Como crianças e adolescentes com Distúrbio Específico de Linguagem compreendem a linguagem oral?

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar estudos relevantes sobre as alterações de compreensão em crianças e adolescentes com Distúrbio Específico de Linguagem (DEL). Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados científicas. A literatura revela que essa população pode apresentar dificuldade importante de compreensão oral, atribuída ou à falta de conhecimento linguístico ou a falhas de processamento. Conforme se desenvolvem, as crianças com DEL apresentam evolução das habilidades de compreensão. No entanto, dificuldades persistem mesmo em faixas etárias mais avançadas, como a adolescência. Dessa forma, é importante diagnosticar precocemente tais alterações e intervir devidamente. Pesquisas científicas comprovam a efetividade da terapia fonoaudiológica por meio de técnicas variadas.

Medidas fonológicas em crianças com transtorno fonológico

OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho de crianças com e sem transtorno fonológico (TF) quanto às habilidades de consciência fonológica (CF), índice de Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas - Revisada (PCC-R) e Índice de Inconsistência de Fala (IIF), além de correlacionar estes resultados entre si. MÉTODOS: Participaram 36 sujeitos, entre 5 anos e 7 anos de idade, divididos em: Grupo Pesquisa (GP): 18 crianças com TF; e Grupo Controle (GC): 18 crianças em desenvolvimento típico de linguagem. Foi calculado o PCC-R, aplicado o IIF e o Teste de Sensibilidade Fonológica-Visual (TSF-V): aliteração igual (AI), diferente (AD) e total (AT), rima igual (RI), diferente (RD) e total (RT). Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas diferenças na comparação dos grupos em todos os índices, com melhores desempenhos no GC. Neste, houve correlação negativa do IIF com todas as habilidades de CF e com o PCC-R, exceto com RI. Em todos os subtestes do TSF-V houve correlações positivas entre si. No GP, foram encontradas correlações positivas entre o PCC-R e as provas de aliteração; não foram encontradas correlações entre IFF e PCC-R, nem com as provas de CF. Houve correlações no TSF-V: AI com AT; AD com AT; AD com RD; RI com RT e RD com RT. CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com TF apresentam pior desempenho; as do GC, na medida em que estabilizam a produção de fala, desenvolvem as habilidades de rima e aliteração. As crianças do GP são mais inconsistentes e parecem desenvolver as habilidades de CF de forma desorganizada.

Relação entre a porcentagem de consoantes corretas e a memória operacional fonológica na alteração específica de linguagem

OBJETIVO: Verificar se há influência da idade no desempenho fonológico e na memória operacional e se há correlação entre o desempenho em prova de memória operacional fonológica e o índice de gravidade da alteração fonológica em crianças com alteração específica de linguagem. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 30 sujeitos com diagnóstico de alteração específica de linguagem, com idades entre 4 e 6 anos. Foram coletados dos prontuários dados referentes ao desempenho nas provas de memória operacional fonológica e fonologia (utilizando o índice de Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas - Revisado). Análises estatísticas pertinentes foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: Não houve influência da idade para a fonologia e para a memória operacional, mas houve correlação positiva na comparação do desempenho na prova de memória operacional fonológica com ambas as tarefas da prova de fonologia. CONCLUSÃO: A idade não favorece o aprimoramento das habilidades fonológicas e de memória operacional fonológica. Porém, há correlação positiva entre a memória operacional fonológica e o índice de gravidade da alteração fonológica, o que significa que quanto melhor a produção de fala, melhor o desempenho da memória operacional fonológica.

