Contributo da manutenção técnica de edifícios para a sustentabilidade

A manutenção, durante vários anos, traduziu-se num conceito paliativo de instalações e equipamentos, o que se veio a revelar como uma atitude negligente perante o Homem e o Ambiente. As preocupações ambientais estão na ordem do dia e têm sido muitas as vozes que se têm levantado para que o consumo de energia seja mais equilibrado e para que as emissões de CO2 diminuam de forma a preservar o Planeta. De acordo com a resolução do Conselho Europeu, em 2007 (1), foi apresentado um pacote de propostas que visam a sustentabilidade e estimulam a Eficiência Energética (EE), com o objectivo de reduzir os consumos energéticos dos edifícios, quer estes sejam novos ou reabilitados. Segundo a Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia os edifícios são responsáveis por 60% dos consumos de energia eléctrica, consumo esse que pode ser reduzido em mais de 50%, através de medidas de EE, traduzindo-se numa redução de 400 milhões de toneladas de CO2 por ano. (2) Para além de medidas de EE, também as práticas de manutenção preventiva podem contribuir para a diminuição dos consumos energéticos e de emissões de CO2. Segundo o Institute for Building Efficiency práticas de manutenção preventiva em equipamentos de Aquecimento Ventilação e Ar Condicionado (AVAC) reduzem os consumos energéticos de 10 a 20% e, em contrapartida, a negligência na execução da manutenção pode aumentar os consumos energéticos de 30 a 60%. (3) Uma outra análise de valores a ter em conta, é a Intensidade Energética (IE). Leia-se IE como sendo o valor global da energia consumida num país a dividir pelo seu produto interno bruto. A contribuição do sector dos serviços para a IE nacional era de 17% no ano de 2005. (4) Se a estes dados acrescentarmos que 70% dessa energia é consumida por equipamentos AVAC (5) e que práticas de manutenção reduzem esses valores entre 10 a 20%, pode concluir-se que a redução de custos energéticos associada à manutenção preventiva é efectiva e significativa. Apresentando um cenário ideal e hipotético, se ao contributo do sector dos serviços, para a IE nacional, se isolar o valor referente a equipamentos de AVAC, obtem-se uma IE de aproximadamente 12%. Se adicionalmente se considerar uma taxa de redução, relativa à execução da manutenção, entre 10 e 20%, Portugal obteria uma IE, relativamente aos consumos energéticos em edificios de serviços, não de 17% mas sim entre 14,6% e 15,8%. Neste trabalho pretende-se comprovar que um plano de actividades de manutenção equilibrado, monitorizado, e gerido de forma eficaz e funcional, é uma ferramenta fundamental no cumprimento de objectivos e metas europeias traçadas, que se reúnem num objectivo comum de preservação do planeta. A adopção deste tipo de medidas contribuirá para a racionalização dos consumos energéticos e para o aumento da vida útil dos equipamentos, bem como para a melhoria do desempenho económico e financeiro das organizações, tal como se poderá ler mais à frente neste trabalho. Será também analisado um caso prático, verificando a eficácia das medidas tomadas durante as intervenções preventivas de manutenção, sendo que para isso será estudado o comportamento de um equipamento, antes e após a realização de tarefas de manutenção preventiva. Tentar-se-á, junto de gestores de edifícios, recolher a opinião que têm sobre a importância da manutenção. Ao longo de toda a pesquisa foi possível consolidar a hipótese formulada inicialmente no que concerne ao contributo da manutenção para a sustentabilidade, quer através da revisão da literatura, quer nos testes efectuados a equipamentos. Foi possível confirmar que um plano de manutenção ajustado, monitorizado e cumprido é uma ferramenta na diminuição dos consumos energéticos, aumento da vida útil de equipamentos e por sua vez na diminuição de emissões de CO2. Verificou-se também que o controlo de poluentes e ventilação adequada dos edifícios são uma ferramenta essencial para a qualidade do ar interior, parâmetros facilmente controlados nas actividades de manutenção. O contributo das opiniões recolhidas entre os gestores de edifícios, para este estudo, foi também bastante importante, uma vez que todos eles reconhecem o papel importante da manutenção, mas nem todos estão sensibilizados para o seu papel na sustentabilidade do planeta. Nesta dissertação é deixado um alerta: o crescimento da população mundial e a consequente utilização de recursos naturais que são finitos, não sendo controlado de uma forma sustentada, pode resultar na destruição de um planeta único. O papel negativo do Homem nas alterações climáticas é inequívoco e é necessário melhorar a sua relação com o Ambiente. Cada ser humano está inserido na sua comunidade e dentro dela tem a sua função, cabe a cada um exercer esta responsabilidade nas suas actividades do dia-a-dia.

