Alilación diastereoselectiva de N-terc-butilsulfinil iminas con bromuros alílicos: aplicación a la síntesis de heterociclos nitrogenados benzocondensados

En la presente Memoria se ha estudiado la adición estereoselectiva de diferentes bromuros alílicos mediada por indio a diferentes N-terc-butilsulfiniliminas (tBSiminas), pudiendo participar algunos de los derivados de aminas homoalílicas obtenidos en estos procesos en reacciones de ciclación intramolecular, a través de una N-arilación o una reacción de Heck, para acceder de manera estereoselectiva a estructuras más complejas. Finalmente, se ha demostrado la utilidad sintética de la metodología desarrollada aplicándola a la síntesis de algunos productos naturales y sus derivados. La Discusión de resultados aquí presentada se ha estructurado en las siguientes partes: - Alilación diastereoselectiva de tBS-cetiminas. La alilación de diferentes tBScetiminas con bromuro de alilo en presencia de indio a reflujo de THF dio lugar a los correspondientes derivados de homoalil aminas 5 con buenos rendimientos, en general, variando la diastereoselectividad encontrada con la naturaleza de las tBScetiminas de partida. Las relaciones diastereoméricas en el caso de las cetiminas aromáticas fueron moderadas (75:25-85:15 rd), teniendo lugar la alilación con total diastereoselectividad en el caso de las iminas alifáticas derivadas de metil cetonas (>98:2 rd). Por otro lado la diastereoselectividad fue baja en la alilación de iminas α,β-insaturadas no cíclicas y sorprendentemente muy elevada en los sistemas cíclicos de seis (5j) y siete (5k) eslabones (92:8 y 94:6 rd, respectivamente). - Alilación diastereoselectiva de tBS-iminas con bromuros alílicos sustituidos. La adición de reactivos de alilindio, generados a partir de bromuro de crotilo e indio, a tBS-aldiminas y –cetiminas se produjo con prácticamente total diastereoselectividad facial y buenas relaciones diastereoméricas anti/sin en el caso de tBS-iminas derivadas de benzaldehídos sustituidos y de cetonas. Sin embargo, la diastereoselectividad anti/sin fue prácticamente nula en el caso de los derivados de aldehídos alifáticos lineales. También se encontró que la adición mediada por indio de bromuro de ciclohexenilo a tBS-cetiminas tuvo lugar con alta diastereoselectividad. - Aplicaciones sintéticas de homoalilaminas con un grupo o-bromoarilo en su estructura. El tratamiento de diferentes derivados de homoalilamina 5 y 9 con un anillo aromático en su estructura, que porta a su vez en posición orto un átomo de bromo, bajo condiciones de reacción tipo Heck catalizadas por Pd, llevó a la formación de los compuestos cíclicos esperados de 5, 6 y 7 eslabones con buenos rendimientos. A su vez, también fue posible llevar a cabo la síntesis de diferentes compuestos heterocíclicos benzocondensados a través de reacciones de N-arilación intramolecular, catalizadas bien por compuestos de Cu o de Pd, en compuestos nitrogenados que portan anillos aromáticos orto-bromo sustituidos. - Síntesis estereoselectiva de alcaloides 2–alquiltetrahidroquinolínicos. Se llevó a cabo la síntesis de los productos naturales (–)-angustureína y (–)-cuspareína, siendo el primer paso de reacción en ambos casos la adición de reactivos organomagnesianos a las tBS-aldiminas 8p y ent-8p. Las síntesis se completaron tras 3 etapas adicionales: desulfinilación, N-arilación intramolecular y N-metilación, siendo los rendimientos globales del 49% y 17% respectivamente. También se preparó de manera alternativa la (–)-angustureína a partir de la N-metil-2-aliltetrahidroquinolina (23p) tras metátesis cruzada con (E)-3-hexeno e hidrogenación catalítica posterior del doble enlace olefínico. Por último y a partir del compuesto 23p, tras acoplamiento tipo Heck con 4-bromoveratrol, se llevó a cabo la síntesis de un derivado (24p) de la (–)-cuspareína.