Estimulabilidade: medida auxiliar na identificação de dificuldade na produção dos sons

OBJETIVO: Analisar a efetividade da estimulabilidade como prova complementar ao diagnóstico do transtorno fonológico (TF) e descrever o desempenho de crianças com ausência de sons no inventário fonético quanto a sons ausentes estimuláveis, gravidade, gênero, idade e ocorrência de diferentes processos fonológicos. MÉTODOS: Participaram 130 crianças de ambos os gêneros, entre 5 anos e 10 anos e 10 meses de idade, distribuídas em dois grupos: Grupo Pesquisa (GP), composto por 55 crianças com TF; e Grupo Controle (GC), composto por 75 crianças sem alterações fonoaudiológicas. A partir da aplicação da prova de Fonologia, foi calculada a gravidade do TF por meio do Percentual de Consoantes Corretas-Revisada (PCC-R) e verificado o inventário fonético. Para cada som ausente do inventário foi aplicada a estimulabilidade em imitação de palavras. O GP foi dividido em GP1 (27 crianças que apresentaram sons ausentes) e GP2 (28 crianças com inventário completo). RESULTADOS: Nenhuma criança do GC apresentou som ausente no inventário e no GP1 49% apresentaram sons ausentes. Houve ausência da maioria dos sons da língua. As médias do PCC-R foram menores no GP1, indicando maior gravidade. No GP1, 22 crianças foram estimuláveis e cinco não o foram a qualquer som. Houve associação entre os processos fonológicos mais ocorrentes no TF e a necessidade de avaliação da estimulabilidade, o que indica que a dificuldade em produzir os sons ausentes reflete dificuldade de representação fonológica. A estimulabilidade sofre influência da idade, mas não do gênero. CONCLUSÃO: A prova de estimulabilidade é efetiva para identificar dentre crianças com sons ausentes do inventário, aquelas que são estimuláveis. Tais crianças com TF, que apresentam sons ausentes do inventário, são mais graves uma vez que os valores do PCC-R são mais baixos. As crianças com sons ausentes são estimuláveis em sua maioria, e podem não ser estimuláveis para sons com estrutura silábica ou gesto articulatório complexos. A dificuldade em produzir os sons ausentes reflete dificuldade de representação fonológica. A produção motora da fala demonstrou receber influência da maturação de forma semelhante entre meninos e meninas.

É possível predizer o tempo de terapia das alterações específicas no desenvolvimento da linguagem?

OBJETIVO: Explorar quais medidas poderiam predizer a persistência de alterações específicas no desenvolvimento da linguagem (AEDL) a partir da associação entre os dados do desempenho na primeira avaliação fonoaudiológica e do prognóstico terapêutico da criança. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram analisados 42 prontuários pertencentes a crianças com diagnóstico de AEDL. As idades variavam entre 21 e 63 meses no momento da primeira avaliação fonoaudiológica, que incluiu as provas de vocabulário, fonologia, pragmática e fluência. O desempenho dos sujeitos em cada prova foi pontuado de 0 a 4, com base na gravidade das alterações, sendo a pontuação máxima a adequada para a idade. Como medida prognóstica, contabilizamos o tempo de terapia (em sessões) dos pacientes que receberam alta, foram encaminhados (o quadro havia se tornado muito leve), ou permaneceram em terapia (dificuldades persistentes de linguagem). RESULTADOS: Houve associação entre os dados da avaliação inicial (classificação normal ou levemente alterada no vocabulário e pragmática) e o prognóstico (<135 sessões terapêuticas). A variável referente ao vocabulário foi a única capaz de predizer o tempo de terapia. A classificação como grave nesta medida aumentou, em média, 112 sessões na estimativa do tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: A primeira avaliação do vocabulário pode contribuir para predizer o prognóstico terapêutico da criança. Este achado é de relevância clínica e científica para a Fonoaudiologia, visto que oferece um recurso auxiliar para a realização do prognóstico e planejamento terapêutico nos quadros de AEDL.

