Theoretical luminescence spectra in p-type superlattices based on InGaAsN

In this work, we present a theoretical photoluminescence (PL) for p-doped GaAs/InGaAsN nanostructures arrays. We apply a self-consistent method in the framework of the effective mass theory. Solving a full 8 x 8 Kane's Hamiltonian, generalized to treat different materials in conjunction with the Poisson equation, we calculate the optical properties of these systems. The trends in the calculated PL spectra, due to many-body effects within the quasi-two-dimensional hole gas, are analyzed as a function of the acceptor doping concentration and the well width. Effects of temperature in the PL spectra are also investigated. This is the first attempt to show theoretical luminescence spectra for GaAs/InGaAsN nanostructures and can be used as a guide for the design of nanostructured devices such as optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and others.

The influence of different indium-composition profiles on the electronic structure of lens-shaped InxGa1-xAs quantum dots

We present effective-mass calculations of the bound-state energy levels of electrons confined inside lens-shaped InxGa1-xAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in a GaAs matrix, taking into account the strain as well as the In gradient inside the QDs due to the strong In segregation and In-Ga intermixing present in the InxGa1-xAs/GaAs system. In order to perform the calculations, we used a continuum model for the strain, and the QDs and wetting layer were divided into their constituting monolayers, each one with a different In concentration, to be able to produce a specific composition profile. Our results clearly show that the introduction of such effects is very important if one desires to correctly reproduce or predict the optoelectronic properties of these nanostructures.

Spin Orbit Effects in the Electronic Transport Properties of Adsorbed Graphene Nanoribbons

Graphene has received great attention due to its exceptional properties, which include corners with zero effective mass, extremely large mobilities, this could render it the new template for the next generation of electronic devices. Furthermore it has weak spin orbit interaction because of the low atomic number of carbon atom in turn results in long spin coherence lengths. Therefore, graphene is also a promising material for future applications in spintronic devices - the use of electronic spin degrees of freedom instead of the electron charge. Graphene can be engineered to form a number of different structures. In particular, by appropriately cutting it one can obtain 1-D system -with only a few nanometers in width - known as graphene nanoribbon, which strongly owe their properties to the width of the ribbons and to the atomic structure along the edges. Those GNR-based systems have been shown to have great potential applications specially as connectors for integrated circuits. Impurities and defects might play an important role to the coherence of these systems. In particular, the presence of transition metal atoms can lead to significant spin-flip processes of conduction electrons. Understanding this effect is of utmost importance for spintronics applied design. In this work, we focus on electronic transport properties of armchair graphene nanoribbons with adsorbed transition metal atoms as impurities and taking into account the spin-orbit effect. Our calculations were performed using a combination of density functional theory and non-equilibrium Greens functions. Also, employing a recursive method we consider a large number of impurities randomly distributed along the nanoribbon in order to infer, for different concentrations of defects, the spin-coherence length.

Unconventional Hall effect near charge neutrality point in a two-dimensional electron-hole system

The transport properties of the two-dimensional system in HgTe-based quantum wells containing simultaneously electrons and holes of low densities are examined. The Hall resistance, as a function of perpendicular magnetic field, reveals an unconventional behavior, different from the classical N-shaped dependence typical for bipolar systems with electron-hole asymmetry. The quantum features of magnetotransport are explained by means of numerical calculation of the Landau level spectrum based on the Kane Hamiltonian. The origin of the quantum Hall plateau sigma(xy) = 0 near the charge neutrality point is attributed to special features of Landau quantization in our system.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Skinfold Thickness Sum in Assessing Body Fat Mass of Renal Dialysis Patients

