Interface roughness in short-period InGaAs/InP superlattices

Electron mobility was studied in lattice-matched short-period InGaAs/InP superlattices as a function of the width of the wells. The decreasing mobility with decreasing well width was shown to occur due to the interface roughness. The roughnesses of InGaAs/InP and GaAs/AlGaAs interfaces were compared. Much smoother InGaAs/InP interfaces resulted in higher electron mobility limited by interface roughness.

Generation of nonground-state Bose-Einstein condensates by modulating atomic interactions

A technique is proposed for creating nonground-state Bose-Einstein condensates in a trapping potential by means of the temporal modulation of atomic interactions. Applying a time-dependent spatially homogeneous magnetic field modifies the atomic scattering length. A modulation of the scattering length excites the condensate, which, under special conditions, can be transferred to an excited nonlinear coherent mode. It is shown that a phase-transition-like behavior occurs in the time-averaged population imbalance between the ground and excited states. The application of the technique is analyzed and it is shown that the considered effect can be realized for experimentally available condensates.

Spectroscopic evidence of extended states in the quantized Hall phase of weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs multilayers

The influence of interlayer coupling on the formation of the quantized Hall phase at the filling factor nu=2 was studied in multilayer GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. The disorder broadened Gaussian photoluminescence line due to localized electrons was found in the quantized Hall phase of the isolated multi-quanturn-well structure. On the other hand, the quantized Hall phase of weakly coupled multilayers emitted an unexpected asymmetrical line similar to that observed in metallic electron systems. We demonstrated that the observed asymmetry is caused by the partial population of extended electron states formed in the insulating quantized Hall phase due to spin-assisted interlayer percolation. A sharp decrease in the single-particle scattering time associated with these extended states was observed for the filling factor nu=2. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2978194]

Crystallization and preliminary structural analysis of the giant haemoglobin from Glossoscolex paulistus at 3.2 angstrom

Glossoscolex paulistus is a free-living earthworm encountered in south-east Brazil. Its oxygen transport requirements are undertaken by a giant extracellular haemoglobin, or erythrocruorin (HbGp), which has an approximate molecular mass of 3.6 MDa and, by analogy with its homologue from Lumbricus terrestris (HbLt), is believed to be composed of a total of 180 polypeptide chains. In the present work the full 3.6 MDa particle in its cyanomet state was purified and crystallized using sodium citrate or PEG8000 as precipitant. The crystals contain one-quarter of the full particle in the asymmetric unit of the I222 cell and have parameters of a = 270.8 angstrom, b = 320.3 angstrom and c = 332.4 angstrom. Diffraction data were collected to 3.15 angstrom using synchrotron radiation on beamline X29A at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and represent the highest resolution data described to date for similar erythrocruorins. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using a search model corresponding to one-twelfth of its homologue from HbLt. This revealed that HbGp belongs to the type I class of erythrocruorins and provided an interpretable initial electron density map in which many features including the haem groups and disulfide bonds could be identified.

Effect of Mn concentration and atomic structure on the magnetic properties of Ge thin films

This work reports on the magnetic properties of Ge(100-x)Mn(x) (x=0-24 at. %) films prepared by cosputtering a Ge+Mn target and submitted to cumulative thermal annealing treatments up to 500 degrees C. Both as-deposited and annealed films were investigated by means of compositional analysis, Raman scattering spectroscopy, magnetic force microscopy, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, and electrical resistivity measurements. All as-deposited films (either pure or containing Mn) exhibit an amorphous structure, which changes to crystalline as the annealing treatments are performed at increasing temperatures. In fact, the magnetic properties of the present Ge(100-x)Mn(x) films are very sensitive to the Mn content and whether their atomic structure is amorphous or crystalline. More specifically: whereas the amorphous Ge(100-x)Mn(x) films (with high x) present a characteristic spin glass behavior at low temperature; after crystallization, the films (with moderate Mn contents) are ferromagnetic at room temperature. Moreover, the magnetic behavior of the films scales with their Mn concentration and tends to be more pronounced after crystallization. Finally, the semiconducting behavior of the films, experienced by previous optical studies, was confirmed through electrical measurements, which also indicate the dependence of the resistivity with the atomic composition of the films. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3520661]

The role of quantum confinement and crystalline structure on excitonic lifetimes in silicon nanoclusters