The complexity of narrative interferes in the use of conjunctions in children with specific language impairment

PURPOSE: To verify the use of conjunctions in narratives, and to investigate the influence of stimuli's complexity over the type of conjunctions used by children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical language development. METHODS: Participants were 40 children (20 with typical language development and 20 with SLI) with ages between 7 and 10 years, paired by age range. Fifteen stories with increasing of complexity were used to obtain the narratives; stories were classified into mechanical, behavioral and intentional, and each of them was represented by four scenes. Narratives were analyzed according to occurrence and classification of conjunctions. RESULTS: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions, with significant decrease in the use of conjunctions in the discourse of SLI children. The use of conjunctions varied according to the type of narrative: for coordinative conjunctions, both groups differed only between intentional and behavioral narratives, with higher occurrence in behavioral ones; for subordinate conjunctions, typically developing children's performance did not show differences between narratives, while SLI children presented fewer occurrences in intentional narratives, which was different from other narratives. CONCLUSION: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions; however, typically developing children presented more conjunctions than SLI children. The production of children with SLI was influenced by stimulus, since more complex narratives has less use of subordinate conjunctions.

Vascular dementia: Different forms of vessel disorders contribute to the development of dementia in the elderly brain

The diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD) describes a group of various vessel disorders with different types of vascular lesions that finally contribute to the development of dementia. Most common forms of VaD in the elderly brain are subcortical vascular encephalopathy, strategic infarct dementia, and the multi infarct encephalopathy. Hereditary forms of VaD are rare. Most common is the cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Sporadic forms of VaD are caused by degenerative vessel disorders such as atherosclerosis, small vessel disease (SVD) including small vessel arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and lipohyalinosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Less frequently inflammatory vessel disorders and tumor-associated vessel lesions (e. g. angiocentric T-cell or angiotropic large cell lymphoma) can cause symptoms of dementia. Here, we review and discuss the impact of vessel disorders to distinct vascular brain tissue lesions and to the development of dementia in elderly individuals. The impact of coexisting neurodegenerative pathology in the elderly brain to VaD as well as the correlation between SVD and CAA expansion in the brain parenchyma with that of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology is highlighted. We conclude that "pure" VaD is rare and most frequently caused by infarctions. However, there is a significant contribution of vascular lesions and vessel pathology to the development of dementia that may go beyond tissue damage due to vascular lesions. Insufficient blood blow and alterations of the perivascular drainage mechanisms of the brain may also lead to a reduced protein clearance from extracellular space and subsequent increase of proteins in the brain parenchyma, such as the amyloid beta-protein, and foster, thereby, the development of AD-related neurodegeneration. As such, it seems to be important for clinical practice to consider treatment of potentially coexisting AD pathology in cognitively impaired patients with vascular lesions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Role of common mental and physical disorders in partial disability around the world

Background Mental and physical disorders are associated with total disability, but their effects on days with partial disability (i.e. the ability to perform some, but not full-role, functioning in daily life) are not well understood. Aims To estimate individual (i.e. the consequences for an individual with a disorder) and societal effects (i.e. the avoidable partial disability in the society due to disorders) of mental and physical disorders on days with partial disability around the world. Method Respondents from 26 nationally representative samples (n=61 259, age 18+) were interviewed regarding mental and physical disorders, and day-to-day functioning. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) was used to assess mental disorders; partial disability (expressed in full day equivalents) was assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in the CIDI 3.0. Results Respondents with disorders reported about 1.58 additional disability days per month compared with respondents without disorders. At the individual level, mental disorders (especially post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and bipolar disorder) yielded a higher number of days with disability than physical disorders. At the societal level, the population attributable risk proportion due to physical and mental disorders was 49% and 15% respectively. Conclusions Mental and physical disorders have a considerable impact on partial disability, at both the individual and at the societal level. Physical disorders yielded higher effects on partial disability than mental disorders.

