Energy resource management in smart grids considering an Intensive use of electric vehicles

The introduction of electricity markets and integration of Distributed Generation (DG) have been influencing the power system’s structure change. Recently, the smart grid concept has been introduced, to guarantee a more efficient operation of the power system using the advantages of this new paradigm. Basically, a smart grid is a structure that integrates different players, considering constant communication between them to improve power system operation and management. One of the players revealing a big importance in this context is the Virtual Power Player (VPP). In the transportation sector the Electric Vehicle (EV) is arising as an alternative to conventional vehicles propel by fossil fuels. The power system can benefit from this massive introduction of EVs, taking advantage on EVs’ ability to connect to the electric network to charge, and on the future expectation of EVs ability to discharge to the network using the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capacity. This thesis proposes alternative strategies to control these two EV modes with the objective of enhancing the management of the power system. Moreover, power system must ensure the trips of EVs that will be connected to the electric network. The EV user specifies a certain amount of energy that will be necessary to charge, in order to ensure the distance to travel. The introduction of EVs in the power system turns the Energy Resource Management (ERM) under a smart grid environment, into a complex problem that can take several minutes or hours to reach the optimal solution. Adequate optimization techniques are required to accommodate this kind of complexity while solving the ERM problem in a reasonable execution time. This thesis presents a tool that solves the ERM considering the intensive use of EVs in the smart grid context. The objective is to obtain the minimum cost of ERM considering: the operation cost of DG, the cost of the energy acquired to external suppliers, the EV users payments and remuneration and penalty costs. This tool is directed to VPPs that manage specific network areas, where a high penetration level of EVs is expected to be connected in these areas. The ERM is solved using two methodologies: the adaptation of a deterministic technique proposed in a previous work, and the adaptation of the Simulated Annealing (SA) technique. With the purpose of improving the SA performance for this case, three heuristics are additionally proposed, taking advantage on the particularities and specificities of an ERM with these characteristics. A set of case studies are presented in this thesis, considering a 32 bus distribution network and up to 3000 EVs. The first case study solves the scheduling without considering EVs, to be used as a reference case for comparisons with the proposed approaches. The second case study evaluates the complexity of the ERM with the integration of EVs. The third case study evaluates the performance of scheduling with different control modes for EVs. These control modes, combined with the proposed SA approach and with the developed heuristics, aim at improving the quality of the ERM, while reducing drastically its execution time. The proposed control modes are: uncoordinated charging, smart charging and V2G capability. The fourth and final case study presents the ERM approach applied to consecutive days.

A sensitivity study of the WRF model in wind simulation for an area of high wind energy

The performance of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model in wind simulation was evaluated under different numerical and physical options for an area of Portugal, located in complex terrain and characterized by its significant wind energy resource. The grid nudging and integration time of the simulations were the tested numerical options. Since the goal is to simulate the near-surface wind, the physical parameterization schemes regarding the boundary layer were the ones under evaluation. Also, the influences of the local terrain complexity and simulation domain resolution on the model results were also studied. Data from three wind measuring stations located within the chosen area were compared with the model results, in terms of Root Mean Square Error, Standard Deviation Error and Bias. Wind speed histograms, occurrences and energy wind roses were also used for model evaluation. Globally, the model accurately reproduced the local wind regime, despite a significant underestimation of the wind speed. The wind direction is reasonably simulated by the model especially in wind regimes where there is a clear dominant sector, but in the presence of low wind speeds the characterization of the wind direction (observed and simulated) is very subjective and led to higher deviations between simulations and observations. Within the tested options, results show that the use of grid nudging in simulations that should not exceed an integration time of 2 days is the best numerical configuration, and the parameterization set composed by the physical schemes MM5–Yonsei University–Noah are the most suitable for this site. Results were poorer in sites with higher terrain complexity, mainly due to limitations of the terrain data supplied to the model. The increase of the simulation domain resolution alone is not enough to significantly improve the model performance. Results suggest that error minimization in the wind simulation can be achieved by testing and choosing a suitable numerical and physical configuration for the region of interest together with the use of high resolution terrain data, if available.