The emission energy dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) decay rate at room temperature has been studied in Si nanoclusters (Si-ncl) embedded in Si oxide matrices obtained by thermal annealing of substoichiometric Si oxide layers Si(y)O(1-y), y=(0.36,0.39,0.42), at various annealing temperatures (T(a)) and gas atmospheres. Raman scattering measurements give evidence for the formation of amorphous Si-ncl at T(a)=900 degrees C and of crystalline Si-ncl for T(a)=1000 degrees C and 1100 degrees C. For T(a)=1100 degrees C, the energy dispersion of the PL decay rate does not depend on sample fabrication conditions and follows previously reported behavior. For lower T(a), the rate becomes dependent on fabrication conditions and less energy dispersive. The effects are attributed to exciton localization and decoherence leading to the suppression of quantum confinement and the enhancement of nonradiative recombination in disordered and amorphous Si-ncl. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3457900]

Ultrasensitive thermal lens spectroscopy of water

A recently developed dual-beam configuration that optimizes the thermal lens technique has been used to obtain the absorption spectrum of pure water from 350 to 528 nm. Our results indicate the minimum linear absorption coefficient smaller than 2 X 10(-5) cm(-1) between 360 and 400 nm. This value is lower than previous literature data, and it is blueshifted. Absorption coefficients as small as 2 X 10(-7) cm(-1) can be measured for water using 1 W of excitation power. A detection limit of similar to 6 X 10(-9) cm(-1) (P=1 W) for CCl(4) was estimated, which represents, to the best of our knowledge, the highest sensitivity obtained in small absorption measurements in liquids. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Spin-polarized current and shot noise in the presence of spin flip in a quantum dot via nonequilibrium Green's functions

Using nonequilibrium Green's functions we calculate the spin-polarized current and shot noise in a ferromagnet-quantum-dot-ferromagnet system. Both parallel (P) and antiparallel (AP) magnetic configurations are considered. Coulomb interaction and coherent spin flip (similar to a transverse magnetic field) are taken into account within the dot. We find that the interplay between Coulomb interaction and spin accumulation in the dot can result in a bias-dependent current polarization p. In particular, p can be suppressed in the P alignment and enhanced in the AP case depending on the bias voltage. The coherent spin flip can also result in a switch of the current polarization from the emitter to the collector lead. Interestingly, for a particular set of parameters it is possible to have a polarized current in the collector and an unpolarized current in the emitter lead. We also found a suppression of the Fano factor to values well below 0.5.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of recombinant chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida

Chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida (Pp 1,2-CCD) is considered to be an important biotechnological tool owing to its ability to process a broad spectrum of organic pollutants. In the current work, the crystallization, crystallographic characterization and phasing of the recombinant Pp 1,2-CCD enzyme are described. Reddish-brown crystals were obtained in the presence of polyethylene glycol and magnesium acetate by utilizing the vapour-diffusion technique in sitting drops. Crystal dehydration was the key step in obtaining data sets, which were collected on the D03B-MX2 beamline at the CNPEM/MCT - LNLS using a MAR CCD detector. Pp 1,2-CCD crystals belonged to space group P6(1)22 and the crystallographic structure of Pp 1,2-CCD has been solved by the MR-SAD technique using Fe atoms as scattering centres and the coordinates of 3-chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Rhodococcus opacus (PDB entry 2boy) as the search model. The initial model, which contains three molecules in the asymmetric unit, has been refined to 3.4 A resolution.

Microstructuration induced differences in the thermo-optical and luminescence properties of Nd:YAG fine grain ceramics and crystals

The temperature and compositional dependences of thermo- optical properties of neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystals and fine grain ceramics have been systematically investigated by means of time- resolved thermal lens spectrometry. We have found that Nd:YAG ceramics show a reduced thermal diffusivity compared to Nd:YAG single crystals in the complete temperature range investigated (80-300 K). The analysis of the time- resolved luminescent properties of Nd(3+) has revealed that the reduction in the phonon mean free path taking place in Nd:YAG ceramics cannot be associated with an increment in the density of lattice defects, indicating that phonon scattering at grain boundaries is the origin of the observed reduction in the thermal diffusivity of Nd: YAG ceramics. Finally, our results showed the ability of the time- resolved thermal lens to determine and optimize the thermo- optical properties of Nd: YAG ceramic based lasers. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2975335]

Influence of film thickness on the crystallization of Ni-doped amorphous silicon samples

This work reports on the crystallization of amorphous silicon (a-Si) films doped with 1 at. % of nickel. The films, with thicknesses ranging from 10 to 3000 nm, were deposited using the cosputtering method onto crystalline quartz substrates. In order to investigate the crystallization mechanism in detail, a series of undoped a-Si films prepared under the same deposition conditions were also studied. After deposition, all a-Si films were submitted to isochronal thermal annealing treatments up to 1000 degrees C and analyzed by Raman scattering spectroscopy. Based on the present experimental results, it is possible to state that (a) when compared to the undoped a-Si films, those containing 1 at. % of Ni crystallize at temperatures similar to 100 degrees C lower, and that (b) the film thickness influences the temperature of crystallization that, in principle, tends to be lower in films thinner than 1000 nm. The possible reasons associated to these experimental observations are presented and discussed in view of some experimental and thermodynamic aspects involved in the formation of ordered Si-Si bonds and in the development of Ni-silicide phases. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Free-fall in a uniform gravitational field in noncommutative quantum mechanics