Multicomponent synthesis of unnatural pyrrolizidines using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of proline esters

The synthesis of unnatural pyrrolizidines has been studied using a multicomponent-domino process involving proline or 4-hydroxyproline esters, an aldehyde and a dipolarophile. The formation of the iminium salt promotes the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition affording highly substituted pyrrolizidines under mild conditions and high regio- and diastereoselectivities.

Synthetic scope and DFT analysis of the chiral binap-gold (I) complex-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azlactones with alkenes

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between glycine-derived azlactones with maleimides is efficiently catalyzed by the dimeric chiral complex [(Sa)-Binap·AuTFA]2. The alanine-derived oxazolone only reacts with tert-butyl acrylate giving anomalous regiochemistry, which is explained and supported by Natural Resonance Theory and Nucleus Independent Chemical Shifts calculations. The origin of the high enantiodiscrimination observed with maleimides and tert-butyl acrylate is analyzed using DFT computed at M06/Lanl2dz//ONIOM(b3lyp/Lanl2dz:UFF) level. Several applications of these cycloadducts in the synthesis of new proline derivatives with a 2,5-trans-arrangement and in the preparation of complex fused polycyclic molecules are described.

Chiral β-amino alcohols as ligands for the ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of N-phosphinyl ketimines

Some chiral β-amino alcohols have been evaluated as potential ligands for the ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of N-phosphinyl ketimines in isopropyl alcohol. The ruthenium complex prepared from [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 and (1S,2R)-1-amino-2-indanol has shown to be an efficient catalyst for the ATH of several N-(diphenylphosphinyl)imines, affording the reduction products in very good isolated yields and enantiomeric excesses up to 82%. The inherent rigidity of the indane ring system present in the ligand seems to be very important to achieve good enantioselectivities.

Enantioselective alkylation of β-keto esters promoted by dimeric Cinchona-derived ammonium salts as recoverable organocatalysts

Dimeric anthracenyldimethyl-derived Cinchona ammonium salts are used as chiral organocatalysts in 5 mol% for the phase-transfer enantioselective alkylation reaction of 2-alkoxycarbonyl-1-indanones with activated bromides. The corresponding adducts bearing a new all-carbon quaternary center are obtained usually in high yield and with moderate and opposite enantioselectivity (up to 55%) when using ammonium salts derived from quinidine and its pseudoenantiomer quinine as organocatalysts. These catalysts can be almost quantitatively recovered by precipitation in ether and reused.

Isoprene-mediated lithiation of imidazole derivatives: mechanism considerations

The isoprene-mediated lithiation, with lithium metal, of different imidazole derivatives is an interesting methodology for their functionalization. Studies of different possible intermediates involved in the reaction employing density functional theory calculations, at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level are considered. A plausible mechanism is described, in which isoprene is reduced, to the corresponding radical anion, in the presence of Li(s), acting then as a base deprotonating N-methylimidazole (NMI) and producing the 1,1-dimethylallyl radical. This radical is further reduced by the excess of lithium proceeding once more as a base. This final step produces stable final products that compensate the previous equilibriums, making favourable the whole process.

Enantioselective catalytic lithiation using a chiral binaphthyl derivative as electron carrier

The lithiation, of the secondary chloride 2, catalyzed by binaphthyl derivatives, i.e. BINAM 4, BINOL 5, BINAP 6, H8-BINAP 7, Tol-BINAP 8, 2,2’-bis(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,1’-binaphthalene 9, and 2,2’-dimethyl-1,1’-binaphthalene 11, in the presence of different ketones has been studied, yielding the corresponding alcohol derivatives 3 and 12-16 in moderate to good yields. Binaphthyl derivative 11 has revealed to be very active as catalyst in the lithiation process at room temperature, and has allowed the preparation of the alcohol derivatives with enantioselectivities up to 50%.

Heterocyclic carbene–metal-catalyzed Csp2–Csp2 and Csp–Csp2 couplings using nonmetallic substrates

The use of carbene ligands for transition-metal complexes has been developed in the last decades, being of special interest those carbenes derived from a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic system. An interesting variety of carbene-metal complexes has been tested in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction. In comparison, few examples can be found for the Matsuda-Heck version of this coupling reaction. Additionally, the Sonogashira coupling has been also catalyzed with different carbene-metal catalysts.