Objective: In chronic renal failure patients under hemodialysis (HD) treatment, the availability of simple, safe, and effective tools to assess body composition enables evaluation of body composition accurately, in spite of changes in body fluids that occur in dialysis therapy, thus contributing to planning and monitoring of nutritional treatment. We evaluated the performance of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the skinfold thickness sum (SKF) to assess fat mass (FM) in chronic renal failure patients before (BHD) and after (AHD) HD, using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) as the standard method. Design: This single-center cross-sectional trial involved comparing the FM of 60 HD patients estimated BHD and AHD by BIA (multifrequential; 29 women, 31 men) and by SKF with those estimated by the reference method, ADP. Body fat-free mass (FFM) was also obtained by subtracting the total body fat from the individual total weight. Results: Mean estimated FM (kg [%]) observed by ADP BHD was 17.95 +/- 0.99 kg (30.11% +/- 1.30%), with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 16.00 to 19.90 (27.56 to 32.66); mean estimated FM observed AHD was 17.92 +/- 1.11 kg (30.04% +/- 1.40%), with a 95% CI of 15.74 to 20.10 (27.28 to 32.79). Neither study period showed a difference in FM and FFM (for both kg and %) estimates by the SKF method when compared with ADP; however, the BIA underestimated the FM and overestimated the FFM (for both kg and %) when compared with ADP. Conclusion: The SKF, but not the BIA, method showed results similar to ADP and can be considered adequate for FM evaluation in HD patients. (C) 2012 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consistency of the mass variation formula for black holes accreting cosmological fluids

We address the spherical accretion of generic fluids onto black holes. We show that, if the black hole metric satisfies certain conditions, in the presence of a test fluid it is possible to derive a fully relativistic prescription for the black hole mass variation. Although the resulting equation may seem obvious due to a form of it appearing as a step in the derivation of the Schwarzschild metric, this geometrical argument is necessary to fix the added degree of freedom one gets for allowing the mass to vary with time. This result has applications on cosmological accretion models and provides a derivation from first principles to serve as a basis to the accretion equations already in use in the literature.

Molecular chemistry and the missing mass problem in planetary nebulae

Context. Detections of molecular lines, mainly from H-2 and CO, reveal molecular material in planetary nebulae. Observations of a variety of molecules suggest that the molecular composition in these objects differs from that found in interstellar clouds or in circumstellar envelopes. The success of the models, which are mostly devoted to explain molecular densities in specific planetary nebulae, is still partial however. Aims. The present study aims at identifying the influence of stellar and nebular properties on the molecular composition of planetary nebulae by means of chemical models. A comparison of theoretical results with those derived from the observations may provide clues to the conditions that favor the presence of a particular molecule. Methods. A self-consistent photoionization numerical code was adapted to simulate cold molecular regions beyond the ionized zone. The code was used to obtain a grid of models and the resulting column densities are compared with those inferred from observations. Results. Our models show that the inclusion of an incident flux of X-rays is required to explain the molecular composition derived for planetary nebulae. We also obtain a more accurate relation for the N(CO)/N(H-2) ratio in these objects. Molecular masses obtained by previous works in the literature were then recalculated, showing that these masses can be underestimated by up to three orders of magnitude. We conclude that the problem of the missing mass in planetary nebulae can be solved by a more accurate calculation of the molecular mass.

DXA, bioelectrical impedance, ultrasonography and biometry for the estimation of fat and lean mass in cats during weight loss

Background: Few equations have been developed in veterinary medicine compared to human medicine to predict body composition. The present study was done to evaluate the influence of weight loss on biometry (BIO), bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and ultrasonography (US) in cats, proposing equations to estimate fat (FM) and lean (LM) body mass, as compared to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the referenced method. For this were used 16 gonadectomized obese cats (8 males and 8 females) in a weight loss program. DXA, BIO, BIA and US were performed in the obese state (T0; obese animals), after 10% of weight loss (T1) and after 20% of weight loss (T2). Stepwise regression was used to analyze the relationship between the dependent variables (FM, LM) determined by DXA and the independent variables obtained by BIO, BIA and US. The better models chosen were evaluated by a simple regression analysis and means predicted vs. determined by DXA were compared to verify the accuracy of the equations. Results: The independent variables determined by BIO, BIA and US that best correlated (p < 0.005) with the dependent variables (FM and LM) were BW (body weight), TC (thoracic circumference), PC (pelvic circumference), R (resistance) and SFLT (subcutaneous fat layer thickness). Using Mallows'Cp statistics, p value and r(2), 19 equations were selected (12 for FM, 7 for LM); however, only 7 equations accurately predicted FM and one LM of cats. Conclusions: The equations with two variables are better to use because they are effective and will be an alternative method to estimate body composition in the clinical routine. For estimated lean mass the equations using body weight associated with biometrics measures can be proposed. For estimated fat mass the equations using body weight associated with bioimpedance analysis can be proposed.

