A compact difference scheme for numerical solutions of second order dual-phase-lagging models of microscale heat transfer

Dual-phase-lagging (DPL) models constitute a family of non-Fourier models of heat conduction that allow for the presence of time lags in the heat flux and the temperature gradient. These lags may need to be considered when modeling microscale heat transfer, and thus DPL models have found application in the last years in a wide range of theoretical and technical heat transfer problems. Consequently, analytical solutions and methods for computing numerical approximations have been proposed for particular DPL models in different settings. In this work, a compact difference scheme for second order DPL models is developed, providing higher order precision than a previously proposed method. The scheme is shown to be unconditionally stable and convergent, and its accuracy is illustrated with numerical examples.

Application of Mathieu functions for the study of non-slanted reflection gratings

In this work we prensent an analysis of non-slanted reflection gratings by using exact solution of the second order differential equation derived from Maxwell equations, in terms of Mathieu functions. The results obtained by using this method will be compared to those obtained by using the well known Kogelnik's Coupled Wave Theory which predicts with great accuracy the response of the efficieny of the zero and first order for volume phase gratings, for both reflection and transmission gratings.

Nuevas herramientas para el estudio de la interacción entre especies en el espacio y en el tiempo

Las funciones de segundo orden son cada vez más empleadas en el análisis de procesos ecológicos. En este trabajo presentamos dos funciones de 2º orden desarrolladas recientemente que permiten analizar la interacción espacio-temporal entre dos especies o tipos funcionales de individuos. Estas funciones han sido desarrolladas para el estudio de interacciones entre especies en masas forestales a partir de la actual distribución diamétrica de los árboles. La primera de ellas es la función bivariante para procesos de puntos con marca Krsmm, que permite analizar la correlación espacial de una variable entre los individuos pertenecientes a dos especies en función de la distancia. La segunda es la función de reemplazo , que permite analizar la asociación entre los individuos pertenecientes a dos especies en función de la diferencia entre sus diámetros u otra variable asociada a dichos individuos. Para mostrar el comportamiento de ambas funciones en el análisis de sistemas forestales en los que operan diferentes procesos ecológicos se presentan tres casos de estudio: una masa mixta de Pinus pinea L. y Pinus pinaster Ait. en la Meseta Norte, un bosque de niebla de la Región Tropical Andina y el ecotono entre las masas de Quercus pyrenaica Willd. y Pinus sylvestris L. en el Sistema Central, en los que tanto la función Krsmm como la función r se utilizan para analizar la dinámica forestal a partir de parcelas experimentales con todos los árboles localizados y de parcelas de inventario.

Phagocytosis of Photoreceptor Outer Segments by Transplanted Human Neural Stem Cells as a Neuroprotective Mechanism in Retinal Degeneration

Purpose. Transplantation of human central nervous system stem cells (HuCNS-SC) into the subretinal space of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats preserves photoreceptors and visual function. To explore possible mechanism(s) of action underlying this neuroprotective effect, we performed a detailed morphologic and ultrastructure analysis of HuCNS-SC transplanted retinas. Methods. The HuCNS-SC were transplanted into the subretinal space of RCS rats. Histologic examination of the transplanted retinas was performed by light and electron microscopy. Areas of the retina adjacent to HuCNS-SC graft (treated regions) were analyzed and compared to control sections obtained from the same retina, but distant from the transplant site (untreated regions). Results. The HuCNS-SC were detected as a layer of STEM 121 immunopositive cells in the subretinal space. In treated regions, preserved photoreceptor nuclei, as well as inner and outer segments were identified readily. In contrast, classic signs of degeneration were observed in the untreated regions. Interestingly, detailed ultrastructure analysis revealed a striking preservation of the photoreceptor–bipolar–horizontal cell synaptic contacts in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of treated areas, in stark contrast with untreated areas. Finally, the presence of phagosomes and vesicles exhibiting the lamellar structure of outer segments also was detected within the cytosol of HuCNS-SC, indicating that these cells have phagocytic capacity in vivo. Conclusions. This study reveals the novel finding that preservation of specialized synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and second order neurons, as well as phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, are potential mechanism(s) of HuCNS-SC transplantation, mediating functional rescue in retinal degeneration.

Removal of 8-quinolinecarboxylic acid pesticide from aqueous solution by adsorption on activated montmorillonites

Sodium montmorillonite (Na-M), acidic montmorillonite (H-M), and organo-acidic montmorillonite (Org-H-M) were applied to remove the herbicide 8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (8-QCA). The montmorillonites containing adsorbed 8-QCA were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray fluorescence thermogravimetric analysis, and physical adsorption of gases. Experiments showed that the amount of adsorbed 8-QCA increased at lower pH, reaching a maximum at pH 2. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir model provided the best correlation of experimental data for adsorption equilibria. The adsorption of 8-QCA decreased in the order Org-H-M > H-M > Na-M. Isotherms were also used to obtain the thermodynamic parameters. The negative values of ΔG indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process.