8 resultados para Sodium acetate buffer pH 4.0
em Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa - Portugal
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica
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A multistate molecular dyad containing flavylium and viologen units was synthesized and the pH dependent thermodynamics of the network completely characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, UV-vis and stopped-flow. The flavylium cation is only stable at acidic pH values. Above pH ≈ 5 the hydration of the flavylium leads to the formation of the hemiketal followed by ring-opening tautomerization to give the cis-chalcone. Finally, this last species isomerizes to give the trans-chalcone. For the present system only the flavylium cation and the trans-chalcone species could be detected as being thermodynamically stable. The hemiketal and the cis-chalcone are kinetic intermediates with negligible concentrations at the equilibrium. All stable species of the network were found to form 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 host : guest complexes with cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) with association constants in the ranges 10(5)-10(8) M(-1) and 10(3)-10(4) M(-1), respectively. The 1 : 1 complexes were particularly interesting to devise pH responsive bistable pseudorotaxanes: at basic pH values (≈12) the flavylium cation interconverts into the deprotonated trans-chalcone in a few minutes and under these conditions the CB7 wheel was found to be located around the viologen unit. A decrease in pH to values around 1 regenerates the flavylium cation in seconds and the macrocycle is translocated to the middle of the axle. On the other hand, if the pH is decreased to 6, the deprotonated trans-chalcone is neutralized to give a metastable species that evolves to the thermodynamically stable flavylium cation in ca. 20 hours. By taking advantage of the pH-dependent kinetics of the trans-chalcone/flavylium interconversion, spatiotemporal control of the molecular organization in pseudorotaxane systems can be achieved.
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Englobado na temática do desenvolvimento de métodos in vitro para avaliação da biodisponibilidade de fármacos, este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo a optimização de um método para avaliar em simultâneo a dissolução e permeabilidade de fármacos usando uma célula de fluxo bilateral com membranas de Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF). Através de uma avaliação inicial, na qual se testou o efeito de diversas variáveis na permeabilidade da cafeína e do ácido acetilsalicílico, obtiveram-se resultados que permitiram concluir que os ensaios realizados são mais reprodutíveis, quando a célula de fluxo é utilizada em circulação unilateral no lado dador e com agitação do lado aceitador. Observou-se ainda que o método permite detectar a influência do pH (Papp da cafeína a pH 7,4 e 4,5: 4,84±1,57x105cm.s-1 e 6,00±0,70x105cm.s app do ácido acetilsalicílico a pH 7,4 e 4,5: 3,85±0,38x10-5cm.s-1 e 5,1 1±0,65x105cm.s-1) e dos excipientes (Papp da cafeína isoladamente e em presença de excipientes: 6,76±1,22 x 10-5cm.s1 e 5,84±0,43x10-5cm.s-1 app do ácido acetilsalicílico isoladamente e em presença de excipientes: 7,07±1,56x105 cm.s e 5,19±0,23x10-5cm.s1) na permeabilidade dos compostos. Na avaliação da dissolução testou-se um método descrito na United States Pharmacopeia (USP) com meio de dissolução a pH 4,5 e um método com meio de dissolução a pH 7,4 pois na perspectiva de no futuro se realizarem ensaios com membranas celulares Caco-2, foi necessário testar um meio compatível com estas. As percentagens de dissolução dos ensaios a pH 7,4 foram de 96,3% para a cafeína e de 87,1% para o ácido acetilsalicílico, o que permitiu a utilização deste meio, visto ter sido superior ao limite mínimo de 80% estabelecido pela USP. Após estabelecimento das metodologias de dissolução e permeabilidade individuais, passou-se ao acoplamento das duas técnicas, tendo sido realizados ensaios de dissolução/permeabilidade com uma forma farmacêutica contendo os dois compostos em estudo (Melhoral®), nos quais se obtiveram permeabilidades aparentes de 3,97±0,37x105cm.s1 e 3,69±0,29 x105cm.s para a cafeína e ácido acetilsalicílico a pH 4,5 e de 3,77±0,40x105cm.s e 4,08± 0,04x1 05cm.s1 para a cafeína e ácido acetilsalicílico a pH 7,4, resultados estes que foram reprodutíveis e descriminativos e que perspectivam a possibilidade da utilização do sistema para futuros trabalhos envolvendo membranas de culturas celulares (Caco-2) ou tecidos (pele ou intestino).