eNOS Tag SNP Haplotypes in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Haplotypes formed by polymorphisms (T-786C, rs2070744; a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4, and Glu298Asp, rs1799983) of the eNOS gene were associated previously with gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE). However, no study has explored the Tag SNPs rs743506 and rs7830 in these disorders. The aim of the current study was to compare the distribution of the genotypes and haplotypes formed by the five eNOS polymorphisms mentioned among healthy pregnant (HP, n = 122), GH (n = 138), and PE (n = 157). The haplotype formed by "C b G G C" was more frequent in HP compared to GH and PE (p = 0.0071), which is supported by previous findings that demonstrated the association of the combination "C b G" with a higher level of nitrite (NO marker). Our results suggest a protective effect of the haplotype "C b G G C" against the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Application of discriminant analysis-based model for prediction of risk of low back disorders due to workplace design in industrial jobs

The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders (LBDs) have not yet been established. One of the main problems in setting such guidelines is the limited understanding of how different risk factors for LBDs interact in causing injury, since the nature and mechanism of these disorders are relatively unknown phenomena. Industrial ergonomists' role becomes further complicated because the potential risk factors that may contribute towards the onset of LBDs interact in a complex manner, which makes it difficult to discriminate in detail among the jobs that place workers at high or low risk of LBDs. The purpose of this paper was to develop a comparative study between predictions based on the neural network-based model proposed by Zurada, Karwowski & Marras (1997) and a linear discriminant analysis model, for making predictions about industrial jobs according to their potential risk of low back disorders due to workplace design. The results obtained through applying the discriminant analysis-based model proved that it is as effective as the neural network-based model. Moreover, the discriminant analysis-based model proved to be more advantageous regarding cost and time savings for future data gathering.

Metabolic Disorders and Adipose Tissue Insulin Responsiveness in Neonatally STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Are Improved by Long-Term Melatonin Treatment

Diabetes mellitus is a product of low insulin sensibility and pancreatic beta-cell insufficiency. Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes during the neonatal period by the fifth day of age develop the classic diabetic picture of hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, polyuria, and polydipsia aggravated by insulin resistance in adulthood. In this study, we investigated whether the effect of long-term treatment with melatonin can improve insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders in these animals. At the fourth week of age, diabetic animals started an 8-wk treatment with melatonin (1 mg/kg body weight) in the drinking water at night. Animals were then killing, and the sc, epididymal (EP), and retroperitoneal (RP) fat pads were excised, weighed, and processed for adipocyte isolation for morphometric analysis as well as for measuring glucose uptake, oxidation, and incorporation of glucose into lipids. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. Melatonin treatment reduced hyperglycemia, polydipsia, and polyphagia as well as improved insulin resistance as demonstrated by constant glucose disappearance rate and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance. However, melatonin treatment was unable to recover body weight deficiency, fat mass, and adipocyte size of diabetic animals. Adiponectin and fructosamine levels were completely recovered by melatonin, whereas neither plasma insulin level nor insulin secretion capacity was improved in diabetic animals. Furthermore, melatonin caused a marked delay in the sexual development, leaving genital structures smaller than those of nontreated diabetic animals. Melatonin treatment improved the responsiveness of adipocytes to insulin in diabetic animals measured by tests of glucose uptake (sc, EP, and RP), glucose oxidation, and incorporation of glucose into lipids (EP and RP), an effect that seems partially related to an increased expression of insulin receptor substrate 1, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. In conclusion, melatonin treatment was capable of ameliorating the metabolic abnormalities in this particular diabetes model, including insulin resistance and promoting a better long-term glycemic control. (Endocrinology 153: 2178-2188, 2012)

Extrinsic Purinergic Regulation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells: Implications for CNS Development and Repair

