Factores afectivos e desempenho cognitivo na aprendizagem linguística

Neste trabalho foram cumpridos dois estudos intencionalmente diferenciados para avaliar factores afectivos e desempenho cognitivo no contexto de comportamento verbal em Língua segunda. No primeiro estudo foram descritos, analisados e discutidos os resultados que confirmam a influência da motivação, ansiedade e estilos de aprendizagem, em condição de aquisição de nova língua e de adaptação à cultura dominante. Essa influência é discutida na relação com variados factores e atendendo à diferenciação do valor de predição de cada um dos factores mencionados. A associação do factor idade ao factor cultural revelou-se a principal fonte diferenciadora das autoavaliações observadas. No segundo estudo, com a aplicação da bateria de testes em formato electrónico, foi possível averiguar os resultados e discutir as suas implicações ao nível do desempenho dos sujeitos, corroborando e refutando pressupostos teóricos de modelos que versam nesta área de estudo. O desempenho observado tem sérias implicações na reflexão pedagógica e práctica escolar, uma vez que, de forma geral, os sujeitos mais novos exibiram um desempenho medíocre quando comparado com a performance muito positiva dos participantes mais velhos, gerando conflito em relação aos pressupostos práticos implicados na teoria do período sensível para desenvolvimento de linguagem. Por outro lado, as duas amostras (nativos e imigrantes) revelam desempenhos muito próximos o que não destaca, como seria de esperar, o grupo nativo que deveria evidenciar vantagem devido ao conhecimento mais elevado relativamente ao léxico e gramática do Português, como Língua Materna. A relação entre motivação favorável, fraco índice de ansiedade linguística, e bom desempenho cognitivo não se revela linear e taxativa e devem ser revistos os princípios de modelos teóricos que advogam a consonância clássica entre determinados factores afectivos (motivação e estilos de aprendizagem) e cognitivos, no contexto da competência e performance verbais. Considerando os materiais desenvolvidos e observando os resultados obtidos, este estudo viabiliza o acesso a uma nova oportunidade de avaliação, em estilo de diagnose, dirigida aos alunos aprendentes de Português Língua Segunda, com experiência migratória.

A liderança das chefias intermédias da administração local

As mudanças que se verificam no seio da Administração Local implicam que os seus dirigentes desenvolvam um trabalho inovador na forma como conduzem as pessoas. Logo, é necessário aferir acerca das competências de liderança dos actuais dirigentes intermédios para fazer face à mutação dos procedimentos. Neste estudo, a abordagem ao tema da liderança inicia-se com uma pequena resenha histórica dos estilos de liderança. Posteriormente é abordado o tema da motivação, definindo o seu conceito, apresentando diversas teorias e explicitando as motivações extrínsecas, intrínsecas e transcendentes. É ainda considerada a adequação da proposta de Julian Le Grand sobre motivação nos serviços públicos ao novo paradigma da Administração Pública. Assim, a presente dissertação tem como objecto de estudo relacionar o estilo de liderança adoptado pelas chefias intermédias da Administração Local (pressupondo que é Transformacional) e a motivação dos seus subordinados. Os dados foram recolhidos através de questionários. Os resultados mostram que o estilo de liderança das chefias intermédias é transformacional existindo uma relação positiva entre esta e a motivação dos colaboradores. A promoção da aceitação de objectivos é a característica crucial para transmitir a missão da organização e motivar os colaboradores. Verificou-se, ainda, que os actuais líderes também possuem características da liderança transaccional e usam-na quando necessário. ABSTRACT: Changes in Local Administration ask for leaders who develop innovative work in how they lead people. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the intermediate managers’ leadership skills when facing procedures mutations. In this study, the approach on leadership begins with a small historical review of leadership styles. Afterwards, motivation is studied through the definition of its concept, presenting several theories and explaining extrinsic, intrinsic and transcendent types of motivation. Julian Le Grand’s approach on motivation in public services is also adapted to the new paradigm of Public Administration. Therefore, this dissertation’s main objective is to relate the leadership style of intermediate managers of Local Administration (assuming it is transformational) with the subordinates’ motivation. The data was collected through questionnaires. Results show that intermediate managers’ leadership style is transformational and there is a positive relationship between that and the collaborators motivations. The crucial feature on transmitting the organizations’ mission to motivate collaborators is the promotion of the acceptance of objectives. Actual leaders also develop a transactional leadership style and use it when necessary.

