors [2, 3]. Although the many successful uses of thermoset composite materials, recycling process of byproducts and end of lifecycle products constitutes a more difficult issue. The perceived lack of recyclability of composite materials is now increasingly important and seen as a key barrier to the development or even continued used of these materials in some markets.

Processo de internacionalização das filiais portuguesas de construção civil para Angola: alguns estudos de caso (Mota-Engil, Soares da Costa e Conduril)

Dissertação apresentada no Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Instituto Politécnico do Porto para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Empreendedorismo e Internacionalização Orientador: Professor Doutor José de Freitas Santos