Two new power indices based on winning coalitions

Deegan and Packel (1979) and Holler (1982) proposed two power indices for simple games: the Deegan–Packel index and the Public Good Index. In the definition of these indices, only minimal winning coalitions are taken into account. Using similar arguments, we define two new power indices. These new indices are defined taking into account only those winning coalitions that do not contain null players. The results obtained with the different power indices are compared by means of two real-world examples taken from the political field.

Reliable link quality estimation in low-power wireless networks and its impact on tree-routing

Radio link quality estimation is essential for protocols and mechanisms such as routing, mobility management and localization, particularly for low-power wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks. Commodity Link Quality Estimators (LQEs), e.g. PRR, RNP, ETX, four-bit and RSSI, can only provide a partial characterization of links as they ignore several link properties such as channel quality and stability. In this paper, we propose F-LQE (Fuzzy Link Quality Estimator, a holistic metric that estimates link quality on the basis of four link quality properties—packet delivery, asymmetry, stability, and channel quality—that are expressed and combined using Fuzzy Logic. We demonstrate through an extensive experimental analysis that F-LQE is more reliable than existing estimators (e.g., PRR, WMEWMA, ETX, RNP, and four-bit) as it provides a finer grain link classification. It is also more stable as it has lower coefficient of variation of link estimates. Importantly, we evaluate the impact of F-LQE on the performance of tree routing, specifically the CTP (Collection Tree Protocol). For this purpose, we adapted F-LQE to build a new routing metric for CTP, which we dubbed as F-LQE/RM. Extensive experimental results obtained with state-of-the-art widely used test-beds show that F-LQE/RM improves significantly CTP routing performance over four-bit (the default LQE of CTP) and ETX (another popular LQE). F-LQE/RM improves the end-to-end packet delivery by up to 16%, reduces the number of packet retransmissions by up to 32%, reduces the Hop count by up to 4%, and improves the topology stability by up to 47%.

Double power laws, fractals and self-similarity

Power law (PL) distributions have been largely reported in the modeling of distinct real phenomena and have been associated with fractal structures and self-similar systems. In this paper, we analyze real data that follows a PL and a double PL behavior and verify the relation between the PL coefficient and the capacity dimension of known fractals. It is to be proved a method that translates PLs coefficients into capacity dimension of fractals of any real data.

A Review on the Characterization of Signals and Systems by Power Law Distributions

Power laws, also known as Pareto-like laws or Zipf-like laws, are commonly used to explain a variety of real world distinct phenomena, often described merely by the produced signals. In this paper, we study twelve cases, namely worldwide technological accidents, the annual revenue of America׳s largest private companies, the number of inhabitants in America׳s largest cities, the magnitude of earthquakes with minimum moment magnitude equal to 4, the total burned area in forest fires occurred in Portugal, the net worth of the richer people in America, the frequency of occurrence of words in the novel Ulysses, by James Joyce, the total number of deaths in worldwide terrorist attacks, the number of linking root domains of the top internet domains, the number of linking root domains of the top internet pages, the total number of human victims of tornadoes occurred in the U.S., and the number of inhabitants in the 60 most populated countries. The results demonstrate the emergence of statistical characteristics, very close to a power law behavior. Furthermore, the parametric characterization reveals complex relationships present at higher level of description.

Power Law Behavior and Self-similarity in Modern Industrial Accidents

Advances in technology have produced more and more intricate industrial systems, such as nuclear power plants, chemical centers and petroleum platforms. Such complex plants exhibit multiple interactions among smaller units and human operators, rising potentially disastrous failure, which can propagate across subsystem boundaries. This paper analyzes industrial accident data-series in the perspective of statistical physics and dynamical systems. Global data is collected from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) during the time period from year 1903 up to 2012. The statistical distributions of the number of fatalities caused by industrial accidents reveal Power Law (PL) behavior. We analyze the evolution of the PL parameters over time and observe a remarkable increment in the PL exponent during the last years. PL behavior allows prediction by extrapolation over a wide range of scales. In a complementary line of thought, we compare the data using appropriate indices and use different visualization techniques to correlate and to extract relationships among industrial accident events. This study contributes to better understand the complexity of modern industrial accidents and their ruling principles.