The analysis of political will and its role in leadership: a study of portuguese mayors

This thesis analyses the concept of Political Will, suggests its operationalization and establishes a typological theory that provides the necessary support for the diverse strategies of action of a leader. It claims that political leadership styles articulate a choice of action that results from the Political Will of a leader, which is determined by his intention and his discerned possibilities to act. One main research question guided our research: How does a political leader select and change his leadership style? The most illustrative literature on political leadership is reviewed and the characteristics of democratic governance are analyzed. This is followed by an overview of the most noteworthy theories on the theme and a claim for the need of concept coherence, given the multiplicity of the existent standpoints. After that, we concentrate on leadership styles, with a focus on the local governance context. Human action and intentionality are addressed with particular attention, as well as the motivational drivers for action, in order to advance a conceptualization of Political Will through two dimensions: intention and possibility. This analysis led to a number of relevant propositions: (1) Political Will ‘exists’ when the agent has the intent and the possibility to act; (2) these two dimensions ‘translate’ simultaneously what the agent believes he must do and can do; (3) Intention and possibility reflect diverse but limited worldviews; (4) political leadership styles result from the agent’s Political Will; (5) different combinations of the expected and actual worldviews result in different leadership styles; and (6) political leadership styles can change accordingly to several strategies which allow conformity or reflect reaction to worldviews. We suggested the operationalization of the two dimensions of Political Will through the analytical tool of Grid-group Theory, which provided the identification of the heuristic devices that allowed further comprehension on the subjectivity of the agent’s choice. Four standard property spaces – representing four types of leadership styles – result from a preliminary approach to this process. Afterwards, and because these dimensions operate simultaneously, we advance on the analysis and suggest some plausible heuristical conflicts to happen and describe which consequences, strategies and type migrations are conceivable. An inclusive and more complete set of resulting property spaces renders fourteen different types of leadership styles and sixty different predictable causal paths that result from the expected migration strategies. Case-studies were conducted as plausibility probes designed to provide improvements to our theoretical claims and addressed the cases we selected for research purposes: Portuguese Mayors. The findings from five case studies are discussed and the probable impact and congruence of each with the theoretical claims are assessed. The communalities of the causal mechanisms related to the function of intention and possibility as the dimensions of Political Will and their role in explaining different leadership styles are, finally, addressed. To conclude, we advance some repercussions, mainly in the public policies field of research, and suggest a number of different and necessary paths for further work.

Sources, signification and genre stability in American Film Noir

O conceito film noir é manifestamente complexo de ser definido. Atendendo a que não existe um estudo verdadeiramente completo sobre a estilística do film noir, esta tese, inserida no âmbito dos Estudos Cinematográficos, pretende ser uma tentativa de exploração do conceito film noir e do género cinematográfico sob vários aspectos. Trata-se, no fundo, de uma forma de restabelecer este conceito descritivo americano, desde o início dos anos quarenta até finais dos cinquenta, através de um processo de análise iconográfica. Este projecto focaliza-se na seguinte questão de investigação: pode o film noir americano ser considerado um género cinematográfico enquanto tal? Numa primeira fase, analisam-se os contextos cinematográfico e social preexistentes no cinema noir de modo a compreender este fenómeno cinematográfico, enquanto uma extensão do movimento hard-boiled, uma cosmovisão subversiva que descaradamente se opõe aos mitos americanos da auto-promoção americana, que marcaram muitos filmes de Hollywood durante a época da Depressão. Depois, descrevem-se os movimentos culturais específicos, bem como os acontecimentos sociopolíticos da época, a psicanálise, o estruturalismo e a teoria de autor, que ajudaram a contextualizar os padrões do film noir e a forma como o conceito acabou por gradualmente penetrar na cultura americana. As películas a analisar concentrar-se-ão sobre símbolos visuais específicos e elementos cinematográficos (tais como os das técnicas de iluminação e fotografia), adoptando uma perspectiva semiótica. Através dos conceitos saussuriano de “signo” e de “ícone” perceiano, procuro demonstrar de que forma os símbolos em filmes noir constituem significados que são enfaticamente indexicais, isto é, de que maneira eles são transversais, passando de um símbolo para outro (ou evento), direccionando e coagindo a atenção do espectador. A tese conclui então que o filme noir não pode ser considerado e entendido como um género fílmico e que o seu estilo visual (o aspecto dominante do cinema noir) tem como propósito acentuar o desencanto sentido no rescaldo da guerra, representar os meandros da vida urbana americana e, principalmente, enfatizar a incerteza, a ansiedade e o lado obscuro da existência humana.