There has been tremendous progress in understanding neural stem cell (NSC) biology, with genetic and cell biological methods identifying sequential gene expression and molecular interactions guiding NSC specification into distinct neuronal and glial populations during development. Data has emerged on the possible exploitation of NSC-based strategies to repair adult diseased brain. However, despite increased information on lineage specific transcription factors, cell-cycle regulators and epigenetic factors involved in the fate and plasticity of NSCs, understanding of extracellular cues driving the behavior of embryonic and adult NSCs is still very limited. Knowledge of factors regulating brain development is crucial in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of brain dysfunction. Since injury-activated repair mechanisms in adult brain often recapitulate ontogenetic events, the identification of these players will also reveal novel regenerative strategies. Here, we highlight the purinergic system as a key emerging player in the endogenous control of NSCs. Purinergic signalling molecules (ATP, UTP and adenosine) act with growth factors in regulating the synchronized proliferation, migration, differentiation and death of NSCs during brain and spinal cord development. At early stages of development, transient and time-specific release of ATP is critical for initiating eye formation; once anatomical CNS structures are defined, purinergic molecules participate in calcium-dependent neuron-glia communication controlling NSC behaviour. When development is complete, some purinergic mechanisms are silenced, but can be re-activated in adult brain after injury, suggesting a role in regeneration and self-repair. Targeting the purinergic system to develop new strategies for neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases will be also discussed.

Memory-rescuing effects of cannabidiol in an animal model of cognitive impairment relevant to neurodegenerative disorders

Rationale Cannabidiol, the main nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis sativa, possesses a large number of pharmacological effects including anticonvulsive, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective, as demonstrated in clinical and preclinical studies. Many neurodegenerative disorders involve cognitive deficits, and this has led to interest in whether cannabidiol could be useful in the treatment of memory impairment associated to these diseases. Objectives We used an animal model of cognitive impairment induced by iron overload in order to test the effects of cannabidiol in memory-impaired rats. Methods Rats received vehicle or iron at postnatal days 12-14. At the age of 2 months, they received an acute intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or cannabidiol (5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) immediately after the training session of the novel object recognition task. In order to investigate the effects of chronic cannabidiol, iron-treated rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of cannabidiol for 14 days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, they were submitted to object recognition training. Retention tests were performed 24 h after training. Results A single acute injection of cannabidiol at the highest dose was able to recover memory in iron-treated rats. Chronic cannabidiol improved recognition memory in iron-treated rats. Acute or chronic cannabidiol does not affect memory in control rats. Conclusions The present findings provide evidence suggesting the potential use of cannabidiol for the treatment of cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Further studies, including clinical trials, are warranted to determine the usefulness of cannabidiol in humans suffering from neurodegenerative disorders.

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), CD4(+)/CD8(weak) T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGL leukemia) and monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS): molecular and flow cytometry characterization of three concomitant hematological disorders

The diagnosis of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia in association with other B-cell disorders is uncommon but not unknown. However, the concomitant presence of three hematological diseases is extraordinarily rare. We report an 88-year-old male patient with three simultaneous clonal disorders, that is, CD4+/CD8(weak) T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. The patient has only minimal complaints and has no anemia, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly were not present. The three disorders were characterized by flow cytometry analysis, and the clonality of the T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, the patient has different B-cell clones, given that plasma cells of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance exhibited a kappa light-chain restriction population and, on the other hand, B-lymphocytes of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis exhibited a lambda light-chain restriction population. This finding does not support the antigen-driven hypothesis for the development of multi-compartment diseases, but suggests that T-cell large granular lymphocytic expansion might represent a direct antitumor immunological response to both B-cell and plasma-cell aberrant populations, as part of the immune surveillance against malignant neoplasms.

The Seville Expert Workshop for Progress in Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among solid-organ transplant patients, but approaches to diagnosis and management vary considerably. An international multidisciplinary panel evaluated current understanding of risk factors and classification systems and developed recommendations to aid in PTLD prevention. We considered evidence on PTLD risk factors including Epstein- Barr virus serostatus and immunosuppression and identified knowledge gaps for future research. Recommendations address prophylactic and preemptive strategies to minimize PTLD development, including modulation of immunosuppression and antiviral drug regimens. Finally, new classification criteria were outlined that may help facilitate standardized reporting and improve our understanding of PTLD.