First Triassic tetrapod (Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from Castilla y Le��n: evidence of an unknown taxon for the Spanish record

Several vertebrae of a sauropterygian specimen have been recovered in Fuencaliente de Medinaceli (Soria Province, Castilla y Le��n, Spain). The remains come from Middle���Upper Triassic Muschelkalk Facies. This finding represents the first documented evidence of a Triassic tetrapod in Castilla y Le��n. The vertebrae belong to Nothosaurus, a sauropterygian genus found in Europe, Middle East, North of Africa and China. This genus is poorly-known in the Iberian record. The new remains constitute the first evidence of the species Nothosaurus giganteus, or a related taxon, in the Iberian Peninsula. This study reveals the occurrence of at least two species of the sauropterygian Nothosaurus in the Spanish record.

The effectiveness of corporate Web in small and m��diumsized business: an analysis of Web Usability

Internet and the Web have changed the way that companies communicate with their publics, improving relations between them. Also providing substantial benefits for organizations. This has led to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to develop corporate sites to establish relationships with their audiences. This paper, applying the methodology of content analysis, analyzes the main factors and tools that make the Websites usable and intuitive sites that promote better relations between SMEs and their audiences. Also, it has developed an index to measure the effectiveness of Webs from the perspective of usability. The results indicate that the Websites have, in general, appropriate levels of usability.

Effect of reading sport chronicles on the perception of justice and the predisposition to protest actions in soccer

In this study three chronicles from national newspapers (one generalist and two sport press) were analyzed. The chronicles belong to Spain���s soccer final of the King���s Cup in 2014. The aim of the study was to know if there was any influence on the readers��� perception of justice and consequently if this influence could cause a particular predisposition to participate in acts of protest. 462 university students participated. The results showed that different chronicles caused differences in the perception of justice depending on the chronicle read. However, a clear influence on the willingness to participate in acts of protest was not obtained. These results should make us think about the impact of sport press and its influence, and to be aware of the indirect responsibility of every sector on the antisocial behaviors generated by soccer in our country.

Health reforms in Latin America: processes and results

Two types of health reforms in Latin America are analysed: one based on insurance and service commodification and the one referred to the unified public systems of progressive governments. Health insurance with explicit service packages has not fulfilled their purposes of universal coverage, equal access to necessary health services and improvement of health conditions but has opened health as a field of profit making for insurance companies and private health providers. The national health services as a state obligation have developed territorialized health services and widened substantially timely access to the majority of the population. The adoption of an integrated and wide social policy has an impact on population well fare. It faces some problems derived from the old health systems and the power of the insurance and medical complex.

Asumiendo las consecuencias negativas de la adicci��n al juego

La adicci��n al juego no s��lo se caracteriza por la p��rdida de control ante el juego, sino que esta conducta tiende a generar problemas en los diferentes ��mbitos de la vida del lud��pata. Por ello, este aspecto se recoge en el Manual diagn��stico y estad��stico de los trastornos mentales-5 (DSM-V) como uno de los criterios para realizar su valoraci��n diagn��stica. Objetivo: describir y analizar los diferentes elementos que conforman la compleja problem��tica aparejada a esta adicci��n y que pueden terminar en situaciones de exclusi��n social. M��todo: Se opta por una metodolog��a cualitativa que se ajusta mejor a los intereses del estudio. Como t��cnica se ha seleccionado la historia de vida, instrumento de evaluaci��n que permite conocer la verdadera magnitud del problema desde el punto de vista de los afectados. Resultados. De manera general, se ha descubierto que ser lud��pata tiene muchos m��s consecuentes que el problema econ��mico evidente. No debemos despreciar las implicaciones de esta conducta a otros niveles: familiar, laboral, legal y social, que pueden considerarse, a medio plazo, como factores mucho m��s execrables que el del mero gasto econ��mico. Conclusi��n. Es f��cil avistar que los graves problemas que acarrea la adicci��n al juego son capaces de desmembrar el proyecto vital del lud��pata y el de su familia. Todo vale, aunque para ello tenga que jugarse su puesto de trabajo, su casa, su familia, sus amistades, su estatus social y su propia dignidad.

Risk Consumption: Children and Online Gaming. The Problem of ���Responsible Gambling���

Online gambling is a popular activity among adolescents. However, there has been a notable increase in the number of young people who suffer or are on the verge of pathological gambling. We review the impact of online gambling on young people and discuss the desiderability of the concept of ���gambling responsibly��� in order to alert of their risks and effectively prevent access to minors. The main factors associated with pathological gambling are the age of start, the family environment, the infl uence of advertising, the consumption of stimulants, and the attitudes of the peer group. Both the government and the gaming industry itself should consider these factors and develop comprehensive plans that ensure a safe and controlled model game. In this context, advertising must take into account criteria of consumer protection knowing that even if they are not allowed, children can easily have access to online gambling. All agents involved, including public and social agents, must provide mechanisms for prevention and awareness of a problem that arouses little social consciousness and excessive carelessness.