On the Scalability of Constructive Interference in Low-Power Wireless Networks

12th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN 2015). 9 to 11, Feb, 2015. Porto, Portugal

Short-Circuit Impedance of Power Transformers: the Fractional Order Calculus Approach

First IFAC Workshop on Fractional Differentiation and Its Application - 19-21 July 2004, Enseirb, Bordeaux, France - FDA'04

On the Estimation of the Short-Circuit Impedance of Power Transformers Using Fractional Order Calculus

This paper reports investigation on the estimation of the short circuit impedance of power transformers, using fractional order calculus to analytically study the influence of the diffusion phenomena in the windings. The aim is to better characterize the medium frequency range behavior of leakage inductances of power transformer models, which include terms to represent the magnetic field diffusion process in the windings. Comparisons between calculated and measured values are shown and discussed.

Power indices applied to Portuguese Parliament

In this paper, we apply the following four power indices to the Portuguese Parliament: Shapley–Shubik index, Banzhaf index, Deegan–Packel index and Public Good Index. We also present the main notions related with simple games and discuss the features of each power index by means of their axiomatic characterizations.

Coalition of distributed generation units to Virtual Power Players - a game theory approach

Smart Grids (SGs) have emerged as the new paradigm for power system operation and management, being designed to include large amounts of distributed energy resources. This new paradigm requires new Energy Resource Management (ERM) methodologies considering different operation strategies and the existence of new management players such as several types of aggregators. This paper proposes a methodology to facilitate the coalition between distributed generation units originating Virtual Power Players (VPP) considering a game theory approach. The proposed approach consists in the analysis of the classifications that were attributed by each VPP to the distributed generation units, as well as in the analysis of the previous established contracts by each player. The proposed classification model is based in fourteen parameters including technical, economical and behavioural ones. Depending of the VPP strategies, size and goals, each parameter has different importance. VPP can also manage other type of energy resources, like storage units, electric vehicles, demand response programs or even parts of the MV and LV distribution network. A case study with twelve VPPs with different characteristics and one hundred and fifty real distributed generation units is included in the paper.

Multi-criteria optimisation approach to increase the delivered power in radial distribution networks

This study proposes a new methodology to increase the power delivered to any load point in a radial distribution network, through the identification of new investments in order to improve the repair time. This research work is innovative and consists in proposing a full optimisation model based on mixed-integer non-linear programming considering the Pareto front technique. The goal is to achieve a reduction in repair times of the distribution networks components, while minimising the costs of that reduction as well as non-supplied energy costs. The optimisation model considers the distribution network technical constraints, the substation transformer taps, and it is able to choose the capacitor banks size. A case study based on a 33-bus distribution network is presented in order to illustrate in detail the application of the proposed methodology.

Fate Hazardous elements in soils surrounding a coal-fired power plant complex

Proceedings of the 13th International UFZ-Deltares Conference on Sustainable Use and Management of Soil, Sediment and Water Resources - 9–12 June 2015 • Copenhagen, Denmark

Quality-of-service aware routing for static and mobile IPv6-based low-power and lossy sensor networks using RPL

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a paradigm over the last few years as a result of the tight integration of the computing and the physical world. The requirement of remote sensing makes low-power wireless sensor networks one of the key enabling technologies of IoT. These networks encompass several challenges, especially in communication and networking, due to their inherent constraints of low-power features, deployment in harsh and lossy environments, and limited computing and storage resources. The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) [1] was proposed by the IETF ROLL (Routing Over Low-power Lossy links) working group and is currently adopted as an IETF standard in the RFC 6550 since March 2012. Although RPL greatly satisfied the requirements of low-power and lossy sensor networks, several issues remain open for improvement and specification, in particular with respect to Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees and support for mobility. In this paper, we focus mainly on the RPL routing protocol. We propose some enhancements to the standard specification in order to provide QoS guarantees for static as well as mobile LLNs. For this purpose, we propose OF-FL (Objective Function based on Fuzzy Logic), a new objective function that overcomes the limitations of the standardized objective functions that were designed for RPL by considering important link and node metrics, namely end-to-end delay, number of hops, ETX (Expected transmission count) and LQL (Link Quality Level). In addition, we present the design of Co-RPL, an extension to RPL based on the corona mechanism that supports mobility in order to overcome the problem of slow reactivity to frequent topology changes and thus providing a better quality of service mainly in dynamic networks application. Performance evaluation results show that both OF-FL and Co-RPL allow a great improvement when compared to the standard specification, mainly in terms of packet loss ratio and average network latency. 2015 Elsevier B.V. Al

Types and construction of power transformers

Transformers may be classified according to dielectric insulation material as follows: • Oil-filled transformers • Dry type transformers