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The new potentially N-4-multidentate pyridyl-functionalized scorpionates 4-((tris-2,2,2-(pyrazol-1-ypethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy, (1)) and 4-((tris-2,2,2-(3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)ethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy(Ph), (2)) have been synthesized and their coordination behavior toward Fe-II, Ni-II, Zn-II, Cu-II, Pd-II, and V-III centers has been studied. Reaction of (1) with Fe(BF4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O yields [Fe(TpmPy)(2)](BF4)(2) (3), that, in the solid state, shows the sandwich structure with trihapto ligand coordination via the pyrazolyl arms, and is completely low spin (LS) until 400 K. Reactions of 2 equiv of (1) or (2) with Zn-II or Ni-II chlorides give the corresponding metal complexes with general formula [MCl2(TpmPy*)(2)] (M = Zn, Ni; TpmPy* = TpmPy, TpmPy(Ph)) (4-7) where the ligand is able to coordinate through either the pyrazolyl rings (in case of [Ni(TpmPy)(2)Cl-2 (5)) or the pyridyl-side (for [ZnCl2(TpmPy)(2)] (4), [ZnCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (6) and [NiCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (7)). The reaction of (1) with VCl3 gives [VOCl2(TpmPy)] (8) that shows the N-3-pyrazolyl coordination-mode. Moreover, (1) and react with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)] to give the disubstituted complexes [PdCl2(TprnPy)(2)] (9) and [PdCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (10), respectively, bearing the scorpionate coordinated via the pyridyl group. Compounds (9) and (10) react with Fe(BF4)(2) to give the heterobimetallic Pd/Fe systems [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Fe](BF4)(2) (11) and [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy(Ph))(2)Fe-2(H2O)(6)]BF4)(4) (13), respectively. Compound (11) can also be formed from reaction of (3) with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)], while reaction of (3) with Cu(NO3)(2).2.5H(2)O generates [Fe(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Cu(NO3)(2)](BF4)(2) (12), confirming the multidentate ability of the new chelating ligands. The X-ray diffraction analyses of compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), and (9) are also reported.
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A biosensor for urea has been developed based on the observation that urea is a powerful active-site inhibitor of amidase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of amides such as acetamide to produce ammonia and the corresponding organic acid. Cell-free extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the source of amidase (acylamide hydrolase, EC 3.5.1.4) which was immobilized on a polyethersulfone membrane in the presence of glutaraldehyde; anion-selective electrode for ammonium ions was used for biosensor development. Analysis of variance was used for optimization of the biosensorresponse and showed that 30 mu L of cell-free extract containing 7.47 mg protein mL(-1), 2 mu L of glutaraldehyde (5%, v/v) and 10 mu L of gelatin (15%, w/v) exhibited the highest response. Optimization of other parameters showed that pH 7.2 and 30 min incubation time were optimum for incubation ofmembranes in urea. The biosensor exhibited a linear response in the range of 4.0-10.0 mu M urea, a detection limit of 2.0 mu M for urea, a response timeof 20 s, a sensitivity of 58.245 % per mu M urea and a storage stability of over 4 months. It was successfully used for quantification of urea in samples such as wine and milk; recovery experiments were carried out which revealed an average substrate recovery of 94.9%. The urea analogs hydroxyurea, methylurea and thiourea inhibited amidase activity by about 90%, 10% and 0%, respectively, compared with urea inhibition.
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Relatório Final apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para a obtenção de grau de mestre em Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico
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Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ensino do 1.º e 2.ºCiclo do Ensino Básico
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Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ensino do 1º e 2º Ciclos do Ensino Básico