Privacy in next generation networks

In the modern society, communications and digital transactions are becoming the norm rather than the exception. As we allow networked computing devices into our every-day actions, we build a digital lifestyle where networks and devices enrich our interactions. However, as we move our information towards a connected digital environment, privacy becomes extremely important as most of our personal information can be found in the network. This is especially relevant as we design and adopt next generation networks that provide ubiquitous access to services and content, increasing the impact and pervasiveness of existing networks. The environments that provide widespread connectivity and services usually rely on network protocols that have few privacy considerations, compromising user privacy. The presented work focuses on the network aspects of privacy, considering how network protocols threaten user privacy, especially on next generation networks scenarios. We target the identifiers that are present in each network protocol and support its designed function. By studying how the network identifiers can compromise user privacy, we explore how these threats can stem from the identifier itself and from relationships established between several protocol identifiers. Following the study focused on identifiers, we show that privacy in the network can be explored along two dimensions: a vertical dimension that establishes privacy relationships across several layers and protocols, reaching the user, and a horizontal dimension that highlights the threats exposed by individual protocols, usually confined to a single layer. With these concepts, we outline an integrated perspective on privacy in the network, embracing both vertical and horizontal interactions of privacy. This approach enables the discussion of several mechanisms to address privacy threats on individual layers, leading to architectural instantiations focused on user privacy. We also show how the different dimensions of privacy can provide insight into the relationships that exist in a layered network stack, providing a potential path towards designing and implementing future privacy-aware network architectures.

A produção de texto escrito criativo no contexto de sala de aula : o caso dos alunos de 12/13 anos

O trabalho que se segue estuda a natureza dos textos “criativos” produzidos por alunos de 12/13 anos, em situação de sala de aula. Para o efeito seleccionámos duas turmas do Ensino Básico – 3º ciclo – de perfis diferentes e acompanhámos os sessenta alunos que se enquadravam nessa faixa etária durante um ano lectivo, seguindo a sua evolução. Centrámos o nosso estudo no aluno, como produtor do texto, preocupado em fazer o seu melhor, desenvolvendo os temas a tratar com a originalidade de que era capaz e procurando a forma adequada ao assunto e à situação. Verificámos a sua preocupação em cumprir as expectativas do professor/receptor, mas também a sua vontade de entrar em negociações, numa tentativa de integrar as expectativas do docente nos seus próprios interesses pessoais. Para a sistematização das características globais dos textos produzidos pelos alunos utilizámos o modelo de análise textual de Beaugrande & Dressler, por nos parecer adaptar-se à situação de diálogo escolar, subjacente a qualquer produção de texto em sala de aula. O levantamento das características globais dos textos dos alunos tornou evidente as suas diferenças e os seus traços de individualidade. Por isso, achámos que este estudo não estaria completo sem a complementação duma segunda parte em que procurássemos encontrar os traços estilísticos desses mesmos textos, numa tentativa de analisar a presença de algumas características de estilo colectivas, produto das preocupações comuns aos alunos, assim como alguns traços estilísticos individuais, consequência de vivências particulares. Terminaremos fazendo uma síntese dos dados obtidos e reflectindo sobre as suas implicações na situação de ensino/aprendizagem.