A Highly Efficient Solvent-Free Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reaction Organocatalyzed by Recoverable (s)-Binam-L-Prolinamides. ESI-MS Evidence of the Enamine-Iminium Formation

Recoverable (Sa)-binam-l-prolinamide in combination with benzoic acid is used as catalysts in the direct aldol reaction between cycloalkyl, alkyl, and α-functionalized ketones and aldehydes under solvent-free reaction conditions. Three different methods are assayed: simple conventional magnetic stirring, magnetic stirring after previous dissolution in THF and evaporation, and ball mill technique. These procedures allow one to reduce not only the amount of required ketone to 2 equiv but also the reaction time to give the aldol products with regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities comparable to those in organic or aqueous solvents. Generally anti-isomers are mainly obtained with enantioselectivities up to 97%. The reaction can be carried out under these conditions also using aldehydes as nucleophiles, yielding after in situ reduction of the aldol products the corresponding chiral 1,3-diols with moderate to high enantioselectivities mainly as anti-isomers. The aldol reaction has been studied by the use of positive ESI-MS technique, providing the evidence of the formation of the corresponding enamine−iminium intermediates.

Aqueous organocatalyzed aldol reaction of glyoxylic acid for the enantioselective synthesis of α-hydroxy-γ-keto acids

N-Tosyl-(Sa)-binam-L-prolinamide is an efficient catalyst for the aqueous aldol reaction, between glyoxylic acid, as monohydrate or aqueous solution, and ketones. This reaction led to the formation of chiral α-hydroxy-γ-keto carboxylic acids in high levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivities achieving mainly anti aldol products.

Domino 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of N-Alkyl-α-Amino Esters with Paraformaldehyde: A Direct Access to α-Hydroxymethyl α-Amino Acids

N-Alkyl-α-amino esters undergo a domino reaction, based on the iminium cation generation, with paraformaldehyde, followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the stabilized azometh­ine ylide with another equivalent of formaldehyde. The resulting products are oxazolidines, which can be transformed after hydrolysis into α-hydroxymethyl α-amino acid or its derivatives. The diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was performed using sarcosine (–)-menthyl or (–)-8-phenylmenthyl esters affording the cyclic product with moderate enantiomeric ratio.

Coinage Metal Complexes as Chiral Catalysts for 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

In this account, we describe the experience of our research group in the implementation of chiral coinage metal complexes into the efficient enantioselective 1,3-DC of azomethine ylides derived from α-amino acids and azlactones with different dipolarophiles. The corresponding chiral metallodipoles were generated in situ and next focused on the synthesis of highly substituted prolines. For this purpose, privileged ligands such as phosphoramidites and binap with silver(I), gold(I) and copper(II) salts are described. Depending from the ligand and mainly from the metal salt it can be possible to control the facial endo/exo-diasteroselectivity and the enantioselectivity of these types of processes. The synthetic processes are also supported by DFT calculations in order to elucidate the most plausible mechanism and the stereochemical results.

Enantioselective Michael addition of isobutyraldehyde to nitroalkenes organocatalyzed by chiral primary amine-guanidines

Primary amine-guanidines derived from trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamines are used as organocatalysts for the enantioselective conjugate addition of isobutyraldehyde to arylated and heteroarylated nitroalkenes. The reaction was performed in the presence of imidazole as the additive in aqueous DMF as the solvent at 0 °C. The corresponding Michael adducts bearing a new stereocenter were obtained in high yields and with enantioselectivities of up to 80%. Theoretical calculations are used to justify the observed sense of the stereoinduction.

Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditons of Stabilized Azomethine Ylides with Nitroalkenes

This review highlights the biological importance of many polysubstituted nitro-prolines and -pyrrolidines. Their preparation using asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides with nitroalkenes using diastereoselective and enantioselective strategies is described remarking the scope and main features of each one.