We study the free-fall of a quantum particle in the context of noncommutative quantum mechanics (NCQM). Assuming noncommutativity of the canonical type between the coordinates of a two-dimensional configuration space, we consider a neutral particle trapped in a gravitational well and exactly solve the energy eigenvalue problem. By resorting to experimental data from the GRANIT experiment, in which the first energy levels of freely falling quantum ultracold neutrons were determined, we impose an upper-bound on the noncommutativity parameter. We also investigate the time of flight of a quantum particle moving in a uniform gravitational field in NCQM. This is related to the weak equivalence principle. As we consider stationary, energy eigenstates, i.e., delocalized states, the time of flight must be measured by a quantum clock, suitably coupled to the particle. By considering the clock as a small perturbation, we solve the (stationary) scattering problem associated and show that the time of flight is equal to the classical result, when the measurement is made far from the turning point. This result is interpreted as an extension of the equivalence principle to the realm of NCQM. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3466812]

Characterization of Yeast Extracellular Vesicles: Evidence for the Participation of Different Pathways of Cellular Traffic in Vesicle Biogenesis

Background: Extracellular vesicles in yeast cells are involved in the molecular traffic across the cell wall. In yeast pathogens, these vesicles have been implicated in the transport of proteins, lipids, polysaccharide and pigments to the extracellular space. Cellular pathways required for the biogenesis of yeast extracellular vesicles are largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: We characterized extracellular vesicle production in wild type (WT) and mutant strains of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using transmission electron microscopy in combination with light scattering analysis, lipid extraction and proteomics. WT cells and mutants with defective expression of Sec4p, a secretory vesicle-associated Rab GTPase essential for Golgi-derived exocytosis, or Snf7p, which is involved in multivesicular body (MVB) formation, were analyzed in parallel. Bilayered vesicles with diameters at the 100-300 nm range were found in extracellular fractions from yeast cultures. Proteomic analysis of vesicular fractions from the cells aforementioned and additional mutants with defects in conventional secretion pathways (sec1-1, fusion of Golgi-derived exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane; bos1-1, vesicle targeting to the Golgi complex) or MVB functionality (vps23, late endosomal trafficking) revealed a complex and interrelated protein collection. Semi-quantitative analysis of protein abundance revealed that mutations in both MVB- and Golgi-derived pathways affected the composition of yeast extracellular vesicles, but none abrogated vesicle production. Lipid analysis revealed that mutants with defects in Golgi-related components of the secretory pathway had slower vesicle release kinetics, as inferred from intracellular accumulation of sterols and reduced detection of these lipids in vesicle fractions in comparison with WT cells. Conclusions/Significance: Our results suggest that both conventional and unconventional pathways of secretion are required for biogenesis of extracellular vesicles, which demonstrate the complexity of this process in the biology of yeast cells.

Poly(aniline)/poly(methylmethacrylate) films obtained from waterborne latex nanoparticles

This paper presents the characterization of poly(aniline) (PANI) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) coatings obtained by mixing PANI with PMMA aqueous dispersions (latex particles). These dispersions were characterized by using dynamic light scattering for sizing, zeta-potential analysis and thermal analysis. PMMA and PANI/PMMA dispersions show negative charged particles with zeta potential greater than |40| mV, a zeta-average diameter of 64 nm for pure PMMA and a bi-modal particle-size distribution centered at 45 and 120 nm for a mixture with 25% w/w of PANI. Films obtained by casting were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy and they show a conductivity increase upon PANI content reaching a value of 1 mS cm(-1) for a film with 25% w/w of PANI. In addition, Raman spectroscopy have shown the presence of the conducting form of PANI in the films and cyclic voltammetry experiments corroborated that they are electroactive in both acid and neutral solutions.

Low-frequency Raman spectra and fragility of imidazolium ionic liquids

Raman spectra within the 5-200 cm(-1) range have been recorded as a function of temperature for different ionic liquids based on imidazolium cations. A correlation has been found between fragility and the temperature dependence of the strength of fast relaxational motions. Understanding quasielastic scattering as the relaxational contribution to ionic mean-squared displacement elucidates some effects on ionic liquids' fragility resulting from modifications in the chemical structure. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3462962]