Lean principles and techniques for improving the quality and productivity of software development projects: a case study

Software product development is recognised as difficult due to the intangible nature of the product, requirements elicitation, effective progress measurement, and so forth. In this paper, we describe some of the challenges of software product development and how the challenges are being met by lean management principles and techniques. Specifically, we examine lean principles and techniques that were devised by Toyota and other manufacturers over the last 50 years. Applying lean principles to software development projects has been advocated for over ten years and it will be shown that the extensive lean literature is a valuable source of ideas for software development. A case study with a software development organisation, Timberline Inc., will demonstrate that lean principles and techniques can be successfully applied to software product development.

Application of semiquantitative proteomics techniques to the Maillard reaction

Proteomic tools-in particular, mass spectrometry (MS)-have advanced significantly in recent years, and the identification of proteins within complex mixtures is now a routine procedure. Quantitative methods of analysis are less well advanced and continue to develop. These include the use of stable isotope ratio approaches, isotopically labeled peptide standards, and nonlabeling methods. This paper summarizes the use of MS as a proteomics tool to identify and semiquantify proteins and their modified forms by using examples of relevance to the Maillard reaction. Finally, some challenges for the future are presented.

On the need to use steady-state or operando techniques to investigate reaction mechanisms: An in situ DRIFTS and SSITKA-based study example

The nature of the surface species formed at the surface of 2 wt.% Pt/CeO2 catalyst during the forward water-gas-shift (WGS, CO + H2O -> CO2 + H-2) and the reverse reaction (RWGS) were essentially identical. More, the surface concentration of formate, carbonate and carbonyl species was similar in each case. The presence of well-resolved IR bands allowed an unequivocal relative quantitative analysis of each species, avoiding the use of the carboxylate stretching region (1600-1200 cm(-1)). However, the quantitative analysis in the case of an isotopic study was complicated due to the overlapping of the various isotope bands, yet this problem could be overcome by integrating the high-wavenumber part of the bands. The reactivity of the surface species formed under RWGS conditions was followed under two different gaseous streams. Firstly, the reactivity of these intermediates were followed under an inert gas (i.e., At), in which case carbonates were essentially stable and less reactive than formates. Secondly, the reactivity of the same surface species was followed when switching to the corresponding C-13-labelled feed (i.e., (CO2)-C-13 + H-2), in which case carbonates were exchanged significantly faster than formates. While carbonates species have been reported as reaction intermediate under reaction conditions, the increased stability or surface poisoning by these carbonates in the absence of reaction mixture was highlighted. Ultimately, this work re-emphasises the need to use steady-state conditions if the true operando reactivity of the adsorbates and structure of the solid are to be determined. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Roche tomography of cataclysmic variables - I. Artefacts and techniques

Roche tomography is a technique used for imaging the Roche-lobe-filling secondary stars in cataclysmic variables (CVs). In order to interpret Roche tomograms correctly, one must determine whether features in the reconstruction are real, or the result of statistical or systematic errors. We explore the effects of systematic errors using reconstructions of simulated data sets, and show that systematic errors result in characteristic distortions of the final reconstructions that can be identified and corrected. In addition, we present a new method of estimating statistical errors on tomographic reconstructions using a Monte Carlo bootstrapping algorithm, and show this method to be much more reliable than Monte Carlo methods which 'jiggle' the data points in accordance with the size of their error bars.

Power combining techniques into unbalanced loads for Class-E and inverse Class-E amplifiers

A power combining strategy for Class-E and inverse Class-E amplifiers operating at high frequencies such that they can operate into unbalanced loads is proposed. This power combining method is particularly important for the inverse Class-E amplifier configuration whose single-stage topology is naturally limited for small-to-medium power applications. Design examples for the power combining synthesis of classical Class-E and then inverse Class-E amplifiers with specification 3 V-1.5 W-2.5 GHz are given. For this specification, it is shown that a three-branch combiner has a natural 50 V output impedance. The resulting circuits are simulated within Agilent Advanced Design Systems environment with good agreement to theoretical prediction. Further the performance of the proposed circuits when operated in a Linear amplification using Nonlinear Components transmitter configuration whereby two-branch amplifiers are driven with constant amplitude conjugate input phase signals is investigated.

Measuring the solubility of benzoic acid in room temperature ionic liquids using chronoamperometric techniques

The electrochemical reduction of benzoic acid (BZA) has been studied at platinum micro-electrodes (10 and 2 mu m diameters) in acetonitrile (MeCN) and six room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs): [C(2)mim][NTf2], [C(4)min][NTf2], [C(4)mpyrr][NTf2], [C(4)mim][BF4], [C(4)mim][NO3] and [C(4)mim][PF6] (where [C(n)mim](+)=1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, [NTf2](-)=bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide, [C(4)mpyrr](+)=N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, [BF4](-)=tetrafluoroborate, [NO3](-)=nitrate and [PF6] = hexafluorophosphate). Based on the theoretical fitting to experimental chronoamperometric transients in [C4mpyrr][NTf2] and MeCN at several concentrations and on different size electrodes, it is suggested that a fast chemical step preceeds the electron transfer step in a CE mechanism (given below) in both RTILs and MeCN, leading to the appearance of a simple one-electron transfer mechanism.