KRONBERGER 49: A NEW LOW-MASS GLOBULAR CLUSTER OR AN UNPRECEDENTED BULGE WINDOW?

We employ optical and near-infrared photometry to study the stars in the direction of the star cluster candidate Kronberger 49. The optical color-magnitude diagrams (V, I, and Gunn z photometry obtained with the Galileo Telescope) are tight and present evidence of a main-sequence turnoff. We may be dealing with a low-mass, metal-rich globular cluster located in the bulge at a distance from the Sun of d(circle dot) = 8 +/- 1 kpc. Alternatively, it may be a dust hole through which we are sampling the bulge stellar population affected by a very low amount of differential reddening.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Surgical, Angioplasty, or Medical Therapeutics for Coronary Artery Disease 5-Year Follow-Up of Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS) II Trial

Background-The Second Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II) included patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and normal systolic ventricular function. Patients underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG, n = 203), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI, n = 205), or medical treatment alone (MT, n = 203). This investigation compares the economic outcome at 5-year follow-up of the 3 therapeutic strategies. Methods and Results-We analyzed cumulative costs during a 5-year follow-up period. To analyze the cost-effectiveness, adjustment was made on the cumulative costs for average event-free time and angina-free proportion. Respectively, for event-free survival and event plus angina-free survival, MT presented 3.79 quality-adjusted life-years and 2.07 quality-adjusted life-years; PCI presented 3.59 and 2.77 quality-adjusted life-years; and CABG demonstrated 4.4 and 2.81 quality-adjusted life-years. The event-free costs were $9071.00 for MT; $19 967.00 for PCI; and $18 263.00 for CABG. The paired comparison of the event-free costs showed that there was a significant difference favoring MT versus PCI (P<0.01) and versus CABG (P<0.01) and CABG versus PCI (P<0.01). The event-free plus angina-free costs were $16 553.00, $25 831.00, and $24 614.00, respectively. The paired comparison of the event-free plus angina-free costs showed that there was a significant difference favoring MT versus PCI (P=0.04), and versus CABG (P<0.001); there was no difference between CABG and PCI (P>0.05). Conclusions-In the long-term economic analysis, for the prevention of a composite primary end point, MT was more cost effective than CABG, and CABG was more cost-effective than PCI.

Exploring the coordination chemistry of isomerizable terpyridine derivatives for successful analyses of cis and trans isomers by travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry

The photochemical cis-trans isomerization of the 4-{4-[2-(pyridin-4-yl)ethenyl]phenyl}-2,2': 6',2''-terpyridine ligand (vpytpy) was investigated by UV-vis, NMR and TWIM-MS. Ion mobility mass spectrometry was performed pursuing the quantification of the isomeric composition during photolysis, however an in-source trans-to-cis isomerization process was observed. In order to overcome this inherent phenomenon, the isomerization of the vpytpy species was suppressed by complexation, reacting with iron(II) ions, and forming the [Fe(vpytpy)(2)](2+) complex. The strategy of "freezing" the cis-trans isomerizable ligand at a given geometric conformation was effective, preventing further isomerization, thus allowing the distinction of each one of the isomers in the photolysed mixture. In addition, the experimental drift times were related to the calculated surface areas of the three possible cis-cis, cis-trans and trans-trans iron(II) complex isomers. The stabilization of the ligand in a given conformation also allows us to obtain the cis-cis and cis-trans complexes exhibiting the ligand in the metastable cis-conformation, as well as in the thermodynamically stable trans-conformation.