Los conocimientos acerca del maltrato infantil de los futuros profesionales de la educaci��n: un estudio exploratorio

Los profesionales de la educaci��n se encuentran, en su ejercicio profesional, en una posici��n privilegiada para realizar una detecci��n precoz del maltrato infantil y para identificar posibles casos de riesgo. Sin embargo, en ocasiones, maestros y educadores en general aducen falta de conocimiento y formaci��n para realizar dichas tareas. Es por ello que, en este trabajo deseamos insistir en la necesidad de analizar la formaci��n de los futuros profesionales de la educaci��n en torno al maltrato infantil, tanto en el seno de la familia como fuera de ella, y ya sea ejercido por un adulto o por otros menores. No olvidemos que la identificaci��n temprana de comportamientos violentos y, por supuesto, la puesta en marcha de estrategias s��lidas para su prevenci��n requieren disponer de una buena capacitaci��n. Por esta raz��n, hemos realizado un estudio piloto que nos permitiera conocer la formaci��n que los estudiantes del Grado de Pedagog��a tienen sobre el maltrato infantil, utilizando un cuestionario que hemos dise��ado espec��ficamente para alcanzar tal prop��sito. En la realizaci��n de un estudio piloto contamos con una muestra de 24 alumnos y alumnas del 4�� curso del Grado de Pedagog��a. Entre las conclusiones alcanzadas destacamos que, tras analizar los datos derivados del pase piloto, podemos concluir que los futuros pedagogos consideran necesario tener formaci��n espec��fica al respecto, una preparaci��n que, mayoritariamente, consideran insuficiente y muy limitada para poder afrontar sus responsabilidades profesionales en el futuro.

Tourism in Albarrac��n and Region. Local Public Action and dynamics in recent key sustainable tourism development

Spanish tourist destinations in rural areas have been established over more than two decades of implementation of various public policy instruments (mainly tourism and rural development policies). These convey complementary objectives in theory but provoke distant results in practice. The intervention of these instruments produces in the region of Sierra de Albarrac��n (Teruel) two types of destination whose sustainability is committed: the historical urban site of Albarrac��n as a consolidated cultural tourism destination based on heritage and the Sierra as a generic and incipient destination of rural tourism. It is discussed how the deployment of the local public action causes a fragmented territory in two models of management and tourism development. Cooperation is presented as a key element for the necessary rethinking of tourism development in the region.

From individualism to social solidarity ��� the philosophy of war in the works of Simone de Beauvoir

The horrors and suffering of World War II directly affected Simone de Beauvoir. Exposed to destruction and pervasive death, and haunted by the separation from her beloved, she is bound to conclude that an individual���especially an intellectual���is powerless when confronted with extreme violence. In this context, the writer becomes increasingly aware that action must be taken to defend both the common good and those whose lives are under threat. The restrained existentialist���an independent woman focused on her personal development and happiness���thus undergoes a kind of evolution, and becomes an author sincerely concerned with other people and their basic needs��� especially with those suffering harm or afflicted by violence. The drama of war enables Beauvoir to adopt a broader view of the misery of human existence and to deal with subjects hitherto unbeknownst to her.

Aproximaci��n al cl��tico ��� de en chino

Debido a las caracter��sticas intr��nsecas de la lengua china, los cl��ticos juegan un papel imprescindible en la estructura sint��ctica del idioma. Sin ellos, las oraciones no llegan a construirse, ya que son estos, entre otros recursos, los que cargan las informaciones gramaticales; es m��s, cada cl��tico en chino ocupa un hueco en la gram��tica, por lo que es dif��cil remplazarlos sin cambiar el sentido de la oraci��n. De todos los cl��ticos, la palabra ������� es la que se presenta con mayor frecuencia. Esta palabra, como muchas otras ���palabras vac��as���, desempe��a diversas funciones gramaticales, por lo que constituye un punto de investigaci��n muy interesante en la gram��tica china. Desde los a��os 20 del siglo pasado, generaciones de eruditos se han dedicado a su estudio, entre otros, figuran Li Jinxi������������), Gao Mingkai������������),Chen Qiongzan������������), Fan Jiyan���������������y Zhu Dexi������������). Un art��culo de este ��ltimo Sobre ������ (De)��� ha provocado una amplia reacci��n y una profunda influencia en las investigaciones posteriores. A pesar de todo y hasta hoy en d��a, el uso de esta palabra sigue siendo un escollo tanto para los profesores de chino como para sus alumnos. Las ambig��edades que puede causar y la diferencia sem��ntica y pragm��tica de su uso y desuso han sido un rompecabezas no s��lo para los extranjeros, sino tambi��n para los nativos. En este art��culo, intentaremos delimitar sus usos y analizar sus valores sem��nticos y pragm��ticos.

El car��cter compilatorio del ms. 126 del Archivo Capitular de El Burgo de Osma

En este trabajo se aborda el estudio de aquellos aspectos que nos llevan a considerar al ms. 126 del Archivo Capitular de El Burgo de Osma un c��dice compilatorio: por una parte, la identificaci��n de las fuentes de las que beben dos de sus glosas de contenido mitol��gico y, por otra, el an��lisis de la estructura del c��dice en su conjunto y de la relaci��n entre las obras que lo componen.