Credit risk measures: a case of renewable energy companies

The Basel III will have a significant impact on the European banking sector. In September 2010, supervisors of various countries adopted the new rules proposed by the prudential Committee on Banking Supervision to be applied to the business of credit institutions (hereinafter called ICs) in a phased manner from 2013, assuming to its full implementation by 2019. The purpose of this new regulation is to limit the excessive risk that these institutions took on the period preceding the global financial crisis of 2008. This new regulation is known in slang by Basel III. Depending on the requirement of Basel II for banks and their supervisors to assess the soundness and adequacy of internal risk measurement and credit management systems, the development of methodologies for the validation of internal and external evaluation systems is clearly an important issue . More specifically, there is a need to develop tools to validate the systems used to generate the parameters (such as PD, LGD, EAD and ratings of perceived risk) that serve as starting points for the IRB approach for credit risk. In this context, the work is composed of a number of approaches and tools used to evaluate the robustness of these elements IRB systems.

Smart Grid Communication Technologies in the Brazilian Electrical Sector

Intelligent electrical grids can be considered as the next generation of electrical energy transportation. The enormous potential leads to worldwide focus of research on the technology of smart grids. This paper aims to present a review of the Brazilian electricity sector in context with the integration of communication technologies for smart grids. The work gives an overview of the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy in the Brazil and a brief summary of the current electricity market. Smart grid technologies are introduced and the requirements for the Brazilian power system are pointed out. Various technologies for communication within an intelligent network are presented and their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are compared to the Brazilian conditions. In addition, a summary is given of current pilot projects for Smart Grid technologies within Brazil, as well as a presentation of individual selected projects.

Impacto das opções de conceção em edifícios zero energy o caso dos grandes edifícios de serviços

Atualmente, o parque edificado é responsável pelo consumo de 40% da energia total consumida em toda a União Europeia. As previsões apontam para o crescimento do sector da construção civil, nomeadamente a construção de edifícios, o que permite perspetivar um aumento do consumo de energia nesta área. Medidas importantes, como o lançamento da Diretiva 2010/31/EU do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 19 de Maio de 2010 relativa ao desempenho energético dos edifícios, abrem caminho para a diminuição das necessidades energéticas e emissões de gases de efeito de estufa. Nela são apontados objetivos para aumentar a eficiência energética do parque edificado, tendo como objetivo que a partir de 2020 todos os novos edifícios sejam energeticamente eficientes e de balanço energético quase zero, com principal destaque para a compensação usando produção energética própria proveniente de fontes renováveis. Este novo requisito, denominado nearly zero energy building, apresenta-se como um novo incentivo no caminho para a sustentabilidade energética. As técnicas e tecnologias usadas na conceção dos edifícios terão um impacto positivo na análise de ciclo de vida, nomeadamente na minimização do impacto ambiental e na racionalização do consumo energético. Desta forma, pretendeu-se analisar a aplicabilidade do conceito nearly zero energy building a um grande edifício de serviços e o seu impacto em termos de ciclo de vida a 50 anos. Partindo da análise de alguns estudos sobre o consumo energético e sobre edifícios de balanço energético quase nulo já construídos em Portugal, desenvolveu-se uma análise de ciclo de vida para o caso de um edifício de serviços, da qual resultou um conjunto de propostas de otimização da sua eficiência energética e de captação de energias renováveis. As medidas apresentadas foram avaliadas com o auxílio de diferentes aplicações como DIALux, IES VE e o PVsyst, com o objetivo de verificar o seu impacto através da comparação com estado inicial de consumo energético do edifício. Nas condições iniciais, o resultado da análise de ciclo de vida do edifício a 50 anos no que respeita ao consumo energético e respetivas emissões de CO2 na fase de operação foi de 6 MWh/m2 e 1,62 t/m2, respetivamente. Com aplicação de medidas propostas de otimização, o consumo e as respetivas emissões de CO2 foram reduzidas para 5,2 MWh/m2 e 1,37 t/m2 respetivamente. Embora se tenha conseguido reduzir ao consumo com as medidas propostas de otimização de energia, chegou-se à conclusão que o sistema fotovoltaico dimensionado para fornecer energia ao edifício não consegue satisfazer as necessidades energéticas do edifício no final dos 50 anos.