Mitochondrial plasticity in pathophysiological conditions

Both skeletal and cardiac muscles daily burn tremendous amounts of ATP to meet the energy requirements for contraction. So, it is not surprising that the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology, number, distribution and functionality in striated muscle are important for muscle homeostasis. In these tissues mitochondria present the added dimension of two populations, the intermyofibrillar (IMF) and the subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondria, being IMF the most abundant one. In the present thesis, the molecular mechanisms harboured in mitochondria of striated muscles were studied using animal models, to better comprehend the role of mitochondrial plasticity in several pathophysiological conditions such as aging, diabetes mellitus and bladder cancer. The comparative analysis of IMF and SS populations isolated from heart evidenced a higher respiratory chain activity of mitochondria interspersed in the contractile apparatus. The higher susceptible of SS respiratory chain complexes subunits to carbonylation, but not to nitration, seems to justify the lower respiratory chain activity observed in this mitochondrial population. Our results showed that in heart from aged mice there is an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. The age-related decrease of oxidative phosphorylation activity seems to be justified, at least partially, by the increased proneness of mitochondrial proteins as OXPHOS subunits and MnSOD to oxidative modifications. Moreover, a sedentary lifestyle seems to worsen the functional consequences of aging in heart by increasing mitochondrial proteins susceptibility to nitration. In skeletal muscle from rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin administration, we verified the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria due, at least in part, to the impairment of PQC system. Indeed, the decreased activity of AAA proteases was accompanied by the accumulation of oxidatively modified mitochondrial proteins with impact in respiratory chain activity. The diminishing of mitochondria activity also underlies cancer-induced muscle wasting. Indeed, using a rat model of chemically induced urothelial carcinoma we verified that the loss of gastrocnemius mass was related to mitochondrial dysfunction due to, at least partially, the down-regulation of PQC system involving the mitochondrial proteases paraplegin and Lon. PQC impairment resulted in the accumulation of oxidatively modified mitochondrial proteins. In overall, regardless the pathophysiological stimuli that promote mitochondrial alterations, there are similarities in the pattern of disease-related mitochondrial plasticity. The diminished capacity for ATP production in striated muscle seems to be due to increased oxidative damage of mitochondrial proteins, namely subunits of respiratory chain complexes, metabolic proteins and MnSOD. Our data highlighted, for the first time, the impact of mitochondrial PQC system impairment in the accumulation of oxidized proteins, exacerbating the dysfunction of this organelle in striated muscle in several pathophysiological conditions.

Obras para voz e piano de Frederico de Freitas: a vocalidade entre fado e canção

Durante a sua vida Frederico de Freitas abordou praticamente todos os géneros musicais, demonstrando uma imensa e notória versatilidade tanto na música erudita como na não erudita. O repertório para canto e piano representa uma parte substancial da sua obra vocal e, apesar de menos divulgado, não pode deixar de se considerar de grande importância. É precisamente neste género que mais se evidencia a versatilidade do seu estilo composicional. Este repertório abrange, assim, os géneros erudito e ligeiro, ou popular, pelo que as suas canções refletem a facilidade com que se movia de um meio para outro. Enquanto investigador, os estudos que realizou sobre música medieval portuguesa, o número elevadíssimo de recolhas de melodias tradicionais portuguesas que fez ao longo da vida e as investigações que realizou sobre o fado deram origem, paralelamente à composição de canções eruditas, a harmonizações de melodias medievais, a arranjos de temas na música tradicional e à composição de fados. Do ponto de vista interpretativo, a diversidade de estilos presentes nas canções de Frederico de Freitas exige do cantor lírico uma versatilidade e capacidade de se adaptar, ainda que mantendo a matiz da sua formação erudita, ao estilo próprio de cada canção. Com vista a uma interpretação estilística e vocalmente adequada, e por representarem um universo tão diferenciado, esta tese de doutoramento centra a sua atenção na problemática da vocalidade das suas canções.

