40 resultados para Modelos animais
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Mestrado em Contabilidade
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Water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. But only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh water, and less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the atmosphere. However, rivers and lakes are an important part of fresh surface water, amounting to about 89%. In this Master Thesis dissertation, the focus is on three types of water bodies – rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and their water quality issues in Asian countries. The surface water quality in a region is largely determined both by the natural processes such as climate or geographic conditions, and the anthropogenic influences such as industrial and agricultural activities or land use conversion. The quality of the water can be affected by pollutants discharge from a specific point through a sewer pipe and also by extensive drainage from agriculture/urban areas and within basin. Hence, water pollutant sources can be divided into two categories: Point source pollution and Non-point source (NPS) pollution. Seasonal variations in precipitation and surface run-off have a strong effect on river discharge and the concentration of pollutants in water bodies. For example, in the rainy season, heavy and persistent rain wash off the ground, the runoff flow increases and may contain various kinds of pollutants and, eventually, enters the water bodies. In some cases, especially in confined water bodies, the quality may be positive related with rainfall in the wet season, because this confined type of fresh water systems allows high dilution of pollutants, decreasing their possible impacts. During the dry season, the quality of water is largely related to industrialization and urbanization pollution. The aim of this study is to identify the most common water quality problems in Asian countries and to enumerate and analyze the methodologies used for assessment of water quality conditions of both rivers and confined water bodies (lakes and reservoirs). Based on the evaluation of a sample of 57 papers, dated between 2000 and 2012, it was found that over the past decade, the water quality of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in developing countries is being degraded. Water pollution and destruction of aquatic ecosystems have caused massive damage to the functions and integrity of water resources. The most widespread NPS in Asian countries and those which have the greatest spatial impacts are urban runoff and agriculture. Locally, mine waste runoff and rice paddy are serious NPS problems. The most relevant point pollution sources are the effluents from factories, sewage treatment plant, and public or household facilities. It was found that the most used methodology was unquestionably the monitoring activity, used in 49 of analyzed studies, accounting for 86%. Sometimes, data from historical databases were used as well. It can be seen that taking samples from the water body and then carry on laboratory work (chemical analyses) is important because it can give an understanding of the water quality. 6 papers (11%) used a method that combined monitoring data and modeling. 6 papers (11%) just applied a model to estimate the quality of water. Modeling is a useful resource when there is limited budget since some models are of free download and use. In particular, several of used models come from the U.S.A, but they have their own purposes and features, meaning that a careful application of the models to other countries and a critical discussion of the results are crucial. 5 papers (9%) focus on a method combining monitoring data and statistical analysis. When there is a huge data matrix, the researchers need an efficient way of interpretation of the information which is provided by statistics. 3 papers (5%) used a method combining monitoring data, statistical analysis and modeling. These different methods are all valuable to evaluate the water quality. It was also found that the evaluation of water quality was made as well by using other types of sampling different than water itself, and they also provide useful information to understand the condition of the water body. These additional monitoring activities are: Air sampling, sediment sampling, phytoplankton sampling and aquatic animal tissues sampling. Despite considerable progress in developing and applying control regulations to point and NPS pollution, the pollution status of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in Asian countries is not improving. In fact, this reflects the slow pace of investment in new infrastructure for pollution control and growing population pressures. Water laws or regulations and public involvement in enforcement can play a constructive and indispensable role in environmental protection. In the near future, in order to protect water from further contamination, rapid action is highly needed to control the various kinds of effluents in one region. Environmental remediation and treatment of industrial effluent and municipal wastewaters is essential. It is also important to prevent the direct input of agricultural and mine site runoff. Finally, stricter environmental regulation for water quality is required to support protection and management strategies. It would have been possible to get further information based in the 57 sample of papers. For instance, it would have been interesting to compare the level of concentrations of some pollutants in the diferente Asian countries. However the limit of three months duration for this study prevented further work to take place. In spite of this, the study objectives were achieved: the work provided an overview of the most relevant water quality problems in rivers, lakes and reservoirs in Asian countries, and also listed and analyzed the most common methodologies.
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica na Área de Especialização de Energia
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia
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Trabalho de Dissertação de natureza científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Estruturas
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Vias de Comunicação e Transportes
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Vias de Comunicação e Transportes
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Mestrado em Contabilidade e Análise Financeira
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Mestrado em Controlo e Gestão e dos Negócios
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Mestrado em Contabilidade Internacional
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Nós, os animais, vemos e movemo-nos! A troca parcial ou completa de predicados entre animais humanos e animais não humanos é, hoje, uma actividade comum, à primeira vista devedora do uso generoso de figuras de retórica e da amizade humana, correspondida ou não, apesar de, como é do conhecimento comum, o cão ser o melhor amigo do homem.
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É consensual que as atitudes e os comportamentos dos professores são um dos fatores que influenciam a postura das crianças nos mais diversos aspetos da sua vida quotidiana. As conceções e representações acerca dos animais não são por isso exceção a este princípio. Este estudo procurou comparar as perceções de 210 crianças do 3.º e do 4.º ano provenientes de 6 escolas da região de Lisboa e do Porto com as de 82 estudantes do Curso de Mestrado em Ensino do 1.º do 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Para tal, foi aplicado um mesmo questionário que contemplava 25 animais, sendo os sujeitos convidados a manifestar o seu grau de simpatia através de uma escala que variava entre 7 e -7. O questionário foi devidamente validado e pilotado antes da sua aplicação. Para cada animal foi calculado o valor médio obtido e o desvio padrão em cada uma das amostras consideradas. Os resultados impressionam pela sua similaridade, quer a nível do ranking final dos animais quer daqueles que apresentam um maior valor de desvio padrão. A título de exemplo, dos cinco animais mais apreciados quatro foram os mesmos nas crianças e nos adultos, e a mesma tendência se verificou entre os menos apreciados. De igual modo, três dos animais cujos resultados apresentaram um maior desvio-padrão foram os mesmos. Após a apresentação destes resultados aos alunos que frequentaram a unidade curricular de Didática das Ciências da Natureza do referido curso no ano letivo de 2011/2012, e que igualmente fizeram parte da amostra, foram delineados pequenos projetos de intervenção que visaram melhorar a imagem de alguns dos animais. O principal objetivo destes projetos foi desde logo proporcionar uma maior compreensão do papel ecológico dos animais menos queridos e proporcionar formas de abordar esse papel com as crianças do 1.º e do 2.º ciclo. Simultaneamente, procurou-se que o trabalho desenvolvido fosse suficientemente marcante nos estudantes do ensino superior para que os mesmos evitassem no futuro muitas das ideias negativas que osprofessores transmitem em relação a alguns animais em contexto de sala de aula, muitas delas no âmbito do denominado currículo oculto
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Dissertação de Natureza Científica elabora da no âmbito do protocolo de cooperação entre o ISEL e o LNEC para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Mestrado em Controlo de Gestão e dos Negócios
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado elaborado no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil pelo Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa no âmbito do protocolo de Cooperação entre o ISEL e o LNEC