Os indicadores de avaliação de desempenho utilizados pelas grandes empresas ajustados às pequenas e médias empresas do sector mobiliário nos concelhos de Paredes e Paços de Ferreira

orientação: mestre Adalmiro Álvaro Malheiro de Castro Andrade Pereira

Optimização energética dos fornos de uma indústria do sector cerâmico

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

A Problemática da estratégia no sector das energias renováveis em Portugal

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Gestão das Organizações, Ramo de Gestão de Empresas Orientada pelo Professor Doutor Eduardo Manuel Lopes de Sá e Silva

Aplicação do ABC no sector de transporte público rodoviário de mercadorias: estudo de caso em PME

Mestrado em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientado por: Doutora Cláudia Lopes

Regulação jurídica do sector turítico em Portugal

XV Encuentro AECA "Nuevos caminos para Europa: El papel de las empresas y los gobiernos" Organizado por AECA, CICF, IPCA Ofir-Esposende, 20 y 21 de septiembre de 2012

A Importância dos catálogos para o sector do vestuário português qualidade estética e gráfica dos catálogos

O catálogo é um produto de comunicação com presença forte no mundo da moda, reflexo por excelência de cada coleção e imagem de marca. Verifica-se que os critérios objectivos de avaliação dos catálogos não foram ainda alvo de uma análise estruturada e aprofundada, apesar da importância que possuem para as empresas do sector do Vestuário. Assim, decidiuse estudar os elementos que definem o nível de qualidade estética e gráfica dos catálogos de vestuário. Analisaram-se catálogos de marcas portuguesas e internacionais da indústria da moda cuja qualidade é reconhecida pelos profissionais de design. Como resultado desse estudo foi criada a Matriz AQC - Matriz de Avaliação da Qualidade dos Catálogos Produto e a Matriz AQC – Matriz de avaliação da Qualidade dos Catálogos Imagem.

Alianças estratégicas: análise do sector exportador de produtos português

Dissertação de Mestrado em Finanças Empresariais

Short-term wind forecasting for energy resources scheduling

This paper proposes a wind power forecasting methodology based on two methods: direct wind power forecasting and wind speed forecasting in the first phase followed by wind power forecasting using turbines characteristics and the aforementioned wind speed forecast. The proposed forecasting methodology aims to support the operation in the scope of the intraday resources scheduling model, namely with a time horizon of 5 minutes. This intraday model supports distribution network operators in the short-term scheduling problem, in the smart grid context. A case study using a real database of 12 months recorded from a Portuguese wind power farm was used. The results show that the straightforward methodology can be applied in the intraday model with high wind speed and wind power accuracy. The wind power forecast direct method shows better performance than wind power forecast using turbine characteristics and wind speed forecast obtained in first phase.

Real-time energy resources scheduling considering intensive wind penetration

The use of distributed energy resources, based on natural intermittent power sources, like wind generation, in power systems imposes the development of new adequate operation management and control methodologies. A short-term Energy Resource Management (ERM) methodology performed in two phases is proposed in this paper. The first one addresses the day-ahead ERM scheduling and the second one deals with the five-minute ahead ERM scheduling. The ERM scheduling is a complex optimization problem due to the high quantity of variables and constraints. In this paper the main goal is to minimize the operation costs from the point of view of a virtual power player that manages the network and the existing resources. The optimization problem is solved by a deterministic mixedinteger non-linear programming approach. A case study considering a distribution network with 33 bus, 66 distributed generation, 32 loads with demand response contracts and 7 storage units and 1000 electric vehicles has been implemented in a simulator developed in the field of the presented work, in order to validate the proposed short-term ERM methodology considering the dynamic power system behavior.

Energy resource scheduling in a real distribution network managed by several virtual power players

Smart Grids (SGs) appeared as the new paradigm for power system management and operation, being designed to integrate large amounts of distributed energy resources. This new paradigm requires a more efficient Energy Resource Management (ERM) and, simultaneously, makes this a more complex problem, due to the intensive use of distributed energy resources (DER), such as distributed generation, active consumers with demand response contracts, and storage units. This paper presents a methodology to address the energy resource scheduling, considering an intensive use of distributed generation and demand response contracts. A case study of a 30 kV real distribution network, including a substation with 6 feeders and 937 buses, is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. This network is managed by six virtual power players (VPP) with capability to manage the DER and the distribution network.