Describing vocal performance of Portuguese cantadeiras of Alto Minho

Portugal has strong musical traditions, which have been perpetrated by decades through folkloristic activities. In folk groups from Alto Minho (north of Portugal), folk singing is mostly performed by cantadeiras, amateur female solo singers who learn this style orally. Their vocal characteristics are distinctive when compared with other regions of the country; however, deep understanding of these vocal practices is still missing. The present work aims at studying Alto Minho cantadeira’s vocal performance in a multidimensional perspective, envisioning social, cultural and physiological understanding of this musical style. Thus, qualitative and quantitative data analyses were carried out, to: (i) describe current performance practices, (ii) explore existent perceptions about most relevant voice features in this region, (iii) investigate physiological and acoustic properties of this style, and (iv) compare this style of singing with other non-classical singing styles of other countries. Dataset gathered involved: 78 groups whose members were telephone interviewed, 13 directors who were asked to fill in a questionnaire on performance practices, 1 cantadeira in a pilot study, 16 cantadeiras in preliminary voice recordings, 77 folk group members in listening tests, and 10 cantadeiras in multichannel recordings, including audio, ELG, air flow and intra-oral pressure signals. Data were analysed through thematic content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics, hierarchical principal components, and multivariate linear regression models. Most representative voices have a high pitched and loud voice, with a bright timbre, predominance of chest register without excessive effort, and good text intelligibility with regional accent. High representativeness levels were obtained by few cantadeiras; these sing with high levels of subglottal pressure and vocal fold contact quotient, predominance of high spectrum energy and vocal loudness, corroborating indications of prevalence of pressed phonation. These vocal characteristics resemble belting in musical theatre and share similarities with country (USA) and ojikanje (Croatia) singing. Strategies that may contribute to the preservation of this type of singing and the vocal health of current cantadeiras are discussed, pointing at the direction of continuous education among folk groups, following practices that are already adopted elsewhere in Europe.

Infection mechanism of Diplodia corticola

Diplodia corticola is regarded as the most virulent fungus involved in cork oak decline, being able to infect not only Quercus species (mainly Q. suber and Q. ilex), but also grapevines (Vitis vinifera) and eucalypts (Eucalyptus sp.). This endophytic fungus is also a pathogen whose virulence usually manifests with the onset of plant stress. Considering that the infection normally culminates in host death, there is a growing ecologic and socio-economic concern about D. corticola propagation. The molecular mechanisms of infection are hitherto largely unknown. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to unveil potential virulence effectors implicated in D. corticola infection. This knowledge is fundamental to outline the molecular framework that permits the fungal invasion and proliferation in plant hosts, causing disease. Since the effectors deployed are mostly proteins, we adopted a proteomic approach. We performed in planta pathogenicity tests to select two D. corticola strains with distinct virulence degrees for our studies. Like other filamentous fungi D. corticola secretes protein at low concentrations in vitro in the presence of high levels of polysaccharides, two characteristics that hamper the fungal secretome analysis. Therefore, we first compared several methods of extracellular protein extraction to assess their performance and compatibility with 1D and 2D electrophoretic separation. TCA-Acetone and TCA-phenol protein precipitation were the most efficient methods and the former was adopted for further studies. The proteins were extracted and separated by 2D-PAGE, proteins were digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were further analysed by MS/MS. Their identification was performed by de novo sequencing and/or MASCOT search. We were able to identify 80 extracellular and 162 intracellular proteins, a milestone for the Botryosphaeriaceae family that contains only one member with the proteome characterized. We also performed an extensive comparative 2D gel analysis to highlight the differentially expressed proteins during the host mimicry. Moreover, we compared the protein profiles of the two strains with different degrees of virulence. In short, we characterized for the first time the secretome and proteome of D. corticola. The obtained results contribute to the elucidation of some aspects of the biology of the fungus. The avirulent strain contains an assortment of proteins that facilitate the adaptation to diverse substrates and the identified proteins suggest that the fungus degrades the host tissues through Fenton reactions. On the other hand, the virulent strain seems to have adapted its secretome to the host characteristics. Furthermore, the results indicate that this strain metabolizes aminobutyric acid, a molecule that might be the triggering factor of the transition from a latent to a pathogenic state. Lastly, the secretome includes potential pathogenicity effectors, such as deuterolysin (peptidase M35) and cerato-platanin, proteins that might play an active role in the phytopathogenic lifestyle of the fungus. Overall, our results suggest that D. corticola has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle, switching from a biotrophic to a necrotrophic interaction after plant physiologic disturbances.This understanding is essential for further development of effective plant protection measures.